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REDACTED
Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
Before the
Federal Communications Commission
Washington, D.C.  20554
In the Matter of
Qwest Communications Company, LLC,
      Complainant,
                v.
Sancom, Inc.,
       Defendant.
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File No.: EB-10-MD-004
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Adopted:  March 5, 2013                          Released:  March 5, 2013
By the Chief, Enforcement Bureau:
I. INTRODUCTION
1. This Memorandum Opinion and Order grants a formal complaint
1
filed by Qwest 
Communications Company, LLC (Qwest) against Sancom, Inc. (Sancom) under section 208 of the 
Communications Act of 1934, as amended (Act).
2
  The Complaint effectuates a primary jurisdiction 
referral from the United States District Court for the Southern District of South Dakota (Court) in 
connection with litigation pending before the Court.
3
  In short, Qwest alleges that Sancom is violating
sections 203(c) and 201(b) of the Act
4
by attempting to obtain payments from Qwest for originating and 
terminating switched access on calls that do not qualify as switched access under Sancom’s interstate 
access services tariff (Tariff).
5
  As discussed below, we find that Sancom’s interstate switched access 
                                                     
1
Formal Complaint of Qwest Communications Company, LLC, File No. EB-10-MD-004 (originally filed Jan. 18, 
2011; re-filed June 15, 2012) (Complaint).  At the request of Commission staff, made during a June 1, 2012 
conference call, the parties re-filed their pleadings with revised confidentiality designations on June 15, 2012.
2
47 U.S.C. § 208.
3
Sancom, Inc. v. Qwest Communications Corp., No. Civ. 07-4147-KES, 2010 WL 960005 (D.S.D. Mar. 12, 2010) 
(Sancom v. Qwest Referral Order).  See infra discussion in paragraph 10.
4
47 U.S.C. §§ 203(c), 201(b).  Count I of the Complaint alleges violation of section 203(c), and Count II alleges 
violation of section 201(b).  Complaint at 53-54.
5
Complaint, Litigation Exhibit 6, Sancom Interstate Access Tariff.  See also Answer of Sancom, Inc. to Formal 
Complaint of Qwest Communications Company, LLC, File No. EB-10-MD-004 (originally filed Feb. 22, 2011; re-
filed June 15, 2012) (Answer) at Exhibit 1.
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Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
2
charges are unlawful because, with regard to the traffic at issue, Sancom did not have “end users” that 
were billed or paid for service, as required by the Tariff.
II. BACKGROUND
A. The Parties
2. Qwest provides telecommunications services in South Dakota and throughout the United 
States, including interexchange (long-distance) services.
6
  In its capacity as an interexchange carrier 
(IXC), Qwest has received invoices from Sancom stating that Qwest owes Sancom fees for, among other 
things, interstate access services.
7
  Qwest has paid some of Sancom’s invoices, but has not paid others.
8
3. Sancom is a competitive local exchange carrier (LEC) serving residential and business 
customers in South Dakota.
9
  As a LEC, Sancom provides the facilities that allow calls carried by IXCs, 
such as Qwest, to be originated and terminated with Sancom’s local customers.
10
  Beginning in 2005, 
Sancom assessed fees (described in invoices as switched access charges) on Qwest for calls destined for,
or originating from, telephone numbers assigned to two entities, Free Conferencing Corporation and 
Ocean Bay Marketing (collectively, the Free Calling Companies).
11
  As described below, Sancom entered 
into agreements with the Free Calling Companies that resulted in large amounts of originating and 
terminating interexchange traffic for which Sancom and the Free Calling Companies would split the 
resulting access charge revenue – a practice referred to as “access stimulation.”
12
B. The Free Calling Companies
4. Free Conferencing Corporation (Free Conferencing), which is not a common carrier,
provides free conference calling services to third parties.
13
  The calls involving Free Conferencing are the 
terminating calls at issue in this case, i.e., those for which Sancom has charged Qwest for terminating 
                                                     
6
Joint Statement, File No. EB-10-MD-004 (originally filed Mar. 22, 2011; re-filed June 15, 2012) (Joint Statement),
Stipulated Facts at 1, para. 2.  On April 1, 2011, CenturyLink, Inc. acquired 100 percent of the stock of Qwest’s 
corporate parent, Qwest Communications International Inc.; Qwest is now doing business as CenturyLink.  See
Letter from David H. Solomon, counsel for Qwest, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, File No. EB-10-MD-004 
(dated Apr. 28, 2011).
7
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 1-2, para. 2.
8
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 2, para. 3.
9
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 2, para. 3.  Sancom does business as “Mitchell Telecom.”  Joint Statement, 
Stipulated Facts at 2, para. 3.
10
Answer, Legal Analysis at 1, 6, 23, 24; Complaint, Litigation Exhibit 18 (Calabro Dep.) at 3 (stating “Sancom 
provides IXCs with the use of switching, transport, and other carrier common lines, as well as access to databases, 
as required to complete long distance calls”).
11
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 2, para. 3.
12
See Connect America Fund, Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 26 FCC Rcd 17663, 
17874, para. 656 (2011) (“Access stimulation occurs when a LEC with high switched access rates enters into an 
arrangement with a provider of high call volume operations such as chat lines, adult entertainment calls, and ‘free’ 
conference calls.  The arrangement inflates or stimulates the access minutes terminated to the LEC, and the LEC 
then shares a portion of the increased access revenues resulting from the increased demand with the ‘free’ service 
provider, or offers some other benefit to the ‘free’ service provider.”).
13
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 2, para. 4; Complaint at 2.
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Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
3
services.  On or about March 1, 2005, Sancom and Free Conferencing entered into an agreement under 
which Free Conferencing would use conferencing bridges placed in Sancom’s central office, and Sancom 
would assign telephone numbers for use by Free Conferencing.
14
  The agreement obligated Sancom to 
provide Free Conferencing with ISDN-PRI circuits, DS1 to DS3 multiplexing, DS3 channel terminations, 
and switching functions.
15
  In turn, Free Conferencing would provide a minimum minutes of use.
16
  
Moreover, under the agreement, Sancom would pay Free Conferencing a per-minute fee when IXCs paid 
Sancom’s related switched access bills.
17
  With regard to the calls at issue, there is no evidence that Free 
Conferencing paid Sancom any telecommunications fees or surcharges, federal Universal Service 
charges, sales taxes, or excise taxes.
18
5. Ocean Bay Marketing (Ocean Bay), which is not a common carrier,
19
provided
advertising services to third-parties by automatically dialing 8YY calls and playing automated messages 
upon the call’s inception.
20
  The calls involving Ocean Bay are the originating calls at issue in this case.  
On or about August 31, 2005, Sancom entered into an agreement with Ocean Bay under which Sancom 
would provide a location for Ocean Bay’s 8YY dialing equipment.
21
  Like the Sancom-Free Conferencing 
Agreement, the Sancom-Ocean Bay Agreement obligated Sancom to provide Ocean Bay with ISDN-PRI 
circuits, DS1 to DS3 multiplexing, DS3 channel terminations, and switching functions.
22
  It further 
                                                     
14
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 10, para. 33; Complaint, Litigation Exhibit 26, Wholesale Local Services 
Agreement for Free Conferencing Corporation, at 2 (Sancom-Free Conferencing Agreement).  In this formal 
complaint proceeding, Sancom designated as confidential the Sancom-Free Conferencing Agreement and 
continues to assert its claim of confidentiality.  Letter from Ross A. Buntrock, counsel for Sancom, to Marlene H. 
Dortch, Secretary, FCC, File No. EB-10-MD-004, at 2-3 (filed Aug. 20, 2012).  During the course of litigation 
between Sancom and Free Conferencing, however, Sancom publicly filed the agreement with the federal district 
court.  Letter from David H. Solomon and Russell P. Hanser, counsel for Qwest, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, 
FCC, File No. EB-10-MD-004 (filed Aug. 9, 2012) (attaching Free Conferencing Corp. v. Sancom, Inc. and MCI 
Communications Services, Inc., No. Civ. 10-4113-KES, Defendant Sancom, Inc.’s Answer to Plaintiff’s 
Complaint; Counterclaim; and Cross-Claim (filed Oct. 22, 2010)).  We rely upon and cite to the publicly-filed 
version of the Sancom-Free Conferencing Agreement in this Order.  See also Free Conferencing Corp. v. Sancom, 
Inc. and MCI Communications Services, Inc., No. Civ. 10-4113-KES, Order Granting Defendant Verizon’s 
Motion to Dismiss, 2011 WL 1486199 (D.S.D. Apr. 19, 2011) (describing in a publicly-available order the key 
provisions of the Sancom-Free Conferencing Agreement: “Under the Agreement, Free Conferencing agreed to 
provide at least 2,000,000 minutes of customer service usage in existing business to Sancom. Sancom agreed to 
pay Free Conferencing a marketing fee of $0.02 per minute based on revenue collected on minutes used per 
month.”).
15
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 11, para. 40; Answer at 13, para. 27.
16
Sancom-Free Conferencing Agreement at 1, para. 3 (“[Free Conferencing] shall provide [sic] minimum of 
2,000,000 minutes of customer use in existing business.”).
17
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 10, para. 33; Sancom-Free Conferencing Agreement at 2-3.
18
See also Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 12, para. 41.
19
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 2, para. 5.
20
Complaint at 2.  It is not clear from the record whether Ocean Bay continues to provide services anywhere, as 
neither party was able to locate Ocean Bay representatives.  Complaint at 8, para. 4.
21
Complaint, Litigation Exhibit 58, Wholesale Local Services Agreement for Mitchell Telecom, at 2 (Sancom-
Ocean Bay Agreement).
22
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 11, para. 40; Answer at 13, para. 27.
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Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
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required Ocean Bay to provide a minimum minutes of use.
23
In turn, Sancom agreed to pay Ocean Bay a 
per-minute fee when IXCs paid Sancom’s related switched access bills.
24
  As with Free Conferencing, 
[redacted confidential information regarding Ocean Bay payments].
25
C. Sancom’s Interstate Access Service Tariff
6. On January 31, 2005, Sancom filed with the Commission its interstate access service 
tariff, which became effective the next day, February 1, 2005.
26
  During the period relevant to this case, 
the Tariff set forth the “regulations, rates and charges applicable to the provision of End User Access, 
Switched Access and other miscellaneous services ....”
27
  Under the Tariff:
Switched Access Service, which is available to customers for their use in 
furnishing their services to end users, provides a two-point 
communications path between a customer designated premises and an 
end user’s premises, ... provides for the ability to originate calls from an 
end user’s premises to a customer designated premises, and to terminate 
calls from a customer designated premises to an end user’s premises in 
the LATA where it is provided ….
28
The Tariff defines “end user,” in turn, as “any customer of an interstate or foreign telecommunications 
service that is not a carrier ….”
29
  A “customer” is “any individual, partnership, association, joint-stock 
company, trust, corporation, or governmental entity or other entity which subscribes to the services 
offered under this [T]ariff, including both [IXCs] and End Users.”
30
7. With regard to billing, the Tariff provides that Sancom “shall bill on a current basis all 
charges incurred by and credits due to the customer under this tariff” and that Sancom will “establish a 
bill day each month for each customer account or advise the customer in writing of an alternate billing 
                                                     
23
Sancom-Ocean Bay Agreement at 1, para. 3 (“Ocean Bay Marketing shall provide up to 10,000,000 calls of 
customer use in existing business.”).
24
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 11, para. 37; Sancom-Ocean Bay Agreement at 3.
25
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 12, para. 42.
26
Complaint at 12, para. 13 (citing Tariff at 1).
27
Tariff § 1.1; Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 3, para. 7.
28
Tariff § 6.1 (emphasis added).  The Tariff’s definition of “Access Minutes,” in relevant part, also implicates the 
presence of an “end user”:  “On the originating end of an interstate or foreign call, usage is measured from the time 
the originating end user’s call is delivered by the Telephone Company to and acknowledged as received by the 
customer’s facilities connected with the originating exchange.  On the terminating end of an interstate or foreign 
call, usage is measured from the time the call is received by the end user in the terminating exchange.”  Tariff § 2.6 
(emphasis added).
29
Tariff § 2.6.
30
Tariff § 2.6 (emphasis added).
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Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
5
schedule.”
31
  The Tariff also requires Sancom to apply the federal Universal Service charge “each month
to the billed charges for interstate access services provided to end users from this Tariff.”
32
8. Neither of the Free Calling Companies’ agreements with Sancom describes charges that 
Free Conferencing and Ocean Bay would pay monthly (or otherwise) to Sancom for telecommunications 
services.  The only rates set forth in these agreements are fees that Sancom would pay to the Free Calling 
Companies.
33
D. The District Court Litigation
9. On October 9, 2007, Sancom sued Qwest, seeking to recover the access charges Qwest 
refused to pay.  Sancom’s complaint against Qwest alleged breach of contract (Count I), breach of 
implied contract resulting from violation of tariffs (Count II), unjust enrichment (Count III), tortious 
interference with business relations (Count IV), violation of the South Dakota Deceptive Trade Practices 
and Consumer Protection Act (Count V), violation of section 201(b) of the Act (Count VI), and civil 
conspiracy (Count VII).
34
  On November 6, 2007, Qwest filed counterclaims with the Court.
35
The
counterclaims alleged violations of section 201(b) of the Act (Counts I and II), section 203 of the Act 
(Count III), common law unfair competition (Count IV), breach of contract (Count V), tortious 
interference with contract (Count VI), civil conspiracy (Count VII), and unjust enrichment (Count VIII).
36
  
The counterclaims also included a request for declaratory judgment (Count IX).
37
10. On June 19, 2009, the Court granted Qwest’s motion to dismiss Counts III, IV, V, and 
VII (the non-tariff claims), holding that these claims were barred by the filed-rate doctrine.
38
  On June 26, 
2009, Sancom moved for summary judgment on its breach of tariff claim.
39
  Sancom subsequently moved 
to stay the court proceeding and for the Court to refer three issues to the Commission under the doctrine 
of primary jurisdiction.
40
On March 12, 2010, the Court granted Sancom’s request, asking the 
Commission to resolve: (1) whether the traffic billed to Qwest falls within the terms of Sancom’s Tariff;
(2) if not, whether Sancom nonetheless is entitled to obtain compensation for these services; and (3) if so, 
                                                     
31
Tariff § 2.4.1 (emphasis added).
32
Tariff § 3.1.1 (emphasis added).
33
Sancom-Free Conferencing Agreement at 2-3; Sancom-Ocean Bay Agreement at 3.
34
Complaint, FCC Exhibit 3, Sancom, Inc. v. Qwest Communications Corp., No. Civ. 07-4147-KES, Complaint 
(D.S.D. filed Oct. 9, 2007) (Sancom v. Qwest Court Complaint).  Sancom amended the Complaint on September 11, 
2008.  Complaint, FCC Exhibit 4, Sancom, Inc. v. Qwest Communications Corp., No. Civ. 07-4147-KES, First 
Amended Complaint (D.S.D. filed Sept. 11, 2008).
35
Complaint, FCC Exhibit 1, Sancom, Inc. v. Qwest Communications Corp., No. Civ. 07-4147-KES, Defendant’s 
Answer and Counterclaim (D.S.D. filed Nov. 6, 2007).  Qwest amended its counterclaims on September 20, 2008.  
Complaint, FCC Exhibit 6, Sancom, Inc. v. Qwest Communications Corp., No. Civ. 07-4147-KES, Qwest 
Communications Corporation’s First Amended Counterclaims (D.S.D. filed Sept. 10, 2008) (Qwest’s 
Counterclaims).
36
Qwest’s Counterclaims at 15-23.
37
Qwest’s Counterclaims at 23-24.
38
Sancom, Inc. v. Qwest Communications Corp., 643 F.Supp.2d 1117, 1132 (D.S.D. 2009).
39
Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 2, para. 6.
40
See id. at 2-3.
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Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
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at what rate.
41
  Because the parties took extensive discovery in the Court litigation and requested no 
discovery in this proceeding, Commission staff determined that a status conference was unnecessary.
42
E. Qwest v. Farmers
11. This case is materially similar to and controlled by another access stimulation proceeding 
– Qwest v. Farmers.
43
  Indeed, the Tariff’s definitions of “end user” and “customer” are identical to the 
definitions at issue in Qwest v. Farmers.
44
12. In Qwest v. Farmers, the Commission granted a section 208 complaint against Farmers 
and Merchants Mutual Telephone Company of Wayland, Iowa (Farmers), a rural LEC engaged in access 
stimulation.  In short, the Commission examined the relationship between Farmers and various 
conference calling companies to determine whether the conference calling companies were “end users” 
under Farmers’ federal switched access tariff.  If they were “end users,” then the service Farmers 
provided to Qwest was switched access service for which the tariffed rate applied.
13. The Commission concluded that the conference calling companies did not purchase 
tariffed services from Farmers and, consequently, they were not “end users” within the meaning of 
Farmers’ tariff.
45
  In making this determination, the Commission considered the following factors:
? The parties’ contracts did not contemplate that the conference calling companies would 
pay for service,
46
and, in fact, they did not pay for service.
47
? Farmers never treated the conference calling companies like its other customers because 
(1) it did not enter the conference calling companies into its billing systems in accordance 
with its standard billing practices; (2) its regular business records did not indicate that the 
conference calling companies were purchasing the tariff’s End User Access Service; and 
                                                     
41
See Sancom v. Qwest Referral Order at *13.  Joint Statement, Stipulated Facts at 2-3, para. 6.  This Order 
addresses issue 1.  We will decide issues 2 and 3, if necessary, in a damages proceeding.  See Letter from Lisa B. 
Griffin, Deputy Chief, MDRD, to Ross A. Buntrock, counsel for Sancom, Inc.; James F. Bendernagel, Jr., counsel 
for AT&T Corp.; David H. Solomon, counsel for Qwest Communications Co.; and Michael B. Fingerhut, counsel 
for Sprint Corp., at 2 (dated May 5, 2010).
42
Letter from Lisa B. Griffin, Deputy Chief, MDRD, to Ross A. Buntrock, counsel for Sancom, and David H. 
Solomon, counsel for Qwest (dated Mar. 25, 2011).
43
See Qwest Communications Corp. v. Farmers and Merchants Mutual Telephone Co., Memorandum Opinion and 
Order, 22 FCC Rcd 17973 (2007) (October 2007 Order), modified on recon. Second Order on Reconsideration, 24 
FCC Rcd 14801 (2009) (Second Recon. Order), aff’d, Third Order on Reconsideration, 25 FCC Rcd 3422 (2010) 
(Third Recon. Order), pet. for rev. denied, Farmers and Merchants Mutual Telephone Company of Wayland, Iowa v. 
FCC, 668 F.3d 714 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (Farmers v. FCC).
44
See Second Recon. Order, 24 FCC Rcd at 14805, para. 10; see also October 2007 Order, 22 FCC Rcd at 17987, 
para. 35 & n.116.
45
As with Sancom’s tariff, Farmers’ tariff imposed charges for transporting calls to or from an “end user’s 
premises,” and defined “end user” as “any customer of an interstate or foreign telecommunications service that is 
not a carrier.”  Second Recon. Order, 24 FCC Rcd at 14805, para. 10.
46
Second Recon. Order, 24 FCC Rcd at 14806, para. 12.  One contract expressly stated there would be no charges 
for services.  See id. at n.49.
47
Second Recon. Order, 24 FCC Rcd at 14806, 14812, paras. 12, 25.
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Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
7
(3) it did not contemporaneously bill the conference calling companies, or otherwise try 
to collect payment – despite the tariff’s requirement that Farmers bill and collect on a 
monthly basis.
48
? Farmers’ agreements with the conference calling companies contained an exclusivity 
clause, and Farmers refused to offer the deals it gave the conference calling companies to 
other similar parties.
49
? Farmers handled the conference calling companies’ traffic differently (i.e., with a 
different switch) than traffic to customers of its tariffed services.
50
? Farmers’ agreements with the conference calling companies contained unique terms that 
did not resemble traditional agreements for its tariffed service, including: (1) Farmers 
agreed to pay the conference calling companies (differing amounts) for traffic it 
terminated to them; (2) Farmers’ deals with the conference calling companies included 
(also differing) minimum-usage commitments; (3) the duration of the conference calling 
companies’ agreements varied; (4) the notice periods for cancellation of service during 
the agreements’ terms varied; (5) Farmers’ board of directors had to approve each of the 
conference calling companies’ agreements; (6) the agreements’ provisions were kept 
confidential.
51
? Farmers did not (1) timely report revenues from those services, or (2) submit Universal 
Service contributions.
52
14. In short, the Commission found that neither Farmers nor the conference calling 
companies intended to operate in accordance with Farmers’ tariff; indeed, they had “purposefully 
avoided” a customer relationship under Farmers’ tariff.
53
  Because the conference calling companies 
“were neither ‘customers’ nor ‘end users’ within the meaning of [Farmers’] tariff,” the Commission found 
that Farmers “was not entitled to charge Qwest switched access charges under the terms of Farmers’ 
tariff” and that Farmers had violated sections 201(b) and 203(c) of the Act.
54
15. On December 30, 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 
Circuit upheld the Commission’s orders, stating in relevant part that “[t]he Commission’s reading of 
[Farmers’] tariff was well within its discretion,”
55
and that “the Commission, upon considering factors 
within its expertise, could reasonably conclude that Farmers’ relationships with the conference calling 
                                                     
48
Second Recon. Order, 24 FCC Rcd at 14808, para. 16.
49
Id. at 14807, para. 14.
50
Id. at 14806, para. 13.
51
Id. at 14807, para. 14.
52
Id. at 14813, n.97.
53
Id. at 14810, para. 21.
54
Id. at 14805, para. 10.
55
Farmers v. FCC, 668 F.3d at 720 (citations omitted).
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Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
8
companies had been deliberately structured to fall outside the terms of Farmers’ tariff and therefore 
reasonably reject such services as tariffed services.”
56
III. DISCUSSION
A. Sancom Could Not Lawfully Bill Qwest for Tariffed Switched Access Service 
Because the Free Calling Companies Were Not “End Users” Under Sancom’s 
Tariff.
16. Section 203(c) of the Act requires a carrier to provide communications services in strict 
accordance with the terms and conditions of its tariff.
57
  As explained above, in order for Sancom to 
provide Switched Access Service under the Tariff, calls must originate or terminate with an “end user”
(i.e., a “customer” that “subscribes to the services offered” under the Tariff).
58
17. As in Qwest v. Farmers, we find that the Free Calling Companies were not “end users” 
under Sancom’s Tariff, because Sancom did not bill the Free Calling Companies for, and they did not pay 
for, switched access service.  Moreover, in several other respects, Sancom and the Free Calling 
Companies behaved in a manner inconsistent with a tariffed carrier/customer relationship.  Accordingly, 
we find that Sancom violated sections 203(c) and 201(b) of the Act.
1. Sancom Did Not Bill the Free Calling Companies for, and the Free Calling 
Companies Did Not Pay for, Tariffed Switched Access Service.
18. As noted above, the Tariff requires Sancom to bill its customers on a monthly basis for 
“all charges incurred by and credits due to the customer.”
59
  Sancom provided connectivity to the Free 
Calling Companies through ISDN-PRI circuits.
60
  The Tariff contains a monthly rate for such circuits, as 
well as a monthly rate for related ISDN line ports.
61
  Moreover, the Tariff provides that Sancom shall 
apply a federal Universal Service charge each month to the tariffed interstate access services provided to 
end users.
62
19. Despite these requirements, Sancom did not establish any sort of genuine billing 
relationship with the Free Calling Companies, failing to adhere to established practices regarding its 
transmission of monthly bills, billing system, and collection efforts.  Specifically, Sancom did not send 
                                                     
56
Farmers v. FCC, 668 F.3d at 723.
57
47 U.S.C. § 203(c); see AT&T v. Central Office Telephone, Inc., 524 U.S. 214, 222 (1988) (“Ignorance or 
misquotation of rates is not an excuse for paying or charging either less or more than the rate filed.  This rule [the 
filed rate doctrine] is undeniably strict and it obviously may work hardship in some cases ….”); see also id. at 223-
25 (stating that the filed rate doctrine not only addresses ratesetting, but also applies to a tariff’s other terms such 
as provisioning and billing).
58
See supra paragraph 6.  See also Second Recon. Order, 24 FCC Rcd at 14805, para. 10; AT&T v. YMax, 
Memorandum Opinion and Order, 26 FCC Rcd 5742, 5749-50, para. 16 (2011).
59
Tariff § 2.4.1; Complaint Legal Analysis at 23.  Sancom’s Local Exchange Tariff similarly states that “[b]illing to 
customers shall be scheduled monthly.”  Complaint, Litigation Exhibit 8, Local Exchange Tariff (Local Exchange 
Tariff) at Part II, Original Sheet 16; Complaint Legal Analysis at 23; Joint Statement at 8.
60
Joint Statement at 11; Answer at 13, para. 27.
61
Tariff §§ 3.2, 17.1.4.
62
Tariff § 3.1.1.
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Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
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monthly bills to the Free Calling Companies,
63
[redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s 
billing system],
64
and [redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s collection efforts with the 
Free Calling Companies.]
65
  Sancom argues that it “invoiced Free Conferencing and Ocean Bay for 
services.”
66
  The record, however, contains only a handful of invoices, none of which are for monthly 
tariffed connectivity charges (i.e., the ISDN charges described above).
67
  Indeed, Sancom concedes that 
[redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s unique billing arrangements with the Free Calling 
Companies.]
68
20. [Redacted confidential information regarding the Free Calling Companies not paying for 
service.]
69
  Sancom argues that a “netting” process took place, whereby the Free Calling Companies 
generated revenue for Sancom sufficient to pay for Sancom’s access charges.
70
  The record, however, 
flatly contradicts this assertion and shows that no netting or offsetting process took place.
71
Sancom 
further argues that access charge revenues received from IXCs justified not charging the Free Calling 
Companies any tariffed monthly rates.
72
This argument also fails, because it is plainly inconsistent with 
the Tariff’s monthly rates and billing provisions.  In any event, there is no evidence that the parties 
established any alternative payment arrangement. 
                                                     
63
Joint Statement at 16, para. 56; Complaint at 28-29, paras. 36-37 (citing Complaint, Litigation Exhibit 11 
(Bortnem Dep.) at 58:4-5) [Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s unique billing arrangements with 
the Free Calling Companies.]; Reply at 18-19.
64
Complaint at 27-28, para. 35; Reply at 15-18.
65
Complaint at 27-29, paras. 35-37; Reply at 18-19.  [Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s 
unique billing arrangements with the Free Calling Companies.]  Complaint Exhibit 14 (Thompson Dep.) at 
107:18-19 [Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s unique billing arrangements with the Free 
Calling Companies.]; Bortnem Dep. at 119:1-10 [Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s unique 
billing arrangements with the Free Calling Companies.]; see also Calabro Dep. at 127 [Redacted confidential 
information regarding Sancom’s unique billing arrangements with the Free Calling Companies.]  Joint Statement 
at 16.
66
Answer, Legal Analysis at 30.
67
See infra note 69.
68
Complaint, Litigation Exhibit 12 (Buckley Dep.) at 91:11-91:22; see also Reply at 16.  Notably, Sancom’s South 
Dakota Local Exchange Tariff also sets forth several rates and charges that apply to Sancom’s “customers,” 
including the “Local Number Portability Fee, 911 Service Surcharge, Universal Service Fee, Network Connectivity 
Fee, Telecom Relay Service Fee, Federal Excise Tax, State Sales Tax, City Sales Tax, City Franchise Fee.”  Joint 
Statement at 9; Local Exchange Tariff at Part II, Original Sheet 17.  [Redacted confidential information regarding 
Sancom’s unique billing arrangements with the Free Calling Companies.]  Joint Statement at 16.
69
Joint Statement at 11-12, 15-16; Bortnem Dep. at 75:6-19, 118:21-119:4; Thompson Dep. at 95:13-96:24,
177:3-18.  [Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s unique business relationships with the Free 
Calling Companies.]
70
Answer at 14-15, para. 30; Answer, Legal Analysis at 26-27; Joint Statement, Facts Proffered by Sancom and 
Disputed by Qwest at 30-31.
71
Reply at 12-13; Thompson Dep. at 54:25-55:22 [Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s unique 
business relationships with the Free Calling Companies.]; see also id. at 35:19-36:5, 136:13-137:3; Complaint, 
Litigation Exhibit 10 (Rohead Dep.) at 87:19-90:7.
72
Answer, Legal Analysis at 25-29.
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2. In Other Respects, Sancom Did Not Treat the Free Calling Companies As
End Users Under Its Tariff.
21. Sancom itself did not consider the Free Calling Companies to be end users under the 
Tariff.  The deposition testimony of Sancom representatives reveals that Sancom viewed the Free Calling 
Companies more as business partners than local exchange customers.  For example, Sancom’s General 
Manager [redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s unique business relationship with Free 
Conferencing.]
73
  Sancom’s Customer Service Manager stated [redacted confidential information 
regarding Sancom’s unique business relationships with the Free Calling Companies.]
74
  [Redacted 
confidential information regarding Sancom’s unique business relationships with the Free Calling 
Companies.]
75
  Indeed, even Sancom’s expert witness acknowledged that [redacted confidential 
information regarding Sancom’s unique business relationship with Free Conferencing.]
76
  
22. In fact, Sancom did not treat the Free Calling Companies like its typical customers.  
Although Sancom’s general practice is to require new customers to complete standardized forms, 
including Sancom’s “Service Application” and “Master Service Agreement Terms and Conditions,”
77
Sancom did not require the Free Calling Companies to complete them.
78
  [Redacted confidential 
information regarding Sancom’s tracking of traffic generated by the Free Calling Companies.]
79
    
23. Moreover, despite the requirement that a common carrier “[hold itself] out to serve 
indifferently all potential users,”
80
Sancom eschewed similar arrangements with other entities.
81
  In fact, 
                                                     
73
Thompson Dep. at 209.
74
Bortnem Dep. at 44:5-44:11.
75
Bortnem Dep. at 119:5-10.
76
Calabro Dep. at 135-37.  See also id. at 129 [Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s unique 
business relationship with Free Conferencing.]; Id. at 139:11-12 [Redacted confidential information regarding 
Sancom’s unique business relationship with Free Conferencing.]
77
Joint Statement at 18; Complaint at 41-42, paras. 62-63; Reply at 34-35.
78
Joint Statement at 18, para. 63.
79
Joint Statement at 18.  The record further suggests that Sancom may have handled traffic relating to the Free 
Calling Companies differently from traffic relating to customers using Sancom’s tariffed services.  See Second 
Recon. Order, 24 FCC Rcd at 14806, para. 13 (as part of its conclusion that the conference calling companies were 
not “end users” under Farmers’ tariff, the Commission found that Farmers provided a unique routing arrangement 
to the conference calling companies).  Sancom’s agreements with the Free Calling Companies provide that the 
Free Calling Companies’ equipment will be placed in Sancom’s central office (see Sancom-Free Conferencing 
Agreement at 1; Sancom-Ocean Bay Agreement at 1), and Sancom apparently furnished such collocations to the 
Free Calling Companies at no cost (Complaint, Litigation Exhibit 53, Plaintiff Sancom, Inc.’s First Supplemental 
Answers to Defendant’s Second Set of Interrogatories, at 7 (Answer to Interrogatory 16.1) (“[S]ancom cannot 
identify the precise amount of money Free Conferencing pays or Ocean Bay Marketing paid to Sancom for 
collocation.”)).  Sancom did not respond directly to Qwest’s assertion that the Free Calling Companies were the 
only entities served by placing their equipment in Sancom’s central office, as opposed to being served by a facility 
“extending from the Sancom central office to the customer’s location ….”  Complaint at 33-34, para. 47 (emphasis 
added).  [Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s relationships with its customers.]  Answer at 24, 
para. 47.
80
See, e.g., U.S. Telecom Ass’n v. FCC, 295 F.3d 1326, 1329 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
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Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
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Sancom refused overtures from other entities that sought to enter access stimulation arrangements similar 
to those with the Free Conferencing, for fear that those potential business partners would compete with 
Free Conferencing.
82
  What’s more, Sancom’s agreements with the Free Calling Companies contained 
confidentiality clauses that prohibited the parties from revealing the agreements’ terms.
83
  [Redacted 
confidential information regarding Sancom’s exclusive relationships with the Free Calling Companies.]
84
  
Thus, despite Sancom’s contention that it undertook a reasonable case-by-case evaluation of potential 
customers,
85
it appears that Sancom evaluated whether potential customers would compete with its
business partners, the Free Calling Companies.
86
  In this manner, Sancom’s relationships with the Free 
Calling Companies were exclusive and demonstrate an intention for Sancom not to provide service as a 
common carrier.
87
24. We reject Sancom’s argument that its agreements with the Free Calling Companies were 
Individual Case Basis (ICB) arrangements.
88
  The term “Individual Case Basis,” as used in the Tariff, 
“denotes a condition in which the regulations, if applicable, rates and charges for an offering under the 
provisions of this tariff are developed based on the circumstances in each case.”
89
  To begin, the 
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81
Compare Joint Statement at 14, para. 46 (“Sancom never entered into an arrangement with any other service 
provider similar to its agreements with Free Conferencing and Ocean Bay.”) with Reply, FCC Exhibit 19 (email 
from Don Robertson, Sancom Operations Manager, to Ryan Thompson, Sancom General Manager (dated June 30, 
2006) [Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s exclusive relationships with the Free Calling 
Companies.]; Reply at 21; Joint Statement at 12.
82
[Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s exclusive relationships with the Free Calling 
Companies.]  Complaint, Litigation Exhibit 57, at 2 (email from Don Robertson, Sancom Operations Manager to 
Dave Erickson, President, Free Conferencing (dated Sept. 20, 2005)); Reply at 21; Joint Statement at 12.  Later, in 
April 2007, when an entity that competes with Free Conferencing contacted Sancom about service, Sancom 
replied that it was out of capacity, even though no one at Sancom actually checked whether there was available 
capacity.  Answer at 20-21, para. 38 (admitting that Sancom did not check whether it had capacity); Reply at 19-
20; Joint Statement at 12.  [Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s exclusive relationships with the 
Free Calling Companies.]  Complaint at 30, para. 40 (citing Rohead Dep. at 91:4-16); Answer at 22, para. 40.
83
The Sancom-Free Conferencing Agreement confidentiality provision states that “[d]uring the term of this 
Agreement and for a period of three (3) years thereafter, neither [Free Conferencing] nor SANCOM shall disclose 
any terms of this Agreement, including pricing, or any other confidential information of the other Party.”  Sancom-
Free Conferencing Agreement at 2.  Similarly, the Sancom-Ocean Bay Agreement states that “[d]uring the term of 
this Agreement and for a period of three (3) years thereafter, neither Ocean Bay Marketing nor [Sancom] shall 
disclose any terms of this Agreement, including pricing or any other confidential information of the other Party.”  
Sancom-Ocean Bay Agreement at 2.
84
Rohead Dep. at 91:4-12 [Redacted confidential information regarding Sancom’s exclusive relationships with the 
Free Calling Companies.]
85
Answer at 31-33.
86
See Complaint at 30, para. 40 (citing Rohead Dep. at 91:4-16) [Redacted confidential information regarding 
Sancom’s exclusive relationships with the Free Calling Companies.]; Answer at 22, para. 40.
87
See Qwest v. Farmers, 24 FCC Rcd at 14807, para. 14 (finding that the exclusivity clauses in the parties’ 
agreements were “antithetical to the notion of tariffed service” and that, by turning away customers seeking similar 
arrangements, the arrangements between Farmers and the conference calling companies were, in practice, 
exclusive).
88
Answer, Legal Analysis at 43-44.
89
Tariff § 2.6.
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Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
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agreements with the Free Calling Companies bear no indications that they pertain in any way to the 
services offered under the Tariff.  To the contrary, the agreements contain provisions that not only are 
inconsistent with the Tariff, but that appear to be purposefully structured to avoid a traditional tariffed 
offering.  For example, the agreements contain minimum usage requirements, provide that the Free 
Calling Companies would be required to renegotiate the agreements if Sancom is unable to collect access 
stimulation revenues from IXCs, and establish that the agreements must be “interpreted, construed and 
enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of South Dakota.”
90
  None of these provisions is found 
in the Tariff.
25. Sancom contends that it has no federal law obligation to post or otherwise make public its 
purported ICB arrangements with Free Conferencing and Ocean Bay, and that South Dakota law “makes 
clear that such disclosure is not required for a host of reasons.”
91
  Although Sancom is correct that, to 
date, the Commission has not imposed such a requirement,
92
in this case we review Sancom’s compliance 
with its filed Tariff.  The fact that Sancom had confidential, exclusive agreements with the Free Calling 
Companies bolsters our conclusion that Sancom was not acting as a common carrier indiscriminately 
serving End Users as defined in the Tariff.
93
  As discussed above, based on our interpretation of Sancom’s 
filed Tariff, and Sancom’s relationship with the Free Calling Companies, we find that Sancom’s interstate 
access charges are unlawful because Sancom was not providing service under the Tariff.
B. Sancom’s Affirmative Defenses Lack Merit
26. Because Qwest elected to bifurcate its claims for damages pursuant to section 1.722(d) of 
the Commission’s rules,
94
we do not address in this order Sancom’s defenses regarding the extent of any
damages Qwest allegedly incurred.  We reject Sancom’s unsupported claim that, as an affirmative 
defense, South Dakota State law somehow divests the Commission of authority to consider the lawfulness 
of Sancom’s interstate access charges.  Sections 201, 203, and 208 of the Act (and the rules promulgated 
thereunder) provide the Commission with the authority to interpret and enforce the Tariff Sancom filed 
with the Commission, and Sancom provides no support to conclude otherwise.
95
27. We also are unpersuaded by Sancom’s argument that Qwest has “unclean hands,” in that 
Qwest did not first pay Sancom amounts owing under the Tariff.
96
  Even if this defense were available in 
                                                     
90
Sancom-Free Conferencing Agreement at 1-4; Sancom-Ocean Bay Agreement at 1-4.  Complaint at 40, para. 
59; Reply at 33-34.
91
Answer, Legal Analysis at 33-34.
92
In 1997, the Commission examined whether to “require any non-ILEC providers of interstate exchange access 
services subject to any degree of tariff forbearance to make rates available to the Commission and to interested 
persons upon request.”  Hyperion Telecommunications, Inc. Petition Requesting Forbearance, Memorandum 
Opinion and Order and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 12 FCC Rcd 8596, 8613, para. 33 (1997) (granting 
“permissive detariffing for provision of interstate exchange access services by providers other than the incumbent 
local exchange carrier”).
93
Sancom cites no precedent (nor are we aware of any) to support its argument that, because it complies with 
South Dakota’s legal requirements for intrastate tariff filing, Sancom’s interstate access billings are lawful.  
Answer at 34-35.  We also find Sancom’s argument regarding the reasonableness of its tariffed rates, which are 
not at issue in this proceeding, to be misplaced.  See Answer at 12-20.
94
47 C.F.R. § 1.722(d).  Complaint at 11.
95
47 U.S.C. §§ 201, 203, 208.
96
See Answer at 41 (Affirmative Defenses).  Sancom also argues, without support, that the “vast majority” of 
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Federal Communications Commission DA 13-321
13
a section 208 formal complaint proceeding,
97
it would fail in this case.  As discussed above, Sancom 
unlawfully charged Qwest for tariffed switched access services.  Accordingly, Qwest cannot have
violated any alleged equitable principle by failing to pay the charges before disputing them.
98
28. For the foregoing reasons, we find that the Free Calling Companies were not “end users” 
under the Tariff and, therefore, that Sancom was not entitled to charge Qwest for switched access under 
the Tariff.  By charging Qwest nonetheless, Sancom violated sections 201(b) and 203(c) of the Act.
99
IV. ORDERING CLAUSES
29. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED, pursuant to sections 4(i), 4(j), 201, 203, and 208 of the 
Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. §§ 154(i), 154(j), 201, 203, and 208, and sections  
1.720-1.736 of the Commission’s rules, 47 C.F.R. §§ 1.720-1.736, and the authority delegated by sections 
0.111 and 0.311 of the Commission’s rules, 47 C.F.R. §§ 0.111, 0.311, that Counts I and II of the 
Complaint are hereby GRANTED as to liability.
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
      P. Michele Ellison
Chief, Enforcement Bureau
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Qwest’s facts are irrelevant to the complaint and should be stricken from the record.  Answer, Legal Analysis at 10-
11.  Namely, Sancom argues that any facts about the nature of its customers (including the fact that [redacted 
confidential information regarding Sancom’s agreements with the Free Calling Companies]) are irrelevant.  We 
disagree and find that the facts raised by Qwest are relevant to developing an understanding of the parties’ access 
stimulation arrangements.
97
See Marzec v. Power, Order, 15 FCC Rcd 4475, 4480 n.35 (2000) (stating that “the Commission has expressed 
doubt that the unclean hands defense is available in section 208 proceedings”) (citing AT&T Corp. v. Bell Atlantic-
Pennsylvania, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 14 FCC Rcd 556, 598 & n.233 (1998)).
98
See, e.g., Marzec v. Power, 15 FCC Rcd at 4480 (rejecting unclean hands defense because the complainant’s 
alleged misconduct was “irrelevant” to the defendant’s violations); Wolff v. Westwood Management, LLC, 558 F.3d 
517, 521 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (assertion of unclean hands as defense against claim that dispute is subject to arbitration 
cannot succeed where “[t]here is no allegation that appellees have unclean hands with respect to the agreement to 
arbitrate itself”); Sellar Agency Council, Inc. v. Kennedy Center for Real Estate Education, Inc., 621 F.3d 981, 986 
(9th Cir. 2010) (“It is fundamental to the operation of the [unclean hands] doctrine that the alleged misconduct by 
the party relate directly to the transaction concerning which the complaint is made.”) (citations and brackets 
omitted).
99
47 U.S.C. §§ 201(b), 203(c).