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hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааTechnical 5Technical 5ысаааа` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааггУ УФ ФггааXА` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааTechnical 6Technical 6‚ысаааа` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааггУ УФ ФггааXА` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааћџ2xžƒl›„l|›…$ш›†l žTechnical 2Technical 2ƒ ггггTechnical 3Technical 3„ ггггTechnical 4Technical 4…ысаааа` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааггУ УФ ФггааXА` И hРpШ xа 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Caption_Equation Caption— ггггendnote referenceendnote reference˜ ггУУФФггheading 4heading 4™ ааггггheading 5heading 5š ааггггћџ26Т›vРœvŠРvСžРvСheading 6heading 6› ааггггheading 7heading 7œ ааггггheading 8heading 8 ааггггWP Heading 2WP Heading 2ž44б#еaє\  PŽ6QеP#бггУУФФггб#XPє\  PŽ6QXP#бћџ2xФŸРhТ l(УЁx”УЂl ФWP Heading 1WP Heading 1Ÿ44б#„yє\  PŽ6Q„P#бггУ УФ Фггб#XPє\  PŽ6QXP#бDocument 8aDocument 8a  ггггDocument 4aDocument 4aЁггУУУ УФФФ ФггDocument 6aDocument 6aЂ ггггћџ2 ШЃlЊФЄlХЅl‚ХІюХDocument 5aDocument 5aЃ ггггDocument 2aDocument 2aЄ ггггDocument 7aDocument 7aЅ ггггRight Par 1aRight Par 1aІшоаааа` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааггггааXА ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааћџ2ЯЇ>ШЈl\ЪЉШЪЊцЬRight Par 2aRight Par 2aЇшоаааа` И hРpШ xа 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Commission'sСРРС)ССССppєСRMЉ9150 д …S5Љ'дAmateur Service Rules. С,ССhh]ССРРС)ССССppєСRMЉ9196 С•СС` ` ШССИ И њСС,ССhh]ССРРС) С•СС` ` ШССИ И њСС,ССhh]ССРРС) д …S6 Ж'даадY"дУ УREPORT AND ORDERФ Ф дЈьд дЈьдаадcАд д …S Ж'дааXА` И hРpШ xа (#€%и'0*ˆ,р.813ш5@8˜:№ дParagraphдэ(#даадcАд ТX•ТС€ААcСINTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARYЦа ЦСpЬ"(#цС1ƒ ТX•ТС€ААcСBACKGROUNDЦа ЦСpЬ"(#цС4ƒ ТX•ТС€ААcСDISCUSSIONЦа ЦСpЬ"(#цС7ƒ ТX•ТLicense StructureЦа ЦСpЬ"(#цС7ƒ С•СС` ` ШСNumber of License ClassesСpЬ"(#цС9ƒ ТX•ТС` ` ШСТАИ И њТС€` ` ШСTelegraphy Examination RequirementsЦа И ЦСpp"(#пС22ƒ ТX•ТС` ` ШСТАИ И њТС€` ` ШСWritten ExaminationsЦа И ЦСpp"(#пС40ƒ С•СС` ` ШСDisposition of the Designated Novice BandsСpp"(#пС53ƒ С•СGreater Volunteer Examiner OpportunitiesСpp"(#пС57ƒ ТX•ТТX` ` ШТС€•СRACES Station LicensesЦа ` ЦСpp"(#пС61ƒ ТX•ТТX` ` ШТС€•СPrivatization of Certain Enforcement ProceduresЦа ` ЦСpp"(#пС64ƒ С•СOther IssuesСpp"(#пС67ƒ ТX•ТС€ААcСCONCLUSIONЦа ЦСpp"(#пС69ƒ ТX•ТС€ААcСPROCEDURAL MATTERSЦа ЦСpp"(#пС70ƒ ТX•ТС€ААcСORDERING CLAUSESЦа ЦСpp"(#пС72ƒд"<#ˆ, * *,,$а"д д …SЖ'дСрt ьјСУ УI. INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARYФ Фƒ д ‡SšЉ'дС•Си1.и In the УУNotice ФФin this proceeding, we examined the Amateur Radio Service Rules in an д …ShЖ'дeffort to streamline our licensing processes and eliminate unnecessary and duplicative rules.жa^hа„д {OаЖ' !Ј дУУSee ФФ1998 Biennial Regulatory Review ЉЉ Amendment of Part 97 of the Commission's Amateur Service Rules, д {Ošœ' !t дУУNotice of Proposed Rule Making, ФФWT Docket No. 98Љ143, and Errata, Aug. 31, 1998, 13 FCC Rcd 15798, 15799 д {Odœ'дРР 2 (1998) (УУNotice).ФФaж We initiated this proceeding as part of our 1998 biennial review of regulations pursuant to Section 11 of д …SЖ'дthe Communications Act of 1934, as amended (Communications Act),жЮВюа„д {O Ж' !­ дУУSee ФФ47 U.S.C. РР 161 which provides that (a) in every evenЉnumbered year (beginning with 1998), the д ! дCommission (1) shall review all regulations issued under this Act in effect at the time of the review that apply to д !H дthe operations or activities of any provider of telecommunications service; and (2) shall determine whether any such д ! дregulation is no longer in the public interest as the result of meaningful economic competition between providers of д !Ј дsuch service, and (b) the Commission shall repeal or modify any regulation it determines to be no longer in the public interest.Юж because we believe it is д …SЯЖ'дappropriate to review all of our regulations.жNЪЯh а„д {OзЖ'дУУNoticeФФ, 13 FCC Rcd 15799 РР 1.Nж д ‡SiЉ'дС•Си2.и By this УУReport and Order, ФФwe adopt rules that simplify the Amateur Radio Service operator license structure, streamline the number of examination elements and, reduce the emphasis on telegraphy that underlies the current license structure to the greatest extent possible, consistent with the д ‡SбЖ'дinternational УУRadio RegulationsФФ УУ(Radio Regulations).ФФжь"бњ а„д {OkЖ' !Я дУУSee ФФArticle 1, Radio Regulation No. 53, and Article 32, Radio Regulation Nos. 2731Љ2739 of the International д !Ц дTelecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations (Geneva, 1979) (now Article S25). The ITU operates under the д !; дauspices of the United Nations and is a multiЉnational body of government representatives that coordinate usage of the radio spectrum among the different nations of the world.ьж Moreover, we believe that these changes will: (a) allow current Amateur Radio Service licensees to contribute more to the advancement of the radio art; (b) reduce the administrative costs that we incur in regulating this service and streamline our licensing processes; (c) eliminate unnecessary requirements that may discourage or limit individuals from becoming trained operators, technicians, and electronic experts; and (d) promote efficient use of spectrum allocated to the Amateur Radio Service. д …SmЉ'дС•Си3.и The major rule changes we adopt today are as follows: С•С д …SЖ'дС•СУ У.Ф ФС` ` ШСReduction of the number of operator license classes from six to three. д …SЁЖ'дС•СУ У.Ф ФС` ` ШСReduction of the number of telegraphy examination elements from three to one. д …S;Ж'дС•СУ У.Ф ФС` ` ШСReduction of the number of written examination elements from five to three. д …SеЖ'дС•СУ У.Ф ФС` ` ШСAuthorization of Advanced Class amateur radio operators to prepare and administer С•СС` ` ШСexaminations for the General Class amateur radio operator license. д …S<Ж'дС•СУ У.Ф ФС` ` ШСElimination of Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES) station licenses. д" фˆ,l(l(,,та"дŒд …SЖ'дСрВьcСУ УII. BACKGROUNDƒ д …SšЉ'дФ ФС•Си4.и The Amateur Radio Service is composed of three different services ЉЉ the amateur service, д …SgЖ'дthe amateur-satellite service, and the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES).жIЪgа„д {OЯЖ'дУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.3(a).Iж The amateur service is available to be used by persons who are interested in radio technique solely with a д …SЖ'дpersonal aim and without pecuniary interest.ж1ЪZа„д {OћЖ'дУУIdФФ.1ж It presents an opportunity for individuals to selfЉtrain, д …SЮЖ'дintercommunicate, and carry out technical investigations.жFЪЮьа„д {OZ Ж'дУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.1.Fж Amateur radio operators engage in voluntary, noncommercial communications with other amateur radio operators located in the United д …ShЖ'дStates and in foreign countries.жNЪh~а„д {O† Ж'дУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.111(a)(1).Nж Millions of amateur radio operators throughout the world communicate with each other directly by exchanging voice, teleprinting, telegraphy, digital packet, facsimile, and television messages. Amateur radio operators also routinely provide essential communications links and facilitate relief actions on a purely voluntary basis when a disaster occurs or д …Sœ Ж'дis likely to occur.жH Ъœ а„д {OLЖ'дУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.401.Hж The amateur service rules are designed to allow licensees in this service to provide emergency communications, advance radio technology, improve operator skills, enhance international д …S6 Ж'дgoodwill, and expand the number of trained operators, technicians, and electronic experts.жF Ъ6 Ђа„д {OxЖ'дУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.1.Fж д ‡Sа Љ'дС•Си5.и The amateur service is one of the radio communication services authorized by the УУRadio д ‡Sž Љ'дRegulations ФФand was one of the first nonЉgovernment communication services. Regulation of the amateur service in the United States dates from the early 1900's as a result of the U.S. Navy's concern about interference to its stations and its desire to be able to order amateur radio stations off the air in д …SЖ'дthe event of war.жY Ъ4 а„д {OкЖ'дУУSee generallyФФ Bruce Perens Comments at 1Љ2.Yж As part of this regulation, proficiency in Morse codeж9 ZЦ а„д yOlЖ' !Є дУУФФThe international Morse code is a dot-dash code as defined in International Telegraph and Telephone д {O4œ' ! дConsultative Committee (CCITT) Recommendation F.1 (1984), Division B, I. Morse code. УУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.3(a)(27).9ж was mandated to ensure that amateur radio operators could recognize and avoid interference with government and commercial stations as well as maritime distress messages, and to ensure that the U.S. Navy could communicate д …SmЖ'дgovernment orders to amateur radio operators.ж1 Ъmша„д {Oѕ"Ж'дУУId.ФФ1ж This mandated telegraphy proficiency was continued д …S:Ж'дby the Federal Radio Commissionжк:zа„д yOT%Ж' !p дThe amateur service was regulated at various times prior to 1934 by the Department of Commerce, the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Federal Radio Commission. кж and then by the Federal Communications Commission.жyZ:ва„д yOЖ' !Ц дIn initially allocating communication services to its various divisions, the Commission assigned the Telegraph д {OXœ' !x дDivision responsibility for the amateur service. УУSeeФФ УУOrder No. 1ФФ: Creating the three Divisions of the Commission and allocating to each its duties, 1 FCC 3, 5 (1934).yж д":ъˆ,l(l(,,н"д д …SЖ'дTelegraphy proficiency remains one of the examination elements that, by international treaty,жoьъа„д {OŠЖ' !Z дУУSee ФФNo. 2735 of the ITU Radio Regulations (Geneva, 1979) (УУRadio RegulationsФФ) (now S25.5). ThisУУ Radio д {OTœ' ! дRegulationФФ states: Any person seeking a license to operate the apparatus of an amateur station shall prove that he д !Е дis able to send correctly by hand and receive correctly by ear, texts in Morse code signals. The administration д !o дconcerned may, however, waive this requirement in the case of stations making use exclusively of frequencies above д yOЎœ'д30 MHz. УУФФoж an examinee must pass to obtain an amateur service operator license that authorizes operating privileges д …SšЖ'дin the portion of the radio spectrum below 30 MHz.ж $šžа„д {Oи Ж' ! дУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РРРР 97.301, 97.501, 97.503. The segment of the radio spectrum between 3 and 30 MHz is д !Ÿ дcommonly referred to as the High Frequency (HF) band. The segment of the radio spectrum between 300 kHz and д {Oj œ' !p д3 MHz is the Medium Frequency (MF) band. УУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 2.101. Internationally, the amateur service is д yO4œ'дallocated frequencies in both the MF band and the HF band.УУФФ ж д ‡S4Љ'дС•Си6.и On August 10, 1998, we released the УУNoticeФФ and sought comment regarding rule amendments that could simplify the amateur service license structure, streamline our licensing processes, and eliminate unnecessary and duplicative rules. In particular, we proposed to simplify the amateur service license structure to a fourЉclass license structure by grandfathering the Novice Class operator license and by combining the Technician and Technician Plus classes of amateur radio operator licenses. We also proposed to authorize Advanced Class operators to prepare and administer examinations for the General Class operator license and to eliminate RACES station licenses by not renewing them. This initiative to streamline the rules for the amateur service was in addition to those д …S Ж'дinitiatives adopted as part of the Universal Licensing System (ULS) proceeding.ж& Š а„д {OЧЖ' !— дУУSeeФФ Biennial Regulatory Review ЉЉ Amendment of Parts 0, 1, 13, 22, 24, 26, 27, 80, 87, 90, 95, 97, and 101 д !. дof the Commission's Rules to Facilitate the Development and Use of the Universal Licensing System in the Wireless д {OYœ' !k дTelecommunications Services, WT Docket 98Љ20, УУReport and Order, ФФ13 FCC Rcd 21027 (1998), and УУMemorandum д {O#œ'дOpinion and Order on ReconsiderationФФ, 64 Fed. Reg. 53231 (October 1, 1999).ж The Electronic д …Sj Ж'дComment Filing SystemжeZj xа„д yO‚Ж' !х дOn October 26, 1998, the ECFS replaced the Record Imaging Processing System as the official record of д {OJœ' !’ дdocuments filed in docketed and rulemaking proceedings. УУSee Public Notice, ФФ"Electronic Comment Filing System (ECFS) Replaces RIPS Today" (released Oct. 26, 1998). eж shows that we received over 2,250 timely filed comments and reply д ‡S7 Ж'дcomments in response to the УУNoticeФФ.жњ’7 šа„д {Oq Ж' !щ дAppendix A to this document provides a list of parties who filed comments in response to the УУNoticeФФ. The official record of filings in this proceeding consists of the entries shown in ECFS. њж д …S Ж'дУ Уд" єˆ,l(l(,,q н"д СрўьfСIII. DISCUSSIONƒ д …SЭЉ'дФ Ф д …SšЖ'дУ УA. License StructureФ Ф д …S4Ж'дС•Си7.и The last major restructuring of the Amateur Radio Service rules took place in 1989.жѓ”4а„д {OœЖ' !Ц дУУSeeФФ Reorganization and Deregulation of Part 97 of the Rules Governing the Amateur Radio Service, PR Docket д {Ofœ'дNo. 88Љ139, УУReport and OrderФФ, 4 FCC Rcd 4719 (1989).ѓж In that proceeding, the Commission eliminated unnecessary rules and simplified complex terminology. The classes of operator licenses and examination requirements to obtain these licenses, however, were not changed. In view of advances in communication techniques that have occurred since the last д ‡ShЉ'дcomprehensive evaluation of the amateur service license structure, in the УУNoticeФФ we indicated our belief that this is an opportune time to consider additional ways to streamline and simplify the amateur service rules by conforming them to contemporary technological advances in the art of radio д …SаЖ'дcommunication.жJЪа$а„д {O” Ж'дУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15800.Jж In sum, the keystone of our proposals was the simplification of the amateur service license structure and the streamlining of our licensing processes. д ‡S7 Љ'дС•Си8.и In the УУNoticeФФ, we proposed changes to, or sought comment on, three primary issues regarding the amateur service license structure. Specifically, we first stated that we thought six classes of operator licenses were unnecessary and we sought comment on other alternatives, for example, a д ‡SŸ Ж'дfourЉclass license structure as described in the УУNoticeФФ.жJЪŸ Жа„д {OѕЖ'дУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15801.Jж We also sought comment generally on whether we could reduce the number of license classes while still encouraging amateur radio operators д …S:Ж'дto advance their skills in meaningful ways.ж1Ъ:Hа„д {O"Ж'дУУId.ФФ1ж We stated that reducing the number of classes of operator licenses would lessen preparation and administration tasks by Volunteer Examiners (VEs) and д …SдЖ'дwould ease the Commission's administrative burdens associated with this service.ж1Ъдка„д {ONЖ'дУУId.ФФ1ж Second, we sought comment on all aspects of the Morse code standards used in our telegraphy examinations, including whether we should continue to have a standard that requires three different telegraphy examinations or whether this standard should be reduced to one or two telegraphy examinations, and, if so, what the д …SЖ'дrequired speeds should be.жJЪl а„д {OЖ'дУУNoticeФФ, 13 FCC Rcd at 15806.Jж Lastly we sought comment on whether the written examination requirements should be modified to provide VEs and VolunteerЉExaminer Coordinators (VECs) д …SЂЖ'дadditional flexibility in determining the specific contents of written examinations.жJЪЂў а„д {O@"Ж'дУУNoticeФФ, 13 FCC Rcd at 15807.Jж д"o ˆ,l(l(,,5а"д д …SЖ'дС•СС` ` ШСУ У1. УУNumber of License ClassesФ Ф д …SЭЉ'дФФ д ‡SšЉ'дС•Си9.и УУBackground.ФФ Three of the six current amateur radio operator license classes, УУi.e.ФФ, the д …ShЖ'дNovice, Technician, and Amateur Extra Class, were established in 1951.жПюhа„д {OаЖ' !x дУУSee ФФAmendment of Part 12, Rules Governing Amateur Radio Service, Docket 9295, УУReport and OrderФФ, 42 FCC д {Ošœ' !› д198 (1951) (УУ1951 License Structure DecisionФФ). At the same time, the Class A, B, and C operator licenses were д !Ÿ дconverted to the Advanced, General, and Conditional Class operator licenses, respectively. After adoption of the д {O,œ' ! дУУФФУУ1951 License Structure DecisionФФ, the amateur service operator license classes, in ascending order of frequency privileges, were: Novice, Technician, Conditional or General, Advanced, and Amateur Extra Class. Пж At that time, telegraphy was a common mode of radio communication in commercial, military, and marine services and д …SЖ'дapplications.ж1Ъ~а„д {O Ж'дУУId.ФФ1ж The telegraphy examination requirement was removed as a requirement to qualify for д …SЯЖ'дthe Technician Class operator license in 1990.жW^Яа„д {O Ж' !і дУУSeeФФ Amendment of Part 97 of the Commission's Rules Concerning the Establishment of a Codeless Class of д {OIœ' !… дAmateur Operator License, УУReport and OrderФФ, PR Docket No. 90Љ55, 5 FCC Rcd 7631 (1990) (УУCodeless Technician д {Oœ'дDecisionФФ).Wж The Technician Plus Class operator license was established in 1994 to distinguish between Technician Class operators who had or had not passed at д …SiЖ'дleast a 5 words per minute (wpm) telegraphy examination.ж ”i6 а„д {O?Ж' ! дУУSee ФФAmendment of the Amateur Service Rules to Change Procedures for Filing an Amateur Service License д {O œ'дApplication and to Make Other Procedural Changes, УУOrder, ФФ9 FCC Rcd 6111 (1994). ж The present license structure is a sixЉstep д ‡S6Љ'дladder structure, УУi.e.,ФФ an individual advances to a higher class of operator license by passing examinations that demonstrate increased telegraphy proficiency and/or more technical expertise than д …SбЖ'дhis or her present license requires.жM \б’ а„д {OЖ' ! дУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РРРР 97.501 and 97.503. The current operator license classes, in ascending order of frequency д {OЭœ' !k дprivileges, are: Novice, Technician, Technician Plus, General, Advanced, and Amateur Extra Class. УУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.9.Mж The class for which each examinee is qualified is determined by the degree of skill and knowledge in operating a station that the examinee demonstrates at the time of д …Sk Ж'дexamination. Upon passing the necessary examination(s),ж>!шk Жа„д yOСЖ' !k дThe present amateur service operator license examination system has three telegraphy examination elements, д ! дElements 1(A), 1(B), and 1(C) which are the 5, 13, and 20 wpm telegraphy examinations respectively, and five д ! дwritten examination elements, Elements 2, 3(A), 3(B), 4(A), and 4(B). These written examination elements, or д ! дcombinations of them and telegraphy examination elements, must be passed by individuals applying for an amateur radio operator license.>ж the licensee receives greater frequency д …S8 Ж'дprivileges than the previous license authorized.жH"Ъ8 fа„д {O>!Ж'дУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.301.Hж The current operator frequency privileges, the structure of the license classes, and the requirements for obtaining an amateur operator license were developed in accordance with the expressed desires of the amateur community to provide an incentive, д ‡SŸ Љ'дУУi.e., ФФadditional frequency privileges, to motivate amateur radio operators to advance their communication and technical skills. д":ј"ˆ,l(l(,,иа"д д …SЉ'дС•Си 10.и Prior to the elimination of the telegraphy examination requirement for the Technician Class operator license in 1990, the Novice Class operator license was the entry point into the amateur service for most individuals. To qualify for a Novice Class operator license, an applicant must pass, д …SgЖ'дor receive credit for, at least a 5 wpmж>#’gа„д yOЯЖ' !г дA "word" consists of five characters. A punctuation mark is considered two characters. Additionally, spaces д {O—œ'дmust be used at the end of characters, words, and sentences. УУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.507(d).б#Xxў6X@ЩDQОX@#б>ж telegraphy examination and a single written examination element. Currently, most individuals choose the Technician Class operator license as the entry point д …SЖ'дinto the amateur service.жt$Z"а„д yOУЖ' ! дA review of the Commission's licensing records indicates that in 1997, we received only 961 applications for д !o дthe Novice Class operator license. By comparison, we received 21,416 applications for the noЉcode Technician Class д {OS œ'дoperator license. УУNoticeФФ, 13 FCC Rcd at 15801Љ2.tж To qualify for a Technician Class operator license, an applicant must pass д …SЮЖ'дtwo written examination elements.ж%ЪЮDа„д {OВ Ж'дУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.503(b). The written examination elements are Element 2 and Element 3(A).ж A Technician Class operator may be the control operator of a д …S›Ж'дstation transmitting any emission allowed in any of seventeen frequency bands above 50 MHz.ж~&Ъ›жа„д {OЖ'дУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РРРР 97.301(a), 97.305.б#Xxў6X@ЩDQОX@#б~ж Holders of the Technician Plus Class license have passed the two written examination elements required for the Technician Class operator license plus an additional 5 wpm or faster telegraphy examination element, thereby earning the additional privileges of the Novice Class operator licensee in д …SЯЖ'дfour HF or shortwave bands between 3 MHz and 30 MHz.ж'’Яh а„д {OзЖ' !7 дУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.301(e). It is believed that the attraction of the HF bands to amateur radio operators is that this frequency band (3Љ30 MHz) generally supports communications over great distances.ж To qualify for a General Class operator license, an applicant must pass three written examination elements and at least a 13 wpm telegraphy examination element. The General Class operator license authorizes all privileges of the Technician Class operator license and additional privileges in all of the MF and HF bands. To qualify for an Advanced Class operator license, an applicant must pass four written examination elements and at least a 13 wpm telegraphy examination element. The privileges of an Advanced Class operator license include the privileges of the General Class operator license and, additionally, it authorizes stations authority to transmit on 275 kHz of additional spectrum in the HF bands. To qualify for an Amateur Extra Class operator license, an applicant must pass five written examination elements and at least a 20 wpm telegraphy examination element. The frequency privileges of an Amateur Extra Class operator license include authorization to transmit on an additional 175 kHz in the HF bands. д …SkЉ'дС•Си 11.и While we continue to believe that there should be a structure of license classes sufficient д ‡S8Ж'дto encourage amateur radio operators to advance their skills in meaningful ways,жI(Ъ8Т а„д {Oš Ж'дУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.1(c).Iж in the УУNoticeФФ we д …SЖ'дobserved that six classes of operator licenses might be unnecessary.жJ)ЪT а„д {Oњ"Ж'дУУNoticeФФ, 13 FCC Rcd at 15801.Jж Reducing the number of classes of operator licenses would relieve the VEs from the task of preparing and administering unnecessary examinations, and it also would ease the Commission's burden associated with its oversight of theд" ц)ˆ,l(l(,,Kа"д д ‡SЖ'дamateur service licensing system.ж*Xа„д yOhЖ' ! дAs of January 31, 1999, the number of licensees in our amateur service database, by license class, is as follows: д !і д72,243 in the Novice Class; 191,756 in the Technician Class; 146,097 in the Technician Plus Class; 121,339 in the General Class; 110,099 in the Advanced Class; and 76,787 in the Amateur Extra Class.ж In the УУNotice,ФФ we stated there appears to be an unnecessary д …SЮЖ'дoverlap between the Novice, Technician, and Technician Plus operator license classes.жq+ЪЮша„д {OVЖ'дУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15802.б#Xxў6X@ЩDQОX@#бqж We proposed to phase out the Novice Class operator license, with current Novice Class operator licensees being д …ShЖ'дgrandfathered.жи,Аhzа„д yO‚ Ж' ! дBy "Grandfathering", we mean that current Novice Class licensees would be permitted to continue to hold their д !х дlicense and modify or renew it. No new Novice Class licenses however, would be granted. We believe that д !o дgrandfathering provides a mechanism to ensure that a licensee is not adversely affected as a result of changes to the д !D дlicense structure. For example, Novice Class operator licensees would retain their currently authorized operating д !Й дprivileges and would continue to receive examination credit for examination elements passed that also are required to qualify for other licenses. иж We also proposed to phase out the Technician Plus Class by renewing Technician Plus Class operator licenses as Technician Class operator licenses. We noted that when a Technician Class licensee modifies his or her license to change the operator class from Technician Class to Technician Plus Class, the VEs must prepare and administer a 5 wpm telegraphy examination, and the д …SœЖ'дCommission is burdened with processing the resulting applications and revising the database.жT-Ъœђ а„д {O.Ж'дУУSeeФФ УУNotice,ФФ 13 FCC Rcd at 15802.Tж The result of this license modification is that the Commission incurs the administrative costs of keeping a separate classification of Technician Class licensees who have passed a 5 wpm telegraphy examination. With the exception of holders of FCCЉissued Technician Class operator licenses granted before March д …SаЖ'д21, 1987,жF.Zа„ а„д {OєЖ' !“ дУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РРРР 97.501, 97.503, 97.505(a)(8). These licensees receive examination credit for written д !Ц дexamination Elements 3(A) and 3(B) because they passed the equivalent written examination elements to earn their Technician Class license. Fж Technician Class operators can qualify for a General Class operator license by passing written examination Element 3(B), which presently consists of thirty questions on the additional privileges of a General Class operator license and the appropriate telegraphy examination. д ‡S Љ'дС•Си 12.и УУDecisionФФ. After review of the record, we conclude that the amateur service community generally supports streamlining and simplification of its license structure. We also conclude, based on the record of this proceeding, that we are able to adopt a streamlined and simplified amateur service д ‡SlЉ'дlicense structure that will: (a) comply with the Communications Act and the УУRadio RegulationsФФ; (b) meet the goals underlying this proceeding, and (c) reduce the resources the Commission expends on administration of the amateur service without adversely affecting the overall effectiveness of the licensing system. д …SnЉ'дС•Си 13.и We conclude that the public interest will best be served by reducing the number of operator license classes from six to three and that the three classes of operator licenses in the simplified amateur service license structure should be the Technician, General, and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses. We believe this threeЉclass license structure will provide an incentive for licensees to continue the educational opportunities offered by amateur radio as The American Radio Relay League, Inc. (ARRL) requests, will continue to provide an incentive for amateur radio operators to advance their communication and technical skills, and will significantly streamline our licensingд"<І.ˆ,l(l(,,ба"д processes for this service. Additionally, we believe that a threeЉclass license structure provides a sufficient number of license classes so that the fundamental purposes underlying the amateur service д …SšЖ'дrules will not be compromised.жF/Ъšа„д {OЖ'дУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.1.Fж We also find that a single amateur radio operator license and a twoЉ or fourЉclass operator license structure is not supported by the majority of comments in this proceeding. In addition, we conclude that a twoЉclass license structure would not contain a sufficient number of license classes to provide an incentive for licensees to advance their skills in meaningful ways. Further, we conclude that a fiveЉclass operator license structure would not significantly д …S›Ж'дstreamline and simplify the present amateur service licensing system.жк0›Zа„д yO• Ж' !Ц дWe also note that a fiveЉclass license structure was the license structure in effect prior to the establishment of the Technician Plus Class operator license in 1994.кж д …S5Љ'дС•Си 14.и We also are adopting the suggestion of the National Conference of VECs (NCVECs) that д …SЖ'дwe not issue new Advanced Class operator licenses and grandfather licensees holding this class.ж>1ШВа„д yOTЖ'дNCVECs Comments at 11.>ж We observe that the primary difference between the Advanced Class operator license and the Amateur Extra Class operator license is not the difficulty of the Amateur Extra Class written examination but, rather, the 20 wpm telegraphy examination which, as we explain below, we are eliminating as a requirement to obtain the Amateur Extra Class operator license. We also agree with NCVEC that the difference in authorized frequency privileges between the Advanced Class operator license and the Amateur Extra Class operator license is minimal and does not alone warrant maintaining two separate д …S Ж'дlicense classes in the future.жA2Ш Bа„д yOЖ'дNCVECs Comments at 10Љ11.Aж Additionally, we expect that many current Advanced Class licensees will upgrade their operator licenses to the Amateur Extra Class operator license, thereby resulting in a reduction in the number of Advanced Class licensees. In order to assure that Technician Plus Class licensees do not lose privileges, we have revised Section 97.301(e) of our Rules to reflect that any д ‡SбЉ'дTechnician Class licensee who satisfies the telegraphy requirement in the УУRadio RegulationsФФ will maintain the privileges which the Technician Plus Class operator license presently authorizes. д …S9Љ'дС•Си15.и We are not adopting the ARRL suggestion that we automatically upgrade Novice and д …SЖ'дTechnician Plus Class licenses to the General Class,ж<3Шва„д yOxЖ'дARRL Comments at 23.<ж or the suggestion of others that we automatically д …SгЖ'дupgrade Advance Class licenses to the Amateur Extra Class operator license.жи4’гb а„д {OеЖ' !I дУУSee, e.g., ФФARRL Comments at 14; William J. Sartorius Comments at 1; Hans E. Richter Comments at 1; Dominic Costantino Comments at 1; Ray Adams Comments at 10.иж We note that the privileges of a General Class licensee in the MF and HF bands are significantly different than a д …SmЖ'дNovice Class licensee.ж†5ZmМ а„д {OЩ#Ж' !Ќ дУУSeeФФ 47 U.S.C. РР 303(l)(1). In this connection, we note that unlike Novice and Technician Plus Class licensees, д !Ј дGeneral Class licensees have passed, or received credit for, a 13 wpm telegraphy examination and certain other written examination elements. Brent McKinney Comments at 1; John Eary Comments at 1.†ж We also note that grandfathering Novice and Advanced Class licensees is consistent with both the ARRL's overall request that no change in the license structure be made thatд": о5ˆ,l(l(,,ыа"д д …SЖ'дwould reduce the privileges of any existing licensee,ж;6Ша„д yOhЖ'дARRL Comments at 2.;ж and other commenter's requests that licensees д …SЭЖ'дnot receive additional privileges without passing the required examination elements.жК7’ЭXа„д {OХЖ' !Б дУУSee, e.g., ФФNCVECs Comments at 12Љ13; William H. Cottrill Comments at 1; Don Murano Comments at 1; David L. Heller Comments at 3.Кж We believe that both of these concerns are reasonable and that they are satisfied by grandfathering licensees. Similarly, we will not grant the request of commenters that we upgrade the operator privileges of individuals who held a Class A operator license prior to 1951 to Amateur Extra Class operator д …SЖ'дprivileges.жђ8’Ва„д {OS Ж' !і дУУSee, e.g.ФФ, James C. Thompson Comments at 1; Samuel H. Beverage Comments at 1Љ2. We note that in 1951, a Class A operator license was converted to an Advanced Class operator license. ђж As we have stated, the Amateur Extra Class operator license was a new class of operator д …SЮЖ'дlicense in 1951жb9ЪЮ а„д {Oz Ж'дУУSee 1951 License Structure Decision, supra, ФФnote 26.bж and no licensee was converted or grandfathered to Amateur Extra Class. Consequently, we are not persuaded that a different approach is warranted in light of our actions in this proceeding. д …SЉ'дС•Си16.и In support of these conclusions, we note that the majority of comments we received in д ‡SЯЉ'дresponse to the УУNotice ФФstrongly agree that this is an opportune time to streamline and simplify the amateur service license structure and that reЉevaluation is appropriate. For example, Kenwood Communications Corporation (Kenwood) states that the license structure of the amateur service is in д …S7 Ж'дneed of updating.жg:Ш7 žа„д yOuЖ'дKenwood Comments at 1Љ2.б#Xxў6X@ЩDQОX@#бgж Quarter Century Wireless Association, Inc. (QCWA) and Kenwood agree that fewer than the present six license classes would serve the amateur service equally well, if not better, д …Sб Ж'дand would be more in keeping with amateur licensing trends in many other countries.жR;Шб . а„д yOŸЖ'дQCWA Comments at 2; Kenwood Comments at 2.Rж The ARRLжМ<б О а„д yO/Ж' !њ дThe ARRL is a national association of amateur radio operators. It represents the views of its members through its Board of Directors. Мж also stated that fewer license classes are preferable and that the current licensing structure has been д …SkЖ'дperceived by many radio amateurs as overly complex, cumbersome, and somewhat outdated.жh=Шkа„д yO!Ж'дARRL Comments at 2 and 5.б#Xxў6X@ЩDQОX@#бhж The ARRL also states that "while this proceeding is a timely and needed opportunity for simplification of д …SЖ'дwhat is now an overly complex licensing structure for the Amateur Radio Service,жb>ШІа„д yOK!Ж'дARRL Comments at 3.б#Xxў6X@ЩDQОX@#бbж the result must continue to provide an incentive for licensees to continue to pursue the educational opportunities д …SŸЖ'дoffered by amateur radio."жb?ШŸ6а„д yOu$Ж'дARRL Comments at 4.б#Xxў6X@ЩDQОX@#бbж Other commenters have observed that revitalization and realignment of the amateur service licensing structure is absolutely necessary to ensure that this service will be д …S9Ж'дcapable of meeting its public service and technical training objectives in the future.ж€@Ъ9Ца„д {OŸ'Ж'дУУSee, e.g., ФФCarl R. Stevenson Comments at 4; No Code International Comments at 4. €ж In contrast,д"9 X@ˆ,l(l(,,ѕн"д д …SЖ'дtwentyЉtwo percent of the memberЉrespondents in an ARRL surveyжЏA а„д yOhЖ' !* дARRL Comments at 5, n.7. The ARRL requested a nationally recognized independent research company to д !щ дsurvey and prepare a report on the views of members and nonЉmembers concerning the amateur service license д !і дstructure and telegraphy in the amateur service. The survey was based on a sample of 1600 individuals. ARRL Comments, Exhibit A.Џж and other commenters in this proceeding oppose any change in license classifications or the requirements necessary to obtain an д …SšЖ'дamateur radio license.жCBXšАа„д yOъЖ' !Б дJoseph Sarkis Comments at 1; George A. Bonadio Comments at 1; Herbert L. Lacey, Jr. Comments at 2; д !* дWilliam H. Eckels Comments at 1; Leonard J. Umina Comments at 1 (although suggesting changes to the Novice and Technician Classes of operator licenses).Cж д …S4Љ'дС•Си17.и We disagree with the ARRL, however, that simplification of the license structure only should be undertaken as part of a comprehensive restructure of the licensing process and operating д …SЮЖ'дprivileges.ж;CШЮаа„д yO>Ж'дARRL Comments at 4.;ж We believe that in light of ongoing discussions concerning implementation of new and more modern communications technologies within the amateur service community, we should accord the amateur service community an opportunity to complete such discussions and possibly reach a consensus regarding implementation of new technologies before we undertake a comprehensive restructuring of the amateur service operating privileges and frequencies. For example, the ARRL recently announced it has a newlyЉformed committee that will study the implementation of modern д …Sœ Ж'дtechnologies into the amateur service.жЂDьœ ` а„д {OœЖ' !Š дУУSeeФФ ARRL Letter, Volume 18, Number 4 at 3Љ4 (Jan. 22, 1999). The ARRL's Technology Task Force has д ! дinvited information and concepts on a wide range of technologies with the potential to improve the amateur service д !Т дby November 30, 1999, and will use the input to help formulate ARRL policy recommendations on a wide range д {Oіœ' !› дof technical issues. УУФФУУSeeФФ ARRL Letter, Volume 18, Number 36 (Sept. 10, 1999). The ARRL Letter is a newsletter published weekly by the ARRL, Inc. It is available on interne at http://www.arrl.org/arrlletter/#99.Ђж We also did not propose to change the name of any current д …Si Ж'дoperator license class or create additional permits such as a "Basic Amateur Permit"жsEШi а„д yOЖ'дCQ Comments at 2; Robert Vernall Comments at 12; ARRL Comments at 13, n.15.sж because such changes would result in our expending considerable resources modifying the amateur service database, issuing new license documents, and/or reprinting scores of licenses; a result which is counter to the goals of this proceeding. д …SjЉ'дС•Си18.и With respect to our proposal to phase out the Novice Class operator license, several commenters assert that the Novice Class license as an entry avenue to amateur radio does not serve д …SЖ'дmuch of a purpose.жвF’Єа„д {OH!Ж' !Ы дУУSee, e.g.ФФ, Timothy Fiebig Comments at 1; Ray Adams Comments at 3; California Central Coast DX Club Comments at 2; Alfred J. Harrison, Jr. Comments at 2.вж They further assert that retaining the Novice Class operator license only creates д …SбЖ'дa paperwork burden for the VECs and the Commission.ж3GЪбўа„д {Oo$Ж'дУУId. ФФ3ж Furthermore, these commenters agree that this class license should be eliminated, provided that present Novice Class licensees are д …SkЖ'дgrandfathered.ж2HЪkа„д {O›'Ж'дУУId.ФФ 2ж Other commenters state, however, that there is still a place for the Novice Classд"k "Hˆ,l(l(,, н"д д …SЖ'дoperator license in the Amateur Radio Service license structure.жIъа„д {OhЖ' ! дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee e.g.,ФФ Herbert J. Ulrich, Jr. Comments at 1 (the Novice Class license is a useful part of the "career" path д !’ дto obtain the Amateur Extra Class license), James B. Didriksen Comments at 1 (the Novice Class license should be д !… дleft intact because it is an easy examination that is far less intimidating than tackling a higher class license to start д !t дinto amateur radio); Eric Grimes Comments at 1; Allan Douglas Grimes Comments at 1; Tara Grimes Comments at 1; Brant Grimes Comments at 1.ж For example, the Western Illinois Amateur Radio Club, Inc. states that the Novice Class license still is the most viable entry path among earlyЉ and preЉteen examinees, based upon its experience offering an annual introductory class to the amateur radio service. It requests, therefore, that we do not close off entry into the Novice Class д …S4Ж'дlicense.жjJШ4zа„д yON Ж'дWestern Illinois Amateur Radio Club, Inc. Comments at 3Љ4. УУФФjж д …SЮЉ'дС•Си19.и We have considered the record in this proceeding and conclude that we should adopt our proposal to phase out the Novice Class operator license while grandfathering current Novice Class licensees. While the Novice Class operator license might be considered a viable entry path for some д …S5Ж'дindividuals,жИK’5 а„д {OпЖ' ! дУУSeeФФ ARRL Letter Online, Volume 17, Number 12 at 4 (Mar. 20, 1998) (four year old qualifies for Novice Class operator license).Иж we note that, as a practical matter, very few individuals choose to enter the amateur д …SЖ'дservice as Novice Class operators.жђL$d а„д yOЖ' !р дA review of the FCC's licensing database indicates that we granted 793 new Novice Class applications in 1998, д !Z дas compared to 961 such licenses in 1997. The licensing information also reflects a decrease in the number of д {O–œ' ! дcurrently licensed Novice Class licensees from 63,892 in January, 1998, to 57,008 in January, 1999. УУSee also, The д {O`œ'дW5YI ReportФФ, May 1, 1999, at 3. ђж Based on our review of the amateur service licensing data, it appears that the majority of individuals choose to enter the amateur service with the noЉcode Technician Class operator license. We also note that an individual who qualifies for a Technician Class operator license and then passes a telegraphy examination qualifies for privileges that include those of a Novice Class operator license. The only difference between an individual who qualifies for a Novice Class license first and then a Technician Class license (thereby becoming a Technician Plus Class licensee), and an individual who passes the examinations in reverse order, is the order in which the examination elements are taken. We conclude, therefore, there is an overlap between the Novice Class and Technician Plus Class operator licenses. Thus, we also conclude that the Novice Class license can be phased out without significantly increasing the difficulty to enter the amateur service. д …SбЉ'дС•Си20.и With regard to our proposal to renew Technician Plus Class operator licenses as Technician Class operator licenses, we note that Technician Plus Class licensees personally hold д …SkЖ'дdocumentationж]MXkP а„д yO[!Ж' !x дThis documentation is usually either a Technician Class license issued before February 14, 1991, a Certificate д !Ц дof Successful Completion of Examination showing credit for telegraphy examination Element 1(A), or a Technician Plus Class operator license issued by the Commission.]ж that they have passed a 5 wpm telegraphy examination. For this reason, we see no need to maintain a separate classification of these licensees. Rather, if documentation is needed to verify whether a licensee has passed a telegraphy examination, we may request the documentation д …SвЖ'дfrom that licensee or the VECs.жrNЪвpа„д {Oт&Ж'дУУSeeФФ 47 U.S.C. РР 308(b) and 47 C.F.R. РРРР 97.5(a), 97.519(c).rж We will, therefore, adopt our proposal to renew Technician Plusд"в Nˆ,l(l(,,aн"д Class licenses as Technician Class licenses. д …SšЉ'дС•Си21.и By adopting our proposals concerning the Novice Class and Technician Plus Class operator licenses, we have reduced the number of operator license classes from six to four. The majority of commenters, however, state that they support a threeЉclass license structure consisting of д …SЖ'дthe Technician, General, and Amateur Extra Class operator licensesжФO. а„д {OiЖ' !… дУУSee, e.g., ФФCQ Communications, Inc. (CQ) Comments at 8; jointly filed Comments of Gordon West and Gordon д !› дWest Radio School, Inc. (collectively, West) at 5; Master Publishing, Inc. (Master Publishing) Comments at 2; д !Z дWilliam A. Clark Comments at 1; William J. Sartorius Comments at 1; Hans E. Richter Comments at 1; Dominic д !} дCostantino Comments at 1; Ray Hamovitz Comments at 1; Lee Forrest, Jr. Comments at 1; Percy Whitmore д !Š дComments at 1; Philip E. Galasso Comments at 2; Carl R. Stevenson Comments at 5; No Code International д ! дComments at 5; Ray Adams Comments at 10; Arthur J. Kyle Comments at 2; Richard Wurtzinger Comments at 1; д !x дEdwin C. Dow Comments at 2Љ3; Woodie D. Thompson Comments at 1Љ2; James R. Sohl Comments at 2; Kenneth д ! дA. Piletic Comments at 1; Jay W. Underdown Comments at 3Љ4. An analysis of 2258 comments and reply comments д {OЋ œ' ! дreceived in ECFS was prepared by No Code International. УУSee Ex ParteФФ Presentation of No Code International, д !^ дMarch 19, 1999. In this analysis, No Code International found that 43% of the comments supported a threeЉclass д !^ дlicense structure with no more that a five wpm telegraphy requirement, 37% of the comments supported retaining д !. дthe current system license structure, 20% of the comments supported the license structure suggested by the ARRL, д {OЭœ'д346 comments in ECFS were duplicate comments, and 94 did not specify a position on telegraphy testing. УУIdФФ. УУФФ17Љ18.Фж or another threeЉclass operator д ‡SЮЖ'дlicense structure,жPдЮО а„д {O,Ж' !ђ дУУSee, e.g.,ФФ Robert W. Rettie Comments at 1; Henry Pokorny Comments at 1 (suggesting Technician Plus, д !Я дGeneral, and Advanced Class operator licenses); Alfred J. Harrison, Jr. Comments at 2 (suggesting Technician, д {OОœ' !Ц дGeneral, and Advanced Class operator licenses); Edward Conder Comments at 1 (suggesting an "entryЉlevel" (УУi.e., д yOˆœ' !k дФФTechnician Class), Intermediate Class, and Advanced Class); Puerto Rico Amateur Radio League, Inc. Comments д !џ дat 4, Robert S. Ross Comments at 1Љ2, and Robert L. Shrader Comments at 1Љ2 (suggesting Class A, B, and C д ! дlicenses); Gary S. Dewey Comments at 1Љ2 and Donald B. Chester Comments at 2 (suggesting Amateur 3rd, 2nd, д !Ÿ дand 1st Class operator licenses); Paul J. Kiesel Comments at 2 (suggesting General, Advanced, and Amateur Extra д !g дClass operator licenses); John R. Sproat, Jr. Comments at 2Љ3 (suggesting Entry, Intermediate, and Extra Class д !р дoperator licenses); Gail D. Griner Comments at 2Љ5 (suggesting three basic license classes requiring no Morse code examination and a Morse code endorsement to obtain Morse code privileges). ж or the fourЉclass license structure we proposed in the УУNoticeФФ.жMQœЮZа„д {OШЖ' !џ дУУSee, e.g., ФФFrank A. Pitman, Jr. Comments at 1 (Mr. Pitman suggests changing the name of the entry level д !— дlicense from the Technician Class operator license to the VHF Class operator license); Richard E. Daily, Sr. д !^ дComments at 1; SaraLouise K. Wood Comments at 1; California Central Coast DX Club Comments at 2; Lawrence д !Š дJ. Roll Comments at 1; Carl R. Swanson Comments at 2; Myron W. Manker Comments at 2Љ3. A number of д {Oъœ' !. дcomments also suggest other fourЉclass license structures. УУSee, e.g., ФФJames A. Wades Comments at 3 (suggesting a д !. дno code Technician Class, Technician Plus Class, General Class, and Amateur Extra Class license); Alan J. Wormser д !c дComments at 1Љ2, Frederick V. Adsit Comments at 2Љ3, and Michael J. Dinelli Comments at 1Љ2 (suggesting д !Н дTechnician Class, Intermediate Class, Advanced Class, and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses); Robert J. Crockett д !Q дComments at 2Љ4 (suggesting elimination of the Technician Plus and Advanced Class operator licenses); William д !Н дReed Comments at 2 (suggesting Technician Class, General Class, Advanced Class, and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses).Mж A threeЉclass structure consisting of the Technician, General, and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses is д …SiЖ'дsupported, among others, by the NCVECs and the Quarter Century Wireless Association (QCWA).жR”iОа„д {OЧ%Ж' !щ дNational Conference of VECs (NCVECs) Comments at 11Љ13; QCWA Comments at 2, УУEx ParteФФ Presentation д {O‘&œ'дof No Code International, March 19, 1999, at 15, 18. УУSee alsoФФ, fn. 76 and 77, УУsupraФФ.ж In this regard, NCVEC states that there is very little difference in frequency privileges between theд"6  Rˆ,l(l(,,wа"д Advanced Class and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses and that the Advanced and Amateur Extra д …SЭЖ'дoperator license classes should be streamlined by grandfathering the Advanced Class operator license.жASШЭа„д yO5Ж'дNCVECs Comments at 10Љ11.Aж The study conducted by the ARRL showed that 21% of the ARRL members responding also supported д …SgЖ'дa threeЉclass license structure.ж@TШgXа„д yO_Ж'дARRL Comments at 5, n.7.@ж The ARRL, however, supports a reduction in the number of license д …S4Ж'дclasses from six to four,ж<UШ4ша„д yOМЖ'дARRL Comments at 12.<ж and states that in its study, 22% of the respondents supported a fourЉclass д …SЖ'дlicense structure.ж–VZxа„д yO Ж' !х дARRL Comments at 5, n.7. The ARRL also states that an additional 22% of the respondents supported д !њ дretaining the present sixЉclass license structure, 17% supported a fiveЉclass license structure, 11% supported either д {OЉ œ'дa 1Љ, 2Љclass license structure, and 3% supported a 7 or moreЉclass license structure. УУIdФФ.–ж We conclude, based on the record, that there is strong support within the amateur service community for a simplified operator license structure consisting of either three or four classes of operator licenses. Given our decision to reduce the telegraphy examination requirement to the д ‡ShЉ'дminimum requirement that meets the УУRadio RegulationsФФ, we believe that the threeЉclass operator license structure is preferable because this structure has substantial support within the amateur service community and satisfies our goal of streamlining and simplifying the amateur service licensing system to the greatest extent possible. д …Sj Ж'дС•СУ У2. УУTelegraphy Examination RequirementsФФФ Ф д ‡S Љ'дС•Си22.и УУBackground.ФФ In the early days of radio, communication by radiotelegraphy was the primary means used to exchange messages between radio operators at all radio stations, including amateur radio stations. Proficiency in telegraphy using the Morse code was mandated to ensure that operators of amateur radio stations would not cause interference to Government and commercial д …S9Ж'дstations and that amateur radio stations would be able to stay clear of maritime distress messages.жYWЪ9šа„д {OsЖ'дУУSee generallyФФ Bruce Perens Comments at 1Љ2.Yж Currently, in the Amateur Radio Service license examination system, three telegraphy examination д …SгЖ'дelements are prepared and administered by a team of three VEsжДXШг, а„д yOŸЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бAt their annual conference in July, 1997, the VECs estimated that there are approximately 35,000 VEs.Дж to applicants seeking to obtain an д …S Ж'дamateur radio operator license from the Commissв ШX01УУФФ УУФФААШX01УУФФ УУФФАА вion.жoYЪ М ЪUд {OќЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.501.oж In a telegraphy examination, the VEs generally ask an examinee to either transcribe a prepared telegraphy message or answer a series of questions based on the message. On the basis of the examinee's transcription or answers, the VEs determine whether the examinee has adequate skills in sending and receiving text in the international Morse code д …SдЖ'дto pass the telegraphy examination.жIZ"дN ЪUд {OТ#Ж' !Z дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.509(g). The Commission does not limit the VEs flexibility in administering a telegraphy д !* дexamination. Generally, VEs allow an examinee multiple ways to demonstrate their ability to receive texts. These д !њ дmethods include, for example, answering a certain number of multiple choice or fillЉinЉthe blank questions about the content of the message correctly and interpreting a certain number of consecutive characters correctly. Iж Our rules delineate three levels of skill in telegraphy, basedд"д8Zˆ,l(l(,,ˆн"д д …SЖ'дupon the rate at which an examinee correctly receives a telegraphy message: 5, 13, and 20 wpm.жo[ЪЪUд {OhЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.503.oж Today, as opposed to the early days of radio, radiotelegraphy is just one of numerous diverse modes of radiocommunication. д ‡S4Љ'дС•Си23.и In the УУNotice ФФwe sought comment on all aspects of the Morse code standards used in our д …SЖ'дexaminations.жq\ЪZЪUд {OќЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15806.qж We asked whether, in view of the technologies that amateur radio operators use to communicate today, the three telegraphy proficiency levels remain relevant to contemporary д …SœЖ'дcommunications practices.жz]ЪœьЪUд {O( Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15806, РР 24.zж We also asked whether we should continue to have three different telegraphy examination standards or whether the telegraphy standard should be reduced to one or two д …S6Ж'дtelegraphy examination elements ЉЉ and, if so, what the required speed(s) should be.жq^Ъ6~ЪUд {OTЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15806.qж With regard to д ‡SЉ'дthe administration of the telegraphy examination element, we asked in the УУNoticeФФ whether we should consider specifying the method of examining for Morse code proficiency instead of allowing VEs to determine how to test for code speed if we were to reduce the required Morse code examination д …Sk Ж'дelements.жq_Ъk ЪUд {OЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15806.qж д ‡S Љ'дС•Си24.и The УУNotice ФФalso sought comment on the ARRL's requests, contained in RMЉ9196, that the examinee be required to attempt the higherЉspeed telegraphy examination before examination credit is given pursuant to a doctor's certification, and that VECs be authorized to request medical information д …SmЖ'дfrom the certifying physician pertaining to the examinee's disability.ж `ЪmЂЪUд {OЏЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФPetition for Rule Making, RMЉ9196, filed by ARRL on September 23, 1997. ж We tentatively concluded that neither of these proposals is an appropriate means to address potential abuses of the physician's д …SЖ'дcertification requirement.жtaЪ4 ЪUд {OлЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15806Љ07.tж In addition, we noted that these issues remain relevant only if we were to retain the higher telegraphy speed requirements, because if the requirements were to be eliminated, д …SЁЖ'дthere would no longer be a need for an examination credit based on an applicant's disability.жtbЪЁЦ ЪUд {OЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15806Љ07.tж д ‡S;Љ'дС•Си25.и УУDecision.ФФ We have considered the comments on this issue and conclude that the public interest will best be served by reducing the telegraphy examination requirement to the minimum д ‡SжЉ'дrequirement that we have found that meets the УУRadio RegulationsФФ and that has been accepted as proving that the control operator of a station can ensure the proper operation of that station. To achieve this result, we will amend Section 97.501 of our Rules to eliminate the requirement that an individual demonstrate 13 wpm and 20 wpm proficiency in telegraphy before qualifying for any amateur radio operator license. In reaching this decision, we note that one of the fundamental purposes underlying our Part 97 rules is to accommodate the amateur radio operator's proven ability toд"иX bˆ,l(l(,,˜а"д д …SЖ'дcontribute to the advancement of the radio art.жmcЪЪUд {OhЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.1.mж We believe that an individual's ability to demonstrate increased Morse code proficiency is not necessarily indicative of that individual's ability to contribute to the advancement of the radio art. As a result, we find that such a license qualification rule is not in furtherance of the purpose of the amateur service and we do not believe that it continues to serve a regulatory purpose. Consistent with our decision to eliminate 13 wpm and 20 wpm Morse code proficiency as licensing requirements, we also are streamlining Section 97.503(b) of our Rules to reduce the number of telegraphy examination elements from three to one ЉЉ specifically, a 5 wpm д ‡S›Љ'дtelegraphy examination. We also conclude that, due to the УУRadio RegulationsФФ, we can not grant the request of the ARRL that we authorize privilege on all amateur service bands below 30 MHz to Technician Class licensees who have not passed a telegraphy examination. While we do not disagree with the ARRL's belief that the best way to learn telegraphy is to use it onЉtheЉair, and that actual use д ‡SаЖ'дof telegraphy to communicate is proof of the ability to send and receive telegraphic texts,жsdШаZЪUд yOЪ Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 18, n.17 and 21Љ22.sж the УУRadio д ‡Sž Љ'дRegulationsФФ provide that the telegraphy requirement may be waived УУonlyФФ for an operator of a station transmitting exclusively on frequencies above 30 MHz. In this regard, we also note, as the ARRL д ‡S9 Ж'дstates, that the УУRadio RegulationsФФ remain an obligation of the Commission that can not be waived.жceШ9 ъЪUд yOУЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 29.cж д …Sд Љ'дС•Си26.и When considering the issue of telegraphy as an examination requirement to obtain an д ‡SЁ Љ'дamateur radio operator license, we begin with a number of general principles. First, the УУRadio д ‡SoЉ'дRegulationsФФ contain certain requirements that an applicant for an amateur radio license must satisfy. д ‡S=Љ'дWith regard to the telegraphy requirement specifically, the УУRadio RegulationsФФ require that УУФФpersons seeking a license to operate an amateur radio station must prove that they have the ability to send д ‡SиЖ'дcorrectly by hand and to receive correctly by ear texts in Morse code telegraphy signals.жœfЪиzЪUд {OђЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФNo. 2735 (now S25.5) of the УУRadio RegulationsФФ (Geneva, 1979).œж The УУRadio д ‡SІЉ'дRegulations ФФalso provide that this requirement may be waived УУonlyФФ for an operator of a station д ‡StЖ'дtransmitting exclusively on frequencies above 30 MHz.ж&g"t ЪUд {O Ж' !Ž дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФNo. 2735 of the УУRadio RegulationsФФ. ThisУУ Radio RegulationФФ states: Any person seeking a license to д !А дoperate the apparatus of an amateur station shall prove that he is able to send correctly by hand and receive correctly д !! дby ear texts in Morse code signals. The administration concerned may, however, waive this requirement in the case of stations making use exclusively of frequencies above 30 MHz.&ж In order to comply with the УУRadio д ‡SBЉ'дRegulations, ФФour rules require that every class of amateur radio operator license that authorizes privileges below 30 MHz has, as one of the examination elements that an applicant is required to pass д …SнЖ'дor otherwise receive credit for, a telegraphy examination element.жrhЪні ЪUд {Os!Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.505(a).rж The other principles that we consider relevant to examination requirements are that those requirements pertain to the privileges the operator license authorizes and that they constitute the minimum requirements necessary to д …SDЖ'дdemonstrate that the control operator of a station can ensure the proper operation of that station.жoiЪDˆ ЪUд {Ol%Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.105.oж д …SоЉ'дС•Си27.и Few issues coming before us present such a clear dichotomy of viewpoints as does theд"оiˆ,l(l(,,‹а"д issue of the appropriate telegraphy examination requirements for an individual to qualify for an amateur radio license. Many of the comments we have received, including comments from groups of amateur radio operators and individual amateur radio operators, support reducing the emphasis on д …SgЖ'дtelegraphy proficiency as a license qualification requirement.жojЪgЪUд {OЯЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ para. 28, УУinfraФФ.oж Other comments contend that any significant reduction of telegraphy examination requirements will be detrimental to the amateur service д …SЖ'дwhile providing no long term benefits.ж№k”ZЪUд {OћЖ' !t дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бDavid L. Heller Comments at 2, Jim Beaudry Comments at 1Љ2, Marco Marchetti Comments at 1. УУSee alsoФФ д {OХœ'дpara. 29, УУinfraФФ.№ж In fact, some commenters suggest that a reservoir of operators proficient at the higher Morse code speeds is a public interest benefit and should be д …S›Ж'дencouraged through our Rules.жшl’›ЖЪUд {Oё Ж' !< дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ Frank A. Pitman, Jr. Comments at 2; Greg Pollard Comments at 1; Gunnar C. Carlson, Jr. and Beverly A. Carlson Comments at 2. шж д ‡S5Љ'дС•Си28.и As mentioned above, in the УУNoticeФФ, we asked whether, in the context of the amateur radio operator licensing system and in view of the technologies that amateur radio operators use to communicate today, three telegraphy proficiency levels remain relevant to today's communications practices. We also asked whether we should add elements to the written examination to ensure a working knowledge of the newer digital technologies, were we to reduce the required Morse code д …S7 Ж'дelements.жqmЪ7 ЪUд {OчЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNoticeФФ, 13 FCC Rcd at 15806.qж Some commenters state that the current licensing structure overemphasizes the importance д …S Ж'дof manual telegraphy.жn’ ЂЪUд {OFЖ' !Ј дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ QCWA Comments at 3; West Comments at 6; Vernon H. Ferris Comments at 1 (telegraphy is just one of the various communications modes used and enjoyed by amateur radio operators).ж Similarly, the ARRL states, "... the current examination structure places a strong emphasis on demonstrating Morse code proficiency, while not requiring demonstrated д …Sž Ж'дproficiency in more technically advanced communications techniques".жboШž ќ ЪUд yO:Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 6.bж Further, the ARRL states that "telegraphy should not be overemphasized to the exclusion of other operating modes [in the д …S8Ж'дexamination system]".жYpЪ8Œ ЪUд {OdЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУIdФФ. Yж Mr. Samuels notes that communications has divided into many different д …SЖ'дmodes, and each one has its own technology and technical requirements.жnqШЪUд yOУЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бArnold Samuels Comments at 1Љ2.nж NCVECs and others agree д …SвЖ'дwith our assessment that the role of Morse code is decreasing in modern communications.ж€rШвЎЪUд yO "Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNCVECs Comments at 2; William Reed Comments at 4.€ж Kenwood states that licensing of persons because they are proficient in Morse code is inconsistent with encouraging those interested in modern telecommunications to join the ranks of amateurs and become д …S9Ж'дskilled in the technical sciences.ж€sШ9>ЪUд yO&Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бKenwood Communications Corporation Comments at 3.€ж Another commenter states that potential recruits to the Amateur Radio Service consider the telegraphy requirement archaic and quickly lose interest in becomingд"Юsˆ,l(l(,,ва"д д …SЖ'дamateur radio operators.жtЪЪUд {OhЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, Vernon H. Ferris Comments at 1.ж Many individual commenters also agree that Morse code proficiency is д …SЭЖ'дnot relevant to modern communications practices and technologies.жVuъЭZЪUд {OЧЖ' !M дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, NCVECs Comments at 2; William A. Clark Comments at 1 (use of Morse code by amateur radio д !7 дoperators is now purely recreational); Robert W. Rettie Comments at 1; Vernon H. Ferris Comments at 1; Richard д !3 дG. Meyer Comments at 1; Philip E. Galasso Comments at 2 (Morse Code is a historical curiosity); Ray Adams д !* дComments at 3 (CW (Morse Code) is an element of nostalgia); Richard S. Wilson Comments at 1 (Morse Code is an anachronism). Vж Other commenters state that the Morse code requirement exists only as a roadblock to prevent current and possible amateur operators д …SgЖ'дfrom obtaining worldwide frequency privilegesж№v"g ЪUд {O Ж' !* дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, Timmy S. Naami Comments at 1; Paul S. Towne Comments Linda L. Towne Comments at 1 (Morse д !џ дCode proficiency requirements in excess of 10 wpm are an art form which should not be required as part of a д !› дtechnical hobby); The Courage HANDIЉHAM System Comments at 1 (telegraphy proficiency adds nothing to advance the state of the art of HF communication).№ж or have been used to control access to the HF д …S4Ж'дamateur radio bands.жДwЪ4і ЪUд {OЪЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, NCVECs Comments at 15Љ17; Vernon H. Ferris Comments at 1; Bob Vernall Comments at 5.Дж Mr. Robert H. Stephens states that although he passed the 5 wpm д …SЖ'дexamination, he uses telegraphy less than five percent of the time.жxˆ ЪUд yO)Ж' !H дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бRobert H. Stephens Comments at 1. We also note that 72% of respondents to an ARRL survey responded that they either rarely or never use Morse code. ARRL Comments, Exhibit A, Figure 4. ж д …S›Љ'дС•Си29.и On the other hand, several commenters equate passing a telegraphy examination to the д …ShЖ'дtype of onЉtheЉair operator a licensee will be,жyАhрЪUд yOшЖ' !Ÿ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бRichard S. Wilson Comments at 1 (Morse code proficiency results in operators who are far more accountable д !Й дand self policing); Sarah E. Howard Comments at 1; Henry Pokorny Comments at 1; Henry Clark at 1 (Morse Code д !Ѓ дproficiency makes a difference in the type of individuals who are licensed and operate on the amateur bands); Donald д !g дW. Long Comments at 1 (Morse Code proficiency demonstrates commitment to the hobby); Gary McConville д !k дComments at 1; Holton E. Harris Comments at 1 (keeps most of the CBЉstyle operators off the HF bands); William H. Cotrill Comments at 1 (determines a person's commitment to amateur radio).ж proof of skill level,жzhXЪUд yO`Ж' !x дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бJohn Griffeth and Deana MartinЉGriffeth Comments at 1 (reducing the Morse code requirements to obtain an amateur service license would weaken the skill levels of an amateur radio operator).ж or emergency communication д …S5Ж'дcapabilities.ж{А5АЪUд yO…Ж' !і дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бMichael F. Taylor Comments at 1 (Morse Code proficiency keeps amateur radio operators ready in case an д !| дemergency develops); Michael Murray Comments at 1 (Morse code has saved many people in danger when no other д !; дform of communication was available); Anne K. Fanelli Comments at 1 (continued need for proficiency in telegraphy д !U дas a backЉup to satellite and automated terrestrial communications systems for distress and safety communications); д !H дHenry Pokorny Comments at 1 (Morse code proficiency is needed because satellites, beacons, and repeater stations all identify in Morse code at 18 wpm or more).ж Kenwood, however, states that Morse code telecommunications is not a skill used often д …SЖ'дin emergency communications or disaster relief any longer.жe|Ш(ЪUд yOЪ%Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бKenwood Comments at 4.eж Other comments express a personalд"И|ˆ,l(l(,,{н"д д …SЖ'дpreference for exchanging messages with other amateur radio stations using telegraphy.ж}’ЪUд {OhЖ' !Е дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бW6SGJ [no individual name provided] Comments at 1. УУSee alsoФФ Holton E. Harris Comments at 1; Anne K. Fanelli Comments at 1; Kenneth S. Cannaday Comments at 3Љ6.ж While Kenwood agrees with these observations, it states, however, they are not a sufficient justification for д …SšЖ'дkeeping Morse code proficiency as a licensing requirement.жe~Шš"ЪUд yO\Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бKenwood Comments at 4.eж Courage HANDIЉHAM System agrees that while Morse code is fun to use and retains a following in the amateur community, it is no longer д …S4Ж'дessential to HF communications.ж|Ш4ВЪUд yO† Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бThe Courage HANDIЉHAM System Comments at 1Љ2.|ж д …SЮЉ'дС•Си30.и Based on our review of the record, we are not persuaded by the arguments of those commenters opposing reduction or elimination of the emphasis on telegraphy proficiency as a license requirement in the amateur service. To the extent that these commenters put forth arguments premised on personal preference or concerns regarding onЉtheЉair etiquette amongst amateur radio operators, we д ‡SЉ'дreiterate pronouncements made in the УУCodeless TechnicianФФ УУDecisionФФ. In that decision, the Commission stated that passing a telegraphy examination, for regulatory purposes, is no more and no less than д …S Ж'дproof of the examinee's ability to send and receive text in Morse code at some specified rate.жŽ€Ъ BЪUд {OЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee Codeless Technician Decision, ФФУУsupra, ФФnote 30. Žж Additionally, it addressed the issue of personal preference for telegraphy and claims that passing a Morse code examination would make for a better operator by stating: а АА` ` аWe do not concur with the comments alleging that the passing of a telegraphy examination is an indication of the examinee's good character, high intelligence, cooperative demeanor, or willingness to comply with our rules. These traits are also found in individuals who have not passed a telegraphy examination rather that being exclusive to those who have passed such a test. With respect to comments that make claims for the superiority of telegraphy over other types of communications, we do not consider these arguments as germane to д ‡S9Љ'дthis proceeding. The УУNotice ФФdid not propose to discontinue the authorization of telegraphy CW emission types on any amateur service frequency. The amateur service in the future, as it has in the past, can provide to those who personally desire to do so the opportunity to д …SnЖ'дcommunicate by telegraphy.жXЪnд_Tд {OтЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУId.ФФXж а ` ` АА а We are persuaded that because the amateur service is fundamentally a technical service, the emphasis on Morse code proficiency as a licensing requirement does not comport with the basis and purpose of the service. We note, moreover, that the design of modern communications systems, including personal communication services, satellite, fiber optic, and high definition television systems, are based on digital communication technologies. We also note that no communication system has been designed in many years that depends on handЉkeyed telegraphy or the ability to receive messages in Morse code by ear. In contrast, modern communication systems are designed to be automated systems. Given the changes that have occurred in communications in the last fifty years, we believeд"Ѓf ˆ,l(l(,,Qа"д that reducing the emphasis on telegraphy proficiency as a licensing requirement will allow the amateur service to, as it has in the past, attract technically inclined persons, particularly the youth of our country, and encourage them to learn and to prepare themselves in the areas where the United States needs expertise. д …SЉ'дС•Си31.и We also find unconvincing the argument that telegraphy proficiency is one way to keep amateur radio operators ready to be of service in an emergency. In this regard, we note that most emergency communication today is performed using either voice, data, or video modes. We also note that most amateur radio operators who choose to provide emergency communication do so, according to the amateur radio press, using voice or digital modes of communication, in part, because д …SЖ'дinformation can be exchanged much faster using these other modes of communication.ж^‚ЖЪUд {Oj Ж' !ђ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ, УУe.g.ФФ, УУThe ARRL LetterФФ, Volume 18, Number 7, at 3Љ4 (use of single side band when Hams Help Staff д ! дColombian Relief Call Center); Volume 17, Number 13 at 3 (VHF repeaters use to assist tornado victims); Volume д !^ д18, Number 4 at 1Љ3 (use of VHF 2 meter repeaters to assist Emergency Operations center after tornado outbreak). д {OФ œ' ! дУУSee alsoФФУУ WorldradioФФ, February, 1999, at 6 (Salvation Army Emergency Team Radio Network (SATERN) maintaining д {OŽ œ' !щ дa network of stations on 14.265 MHz during Hurricane Mitch); and УУNewslineФФ, Issue No. 1129, February 29, 1999 (communications for Colombian earthquake assistance on 14.347 MHz using voice modes.) ^ж Further, we note that in traditional emergency services, such as police, fire, and rescue, there is no requirement that emergency service personnel hold amateur radio licenses or any other license that requires telegraphy proficiency. We conclude, therefore, that telegraphy proficiency is not a significant factor in determining an individual's ability to provide or be prepared to provide emergency communications. д ‡Sа Љ'дС•Си32.и The УУNoticeФФ also asked whether we should continue to have three different telegraphy examination standards or whether the telegraphy standard should be reduced to one or two telegraphy examination elements ЉЉ and, if so, what the required speed(s) should be. Numerous commenters support a reduction in the number of telegraphy elements from three to one. These commenters disagree, however, regarding what the required telegraphy speed should be. Some commenters state д …SвЖ'дthat the only telegraphy speed should be 5 wpm.жДƒBвFЪUд {OИЖ' !M дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, National Conference of VECs Comments at 2 and 22Љ25; Master Publishing Comments at 2; CQ д !і дComments at 8Љ9; Donald W. Long Comments at 1; William A. Clark Comments at 1; Timmy S. Naami Comments д !Ц дat 1; Arnold Samuels Comments at 1; Roger R. Schroeder Comments at 1; Vernon H. Ferris Comments at 1; Richard д !" дG. Meyer Comments at 1; Clarence A. Tillery Comments at 1; Carl R. Stevenson Comments at 7; No Code д !Ÿ дInternational Comments at 7; Kenwood Comments at 4; W. David Gerns, Sr. Comments at 2Љ3; Richard Wurtzinger д !t дComments at 3; Woodie D. Thompson Comments at 2; Thomas L. Floyd Comments at 2; Michael C. McCardy д !щ дComments at 1Љ2; Bruce Perens Comments at 1; Joel R. Stanley Comments at 3; William R. Slye, Jr. Comments at 1.Дж Other commenters express a preference for a д …SŸЖ'дspeed of seven wpm,жp„ШŸP ЪUд yO Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бWilliam A. Burns Comments at 2Љ4.pж or the lowest speed allowed by international agreement.ж@…ZŸрЪUд {O"Ж' !Ј дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, Timmy S. Naami Comments at 1; SaraLouise K. Wood Comments at 1; Comments of Ray Adams д !Т дComments at 3; Bob Vernall Comments at 9; Jay W. Underdown Comments at 1Љ2; Joel R. Stanley Comments at 1.@ж Mr. Holton E. Harris states, however, that reducing the Morse code element to a single 5 wpm examination trivializes it to the point that there is no longer a meaningful examination requirement and, thus, it might as wellд"9…ˆ,l(l(,,Їа"д д …SЖ'дbe eliminated.жn†ШЪUд yOhЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бHolton E. Harris Comments at 1.nж д …SšЉ'дС•Си 33.и Some commenters support retaining the present 5, 13, and 20 wpm telegraphy д …SgЖ'дexamination requirementsж‡BgXЪUд {O_Ж' !“ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, William H. Cottrill Comments at 1; Gary McConville Comments at 1; Dominic Costantino д !Ј дComments at 1; Ray Hamovitz Comments at 1; Lee Forrest, Jr. Comments at 1; Percy Whitmore Comments at 1; д !щ дHolton E. Harris Comments at 1; Jack E. Loudon Comments at 1; George Folsy Comments at 1; Sarah E. Howard д !Ј дComments at 1; Michael F. Taylor Comments at 1; Henry Pokorny Comments at 1; Henry Clark Comments at 1; д !м дW6SGJ Comments at 1; Robert E. Becker Comments at 1; Gerald Ortman Comments at 1; Ken Hale Comments at д !э д1; Edward J. Zupan Comments at 1; David A. Henegbry Comments at 1 (13 wpm telegraphy requirement for General д !} дClass license); Sylvia K. Thompson Comments at 1; Lawrence J. Roll Comments at 2; Vincent Biancomano Comments at 3; Kenneth A. Piletic Comments at 5; QCWA Marconi Chapter 138 Comments at 3. ж or increasing the telegraphy requirements for obtaining a FCCЉissued д …S4Ж'дamateur service license.жjˆШ4b ЪUд yO6Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бGreg Pollard Comments at 1.jж Other commenters suggest that we revise the telegraphy examination д ‡SЉ'дrequirements so that they sunset if the УУRadio RegulationsФФ are revised in year 2001 to eliminate the requirement that an amateur radio operator demonstrate the ability to send by hand and receive by ear д …SœЖ'дtexts in the Morse code.жѕ‰’œђ ЪUд {O.Ж' !M дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, No Code International Comments at 5; Carl R. Stevenson Comments at 5; SaraLouise K. Wood Comments at 1; Richard G. Meyer Comments at 1. ѕж Another option advanced in the comments is to reduce the number of telegraphy examination elements from three to two. The American Radio Relay League suggests that we substitute a 12 wpm telegraphy examination for both the 20 wpm telegraphy examination currently required for the Amateur Extra Class operator license and the 13 wpm telegraphy examination currently required for the Advanced Class operator licenses. It also suggests that we reduce the д …S Ж'дtelegraphy requirement for a General Class operator license to 5 wpm,ж|ŠШ L ЪUд yO‰Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 14Љ15; QCWA Comments at 3. |ж and requests that we authorize privilege below 30 MHz to Technician Class licensees who have not passed a telegraphy д …S7 Ж'дexamination.жm‹Ш7 мЪUд yOГЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 14 and 18Љ19.mж Numerous other comments agree that the telegraphy requirement for the General Class д …S Ж'дoperator license should be only a 5 wpm telegraphy examination,жrŒZ lЪUд {OЖ' !3 дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, Rick Foster Comments at 1; Volney V. Brown, Jr. Comments at 1; Hans E. Richter Comments at д !Я д1; ARRL Comments at 14; Orlando Latin Amateur Radio Club, on behalf of 26 members, Comments at 1; Jack G. Valdovinos Comments at 1; West Comments at 6.rж while others suggest other д …Sб Ж'дproficiency requirements for telegraphy examination elements.жBАб ŽЪUд {Oџ!Ж' !і дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, Paul S. Towne Comments at 1, Linda L. Towne Comments at 1, Robert S. Ross Comments, Edwin д !  дC. Dow Comments at 1 (5 wpm and 10 wpm); Frank A. Pitman, Jr. Comments at 1 (13 wpm and 20 wpm); Cecil д !M дA. Palmer Comments at 1; Jim Rinehart Comments at 1, Richard S. Wilson Comments at 1, William E. Wyckoff д ! дComments at 1, Richard Beckett Comments at 1, Noel Guice Comments at 1, Donald B. Chester Comments at 3Љ4, д !х дMichael Murray Comments at 1 (5 wpm and 13 wpm); Philip E. Galasso Comments at 2 (5 wpm and 15 wpm); д !t дAlfred J. Harrison, Jr. Comments at 2 (five wpm and 13 wpm and a master telegrapher endorsement for 20 wpm д !Ј дplain text or 15 wpm fiveЉletter cipher groups); Richard E. Daily, Sr. Comments at 1, Paul J. Castile Comments at д !M д2, California Central Coast DX Club Comments at 2 (5 wpm, 10 wpm, and 20 wpm); Anne K. Fanelli Commentsд"y'Œˆ,l(l(ААn'У"д д !і дat 1 (10 wpm and 18 wpm); Timothy J. Fiebig Comments at 2 (8 to 12 wpm and 18 to 20 wpm); Edward A. Conder д !g дComments at 1 (5 wpm to 10 wpm and 13 wpm); James A. Wades Comments at 3 (10 wpm and 20 wpm); West д !џ дComments at 5 (5 wpm and 20 wpm); Sunnyvale VEC Comments at 1 (5 wpm and 16 wpm); Edward J. Plesnar д ! дComments at 2 (5 wpm and 12 wpm); Myron W. Manker Comments at 5Љ6 (10 wpm and 15 wpm); Craig S. Kidder д ! дComments at 2Љ3 (either 5 wpm, 10 wpm, and 15 wpm, or 8 wpm, 13 wpm, and 18 wpm, for the General, Advanced, and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses, respectively).ж д"б @ˆ,l(l(,,[ н"дŒд …SЉ'д™С•Си!34.и We have considered the comments on this issue and conclude that the required speed for the telegraphy examination element should be 5 wpm. In this connection, we note that this is the д …SšЖ'дminimum telegraphy speed that has been required for the Novice Class operator license since 1951,жьŽ’š@ЪUд {Oz Ж' !& дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бPrior to the УУ1951 License RestructuringФФ decision, the minimum telegraphy requirement to qualify for an amateur service license was 13 wpm. ьж and is the minimum telegraphy proficiency that must be demonstrated by a Technician Class licensee to be authorized HF privileges. Because both of these classes of operator licenses authorizes HF privileges, 5 wpm is a speed that the Commission has found sufficient to meet the requirement of the д ‡SЮЉ'дУУRadio RegulationsФФ, and the slowest telegraphy speed in the amateur service examination system. We believe that, consistent with our decision to reduce the number of telegraphy elements from three to one, we also should use the least burdensome requirement, the 5 wpm requirement, as the standard for that element. д …SаЉ'дС•Си"35.и Likewise, we will not revise the rules so that the telegraphy examination requirement д ‡S Љ'дautomatically sunsets if the УУRadio RegulationsФФ are revised to eliminate a mandatory telegraphy proficiency requirement. In this regard, we do not believe that it would be prudent, at this time, to premise the resolution of this issue on decisions to be made at the next World Radio Conference (WRC), particularly given that it is uncertain whether the WRC will actually address this issue. We also note that the International Amateur Radio Union Administrative Council has stated that it opposes д ‡SŸ Љ'дchanging the УУRadio RegulationsФФ to reduce the minimum international qualifications for an amateur д ‡SmЖ'дradio license, making the potential changes to this УУRadio RegulationФФ even more uncertain.жГЪmšЪUд {OЇЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ ARRL Letter, Volume 17, Number 40 (Oct. 9, 1998), and Volume 18, Number 39 (Oct. 1, 1999).Гж д ‡SЉ'дС•Си#36.и The УУNoticeФФ also requested comment on whether we should consider specifying the method of examining for Morse code proficiency instead of allowing VEs to determine how to test for code speed were we to reduce the required Morse code examination elements. Currently, VEs have the option of determining the most appropriate method, including changing the method on a caseЉbyЉcase basis, to allow an applicant to demonstrate his or her telegraphy skills. Some commenters express the view that we should limit the methods available to VEs for examining for Morse code proficiency to either one minute of solid copy or a fillЉinЉtheЉblank examination, and that these methods are д …SЄЖ'дadequate.жІЪЄ, ЪUд {Op!Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.,ФФ Robert E. Becker Comments at 1; William E. Wyckoff, Jr. Comments at 1.Іж Other commenters contend that there should be a single testing method available to VEs: require an applicant to correctly copy one minute of the code message in order for the applicant to д …S>Ж'дpass the telegraphy examination.жШ‘">О ЪUд {Oœ$Ж' ! дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, QCWA Comments at 3; Ray Hamovitz Comments at 1; Dominic Costantino Comments at 1; Frank д !› дA. Pitman, Jr. Comments at 2; Lee Forrest, Jr. Comments at 1; Percy Whitmore Comments at 1; Holton E. Harris д !Е дComments at 1; Gunnar C. Carlson, Jr. and Beverly A. Carlson Comments at 1; William R. Slye, Jr. Comments at 2.Шж Mr. Ray Adams states, however, that requiring one minute of solidд">Ј‘ˆ,l(l(,,Зн"д copy would be unworkable for the VECs because it would result in a tremendous backlog of detail in large examination sessions and controversies when the VEs interpret handwriting differently from what д …SšЖ'дthe applicant actually intended or claimed the handwriting response to be.ж’’šЪUд {OЖ' !@ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бRay Adams Comments at 8. УУSee also,ФФ Jay W. Underdown Comments at 4 (failed telegraphy examination because FCC Engineer In Charge could not read Underdown's writing).ж Other commenters suggest that the VEs should be limited to three methods: one minute of solid copy or a tenЉquestion д …S4Ж'дwritten examination of either multipleЉchoice or fillЉinЉtheЉblank.жŠ“Ш4"ЪUд yOіЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бSaraLouise K. Wood Comments at 1; Ray Adams Comments at 7. Šж д …SЮЉ'дС•Си$37.и The NCVECs states that the current arrangement for the preparation and administration for Morse code examinations as provided for in the Commission's rules is adequate and there is no д …ShЖ'дneed to change or add to them.жh”ШhВЪUд yOК Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNCVECs Comments at 22Љ23.hж Ms. Anne K. Fanelli and others state that VEs should continue to д …S5Ж'дbe allowed to determine how to test for telegraphy proficiency.ж‹•Ш5BЪUд yOЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бAnne K. Fanelli Comments at 1; Bruce W. Moyer Comments at 2.‹ж Mr. West states that the test д …SЖ'дstructure should be left up to the individual VE teams.жb–ШвЪUд yOtЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бWest Comments at 6.bж The ARRL, however, suggests that the method VEs must use to determine whether an applicant passes a telegraphy examination should be д …Sœ Ж'дspecified in the Rules to ensure examination uniformity and fairness to all examination candidates.жd—Шœ b ЪUд yOžЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 35. dж Specifically, the ARRL proposes that the Rules be amended to require that VEs be limited to using either a tenЉquestion fillЉinЉtheЉblank examination or one minute of solid copy to determine whether an д …S Ж'дapplicant has passed a telegraphy examination.жd˜Ш ђ ЪUд yO•Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 35. dж д …S Љ'дС•Си%38.и We have considered the comments on this issue and have decided not to adopt rule amendments that inadvertently could limit VEs' flexibility in administering telegraphy examinations. In this regard, we note that rule changes that specify the method VEs must use to administer telegraphy examinations would serve to limit the flexibility VEs currently have. We are persuaded by the NCVECs that the current rules applicable to the preparation and administration for Morse code examinations are adequate and there is no need to change or add to these rules. We are not persuaded that rigid examination uniformity results in fairness to all examination candidates, and we note that, even if we were to adopt the changes requested by the ARRL and others, the uniformity they seek would not necessarily result because VEs are required to modify examination procedures to д …SвЖ'дaccommodate individuals with disabilities.жs™Ъв‚ ЪUд {Oє"Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.509(k). sж д …SlЉ'дС•Си&39.и With regard to ARRL's requests that we change telegraphy examination procedures and д ‡S9Љ'дimpose other requirements on applicants before examination credit is given pursuant to a УУPhysician's д ‡SЉ'дCertification of DisabilityФФ, we noted that these issues only remained relevant if we retained the higher telegraphy speeds requirement. In that we have decided not to retain the higher telegraphy speedsд"е™ˆ,l(l(,,˜а"д requirements, no person now will be required by our Rules to demonstrate telegraphy proficiency at higher telegraphy speeds. In this regard, we agree that by reducing the telegraphy requirement to a д ‡SšЉ'дsingle 5 wpm telegraphy examination, the need to grant credit based on a УУPhysician's Certification of д ‡ShЖ'дDisabilityФФ would be eliminated.ж–šЪhЪUд {OаЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, NCVECs Comments at 22; William A. Clark Comments at 1.–ж We also agree with Courage HandiЉHam System that reducing the emphasis on telegraphy proficiency may encourage some individuals with disabilities to participate in the amateur service and that provisions must remain in place for accommodating individuals with д …SаЖ'дsevere disabilities.жv›ШаZЪUд yOЪЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бCourage HandiЉHam System Comments at 1.vж In this regard, we note that no changes to this ruleж œАаъЪUд yOZ Ж' !г дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#б47 C.F.R. РР 97.509(k). Although we do not regulate examination preparation courses, we remind administering д !Ѓ дVEs and those offering examination preparation courses that the Americans with Disabilities Act provides that "[a]ny д !& дperson that offers examinations or courses related to applications, licensing, certification or credentialing for д !. дsecondary or post-secondary education, professional, or trade purposes shall offer such examinations or courses in д !Я дa place and manner accessible to persons with disabilities or offer alternative accessible arrangements for such individuals." 42 U.S.C. РР 12189. ж were proposed in the д ‡SЉ'дУУNoticeФФ; furthermore, no actions taken herein will limit or eliminate such accommodations. д …S8Ж'дС•СУ У3. УУWritten ExaminationsФФФ Ф д ‡SвЉ'дС•Си'40.и УУBackground.ФФ Currently, a written examination is prepared and administered to each д …S  Ж'дapplicant for each class of amateur radio operator license.жrЪ  b ЪUд {OЂЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.503(b).rж The purpose of the written examination is to allow the applicant to demonstrate that he or she possesses the operational and technical д ‡S: Љ'дqualifications required to perform properly the duties of an amateur service operator licensee,УУ i.e., ФФthat д …S Ж'дhe or she is qualified to be an amateur service licensee.жŒžЪ є ЪUд {OœЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФ47 U.S.C. РР 303(1)(1) and 47 C.F.R. РР 97.503.Œж The written examination questions are drawn from a uniform national database of multipleЉchoice questions and answers approved by the д …SЂ Ж'дNCVECs using an algorithm that is specified in the Rules.жeŸШЂ † ЪUд yOШЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#б47 C.F.R. РР 97.503.eж This database is periodically updated to provide access to current examination questions. The database is arranged into five examination elements, each of which contains questions applicable to the privileges of one of the six classes of amateur radio operator licenses. To qualify for an amateur radio operator license, an applicant must pass or receive credit for one or more written examination elements and, if required, a telegraphy д …SЃЖ'дexamination element.жe ШЃЪUд yOY!Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#б47 C.F.R. РР 97.501.eж The components of the written examinations were carried over into the VE system from the examination used previously when the Commission prepared and administered д …S=Ж'дamateur radio operator examinations.жЁ(Ъ=ІЪUд {Oƒ$Ж' !щ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФUse of Volunteers to Prepare and Administer Operator Examinations in the Amateur Radio Service, PR д {OM%œ' !Е дDocket No. 83Љ27, УУReport and Order, ФФ54 Rad. Reg. (P&F) 2d 1068 (1983); УУMemorandum Opinion and Order, ФФ49 д {O&œ' !c дFed. Reg. 30313 (July 30, 1984); УУsee alsoФФ Permitting VolunteerЉExaminer Coordinators to Maintain Pools of д {Oс&œ' !Ц дQuestions for Amateur Operator Examinations, PR Docket No. 85Љ196, УУReport and Order, ФФ51 Fed. Reg. 30645 (Aug.д"с& ˆ,l(l(ААц&У"д д {Oœ'д28, 1986), УУMemorandum Opinion and OrderФФ, 2 FCC Rcd 2815 (1987) .ж д"=ZЁˆ,l(l(,,лн"дŒд ‡SЉ'д™С•Си(41.и In the УУNotice, ФФwe sought comment on all aspects of the written examinations that an individual is required to pass in order to become an amateur radio operator or to obtain a higher class of amateur radio operator license. We noted that the topics tested in the written examinations are the topics the Commission used when it prepared and administered amateur radio operator examinations д …S5Ж'дover fifteen years ago.жЂА5ZЪUд yO/Ж' !D дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бThe ten topics, which are set forth in 47 C.F.R. РР 97.503(c), are: (1) FCC rules for the amateur radio services; д ! д(2) Amateur station operating procedures; (3) Radio wave propagation characteristics of amateur service frequency д !D дbands; (4) Amateur radio practices; (5) Electrical principles as applied to amateur station equipment; (6) Amateur д !њ дstation equipment circuit components; (7) Practical circuits employed in amateur station equipment; (8) Signals and д !Ќ дemissions transmitted by amateur stations; (9) Amateur station antennas and feed lines; and (10) Radio frequency environmental safety practices at an amateur station.ж In light of this fact, we sought comment on whether these topics still adequately cover the significant categories of information relevant to determining whether an applicant д …SЯЖ'дhas the qualifications to become an amateur service licensee.жqЃЪЯвЪUд {OAЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15807.qж Specifically, we asked whether we should add elements to the written examination elements to ensure a working knowledge of the newer д …SiЖ'дdigital technologies which, in part, are replacing the Morse code.жqЄЪid ЪUд {OmЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15806.qж In addition, we asked whether the required number of questions from each general topic should continue to be established by rule, noting that the written examinations have been prepared and administered under the VE system for over a д …SаЖ'дdecade.жqЅЪаі ЪUд {OfЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNoticeФФ, 13 FCC Rcd at 15807.qж We also sought comment on: whether the written examination requirements should be modified to provide VEs and VECs additional flexibility in determining the specific contents of written examinations, the specifics of what such flexibility should entail, and the advantages and д …S7 Ж'дdisadvantages of providing such flexibility.жqІЪ7 ˆ ЪUд {O_Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNotice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15807.qж д ‡Sб Љ'дС•Си)42.и УУDecision.ФФ The comments we received regarding the written examinations required to obtain an amateur radio operator license have convinced us that the current written examination elements are not adequately demonstrating whether an individual is qualified to be an amateur service licensee. In this regard, we note that almost all of the comments suggest that some type of change to the current system is needed. We believe that the changes suggested by the NCVECs and Ray Adams, among others, will result in an examination system that is more relevant, that is simpler for examinees and licensees to understand, and that takes advantage of the ability that the VECs consistently have д …SmЖ'дshown since 1986 to maintain the question pools.жhЇ\mЪUд {O'"Ж' !х дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФPermitting VolunteerЉExaminer Coordinators to Maintain Pools of Questions for Amateur Operator д {Oё"œ' !Е дExaminations, УУReport and Order, ФФ51 Fed. Reg. 30645 (Aug. 28, 1986), УУMemorandum Opinion and OrderФФ, 2 FCC Rcd 2815 (1987).hж We, therefore, will amend Section 97.503(b) of our Rules to require that the Technician Class and General Class written examination elements consist of thirty five questions each, and that the Amateur Extra Class written examination element consist of fifty technically oriented questions, including questions about administering amateur radio operator license examinations. Additionally, we believe that these changes will eliminate rules that areд"Ё>Їˆ,l(l(,,>а"д unnecessary and will provide VEs and VECs additional flexibility as the majority of commenters have requested. Moreover, these changes will streamline further our administration of the amateur service. We also agree that the Question Pool Committee of the NCVECs has a better ability to insure that the question pools reflect current technology than we do by specifying general topics in our Rules. Accordingly, we will revise the number of questions in written examination element question sets, and we will revise Section 97.503(c) of our Rules to remove the general topics and algorithm specified therein. We agree that the Question Pool Committee of the NCVECs is capable of both specifying topics and organizing questions by topic, if this function is necessary, as part of its maintenance of the question pools for amateur radio operator examinations. We note that allowing the Question Pool Committee of the NCVECs this flexibility will allow material included on amateur radio operator examinations to reflect technological advances in a much more timely fashion than can be д …SЯЖ'дaccomplished by the rulemaking process.ж%ЈвЯЪUд yO7 Ж' !Q дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бWith regard to the ARRL's position that some version of the syllabus must remain in the rules, we disagree. д !Т дWe note that, as an initial matter, and contrary to ARRL's claim, having a syllabus in 47 C.F.R. РР 97.503(c) does д !D дnot insure that examination sessions coordinated by different VECs will not vary widely in difficulty. Rather, the д !г дdifficulty of an examination is determined by specific questions that appear on that examination, rather than simply д !ђ дthe topics the examination covers. We also note that our rules require, and will continue to require, that the д !M дadministering VEs prepare each written examination element question set according to the instructions of the д {Oчœ' !ђ дcoordinating VEC. УУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.507(c). Therefore, under our rules, if the ARRLЉVEC or any other VEC д !D дbelieves that its VEs will prepare arbitrary, unfair, or biased examinations, it can, on its own and using a standard д !ў дit decides is appropriate, continue to standardize the topics and the number of questions on each topic in examinations its VEs administer.%ж In the event that individual incidents of abuse of this flexibility are brought to our attention, we note that Section 97.519(d) of our Rules provides a д …Si Ж'дmechanism whereby we can address such abuses.жhЉШi b ЪUд yOkЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#б47 C.F.R. РР 97.519(d).hж д …S Љ'дС•Си*43.и The majority of comments on this issue strongly agree that the written examination д …Sа Ж'дelements are in need of updating or changing.жsЊЪа ђ ЪUд {ObЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ paras. 44Љ50, УУinfra.ФФsж Additionally, some comments point out that the number of written examination elements can be reduced to better correlate with the reduced number of д …SjЖ'дlicense classes we are adopting.жŸЋЪj„ ЪUд {OŽЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.,ФФ NCVECs Reply Comments at 6, ARRL Comments at Appendix, pp. 8Љ9.Ÿж Others suggest standards we should use in determining what the д …S7Ж'дwritten examination elements should cover.жКЌЪ7ЪUд {OэЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.,ФФ Kenwood Comments at 3; William J. Sartorius Comments at 1; Vernon H. Ferris Comments at 2.Кж We agree that the rule specifying the written examination elements is in need of updating and should be streamlined to reduce the number of written examination elements. Accordingly, we are revising Section 97.503(b) of our Rules to reduce the number of written examination elements from five to three and aligning these elements so that they correspond to the remaining classes of amateur radio operator licenses. We also are revising Section 97.503(c) of our Rules to provide VEs and VECs additional flexibility in determining the specific content of written examinations. Finally, we are revising Section 97.505(a) of our Rules to align the Rule for element credit with the new written examination elements. We will discuss below these changes to the rules in the context of each of the topics on which we requested comment. д"9ЈЌˆ,l(l(,,ба"д д …SЉ'дС•Си+44.и In response to our request for comment regarding the relevance of the general topics in Section 97.503(c) of our Rules to determine whether an applicant is qualified to become an amateur д …SšЖ'дservice licensee, two commenters say that the current topics are not relevant.жq­XšЪUд yOЖ' !Е дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNCVECs Comments at 27 (Technician Class examinees administered questions on electronic circuits even д !D дthough all transceivers are purchased in the commercial marketplace); ARRL Comments at 36 (suggests different emphasis on different topics by license class).qж In this connection, NCVECs, for example, states that the topics currently specified in Section 97.503(c) fail to take into account changes in operating habits, technology, and transmitting equipment that have occurred over the past fifteen years, and that this rule section results in VEs administering examinations that contain questions on topics that are not appropriate to the class of license for which the examination is being д …S›Ж'дadministered.жhЎШ›шЪUд yO# Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNCVECs Comments at 26Љ27.hж For example, NCVECs and Ray Adams state that it is not necessary for licensees to understand electronics and other technical subjects in order to properly operate commercially д …S5Ж'дmanufactured equipment.жZЏX5xЪUд yOMЖ' ! дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNCVECs Comments at 27; Ray Adams Comments at 4Љ5 (usefulness of the technical portions of the written д !! дexaminations has passed because most amateur radio operators are not capable of repairing, let alone building, their own equipment). Zж To make the examinations a valid means of determining whether an applicant is qualified to be an amateur service licensee, Kenwood says the written examination requirements should be revised to eliminate questions that call for memorization of operating trivia and, instead, should focus on technical theory that a licensee in a technical avocation should be д …Si Ж'дexpected to know.жeАШi ˜ЪUд yOЁЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бKenwood Comments at 3.eж Revising written examinations in this way, Kenwood says, would further the д …S6 Ж'дtechnical art of telecommunications.жXБЪ6 ( ЪUд {OўЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУIdФФ.Xж QCWA, however, believes that, with the exception of advanced technologies, the examinations are adequate, and it recommends that questions on advanced д …Sа Ж'дtechnologies be included in future examinations.жbВШа К ЪUд yO*Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бQCWA Comments at 3.bж Myron W. Manker states that some written д …S Ж'дexamination element topics appear to be somewhat duplicativeж€ГZ J ЪUд yO‡Ж' !M дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бMyron W. Manker Comments at 7. Specifically, Mr. Manker believes that the "Radio wave propagation д !і дcharacteristics of amateur service frequency bands" topic is somewhat duplicative with "Signals and emissions д {Oœ'дtransmitted by amateur stations." УУIdФФ.€ж. The ARRL believes that some д …SjЖ'дtopics can be consolidated,жcДШjlЪUд yOv Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 36.cж but does not propose specific changes to the ten topics contained in д …S7Ж'дSection 97.503(c) of our Rules.жlЕШ7ќЪUд yOг"Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments, Appendix at 9.lж д"бŒЕˆ,l(l(,,…а"д д …SЉ'дС•Си,45.и Other commenters suggest that revisions to the written examinations are needed to add д …SЭЖ'дnew topics or change the emphasis among existing topics.жœЖZЭЪUд {O5Ж' !’ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, William J. Sartorius Comments at 1(conducting a more comprehensive written examination for some д !3 дor all license classes); Hans E. Richter Comments at 1 (Amateur Extra Class); Vernon H. Ferris Comments at 2 (emphasis on a fundamental understanding of modern communications technology). œж Some commenters suggest that the written д …SšЖ'дexaminations test on law,ж+ЗšъЪUд yO$Ж' !м дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бSaraLouise K. Wood Comments at 2 (emphasize our Part 97 Rules); Woodie D. Thompson Comments at 2. Mr. Thompson states that questions on rules should comprise at least 25% of the questions on the examination.+ж operating practice, and theory applicable to particular amateur service д …SgЖ'дbands.ж.ИgBЪUд yOI Ж' !Ц дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бAlfred J. Harrison, Jr. Comments at 3Љ4; West Comments at 9 (a more practical test to demonstrate proficiency in a specific area of amateur radio); Robert L. Shrader Comments at 1 (emphasize fundamental theory)..ж The Marlboro Youth Repeater Association states that the written examination question pools should include more questions on boolean logic, computer programming, and modern digital д …SЖ'дtechniques,ж…ЙШšЪUд yO;Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бThe Marlboro Youth Repeater Association Comments at 1.…ж while Ms. Anne K. Fanelli states that a greater emphasis should be placed on station д …SЮЖ'дdesign, troubleЉshooting skills, and maintenance.жmКШЮ* ЪUд yO˜Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бAnne K. Fanelli Comments at 2.mж д …ShЉ'дС•Си-46.и In response to our request for comments as to whether we should add elements to the written examination to ensure a working knowledge of the newer digital technologies which, in part, д …SЖ'дare replacing the Morse code, the commenters agree that such a change is desirable.жЛ"К ЪUд yO\Ж' !Е дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бDonald W. Long Comments at 1 (various levels of radio and electronic theory should be required and not д !7 дhigher Morse code speeds, if amateur radio operators are to contribute to the field of radio); ARRL Comments at д {Oьœ' !Ы д37 (questions should be added on this subject). УУSee, alsoФФ, Arnold Samuels Comments at 1 (a knowledge of computers, antennas, and digital communications replaces Morse code).ж Several commenters state that questions on new digital technologies should be added because these д …Sœ Ж'дtechnologies will be used in the near future.жСМœ ЄЪUд yOрЖ' !і дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бHenry Pokorny Comments at 1; Orlando Latin Amateur Radio Club, on behalf of 26 members, Comments at 1.Сж д …S6 Љ'дС•Си.47.и Regarding whether the number of required questions from each general topic either should be changed or should not continue to be established by rule, the comments generally express the view that changes are warranted. For example, a number of commenters suggest that the written examination elements contain a different number of questions and topics for each class of amateur д …SjЖ'дradio operator license than is presently required by our Rules.жНBШjќЪUд {O"Ж' !с дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ ARRL Comments at 11Љ15 (suggesting 35, 35, 40, and 50 questions for the Technician, General, д !o дAdvanced, and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses, respectively); Frank A. Pitman, Jr. Comments at 1 (suggesting д !… д100, 50, 50, and 40 questions on the written examination elements for Amateur Extra, Advanced, General, and VHF д !… дClass operator licenses, respectively.); Alfred J. Harrison, Jr. Comments at 3Љ4 (suggesting 100 questions for each д ! дwritten examination element); Kenwood Comments at 5Љ6 (suggesting 35, 50, and 100 questions on the written д !! дexamination elements for Technician, General, and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses, respectively); Ray Adams д !Ÿ дComments at 10 (suggesting 30, 30, 40 questions on the written examination elements for Technician, General, and д !! дAmateur Extra Class operator licenses, respectively); West Comments at 5 (suggesting 50, 50, and 100 questions onд"€'Мˆ,l(l(ААu'У"д the written examination elements for Technician, General, and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses, respectively).ж Several commenters believe that theд"jXНˆ,l(l(,,ћн"д д …SЖ'дpassing grade of 74%жЧОZXЪUд yOјЖ' !Ќ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бThe rules specify the number of questions in the written examination element question set and the number of д !Q дquestions that an examinee must answer correctly. Generally speaking, to pass a written examination element, an д {Oˆœ'дexaminee must answer approximately 74% of the questions correctly. УУ SeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.503(b).Чж is too lowжвПzЪUд yOЖ' !и дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бFrank A. Pitman, Jr., Comments at 1; QCWA Comments at 4 (suggesting that we increase the minimum passing score to 80%).вж and that many of the questions currently in the written examination question pools are very simplistic. NCVECs, however, states that the number of required questions from each general topic need not continue to be established by rule. Rather, it suggests that we eliminate Section 97.503(c) of our Rules and that the VEC Question Pool Committee should determine the topics and questions that are appropriate as part of the process of reviewing and revising д …SЖ'дthe various question pools.жeРШвЪUд yOs Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNCVECs Comments at 27.eж ARRL, on the other hand, states that the topics specified in Section 97.503 of our Rules provide the only element of standardization in the examination process and д …S›Ж'дbelieves that some version of the syllabus must remain in our Rules.жС›b ЪUд yOЖ' !› дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 35Љ36. The ARRL's concern is that examinations could be arbitrarily created or could differ widely in difficulty if we eliminate 47 C.F.R. РР 97.503(c).ж ARRL agrees, however, that the number of questions per topic on an examination element needs to be changed to emphasize д …S5Ж'дdifferent topics for different classes of licenses.жwТШ5К ЪUд yOЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 36 and Appendix at 8Љ9.wж д …SЯЉ'дС•Си/48.и Mr. Fiebig suggests that we increase the number of questions in the question pool, possibly even double them, that the number of questions on each examination be increased, and that д …Si Ж'дthe passing score be increased.жoУШi J ЪUд yOSЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бTimothy J. Fiebig Comments at 3.oж NCVEC and West suggest that the Technician Class written examination consist of fifty VHF oriented questions, the General Class written examination consist of fifty questions taken from the present written examination Element 3B, and the Amateur Extra Class written examination contain 100 technically oriented questions, including questions about administering д …S Ж'дamateur radio operator license examinations.жЪФ  кЪUд yOЖ' !Z дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNCVECs Comments at 27Љ28 and West Comments at 5. In its Reply Comments, NCVEC states that it has д !Я дno objection to the ARRL proposal that the Technician and General Class written examinations should have 35 д !О дquestions each, and the Amateur Extra Class written examination should have 50 questions. NCVEC Reply Comments at 6Љ7. Ъж Mr. Russ Ward, on behalf of the Nashville Volunteer Exam Team, states that the current written examination system is fine with no fixing needed. He suggests, however, that we require all written examination elements to contain fifty questions as a д …SЖ'дgesture for improving the quality of amateur radio operators.жgХШТЪUд yOf$Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бRuss Ward Comments at 1.gж ARRL suggests thirty five questions for both the Technician and General Class operator license written examinations, and forty and fifty questions for the Advanced and Amateur Extra Class operator license written examinations,д"žRХˆ,l(l(,,;а"д д …SЖ'дrespectively.жfЦШЪUд yOhЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 11Љ15.fж Mr. Ray Adams states that increasing the revised written examination elements to more than fifty questions would be a major transition problem for more than one VEC, including his д …SšЖ'дown VEC.жgЧШšXЪUд yO’Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бRay Adams Comments at 6.gж д …S4Љ'дС•Си049.и The comments we received addressing the issue of whether the written examination requirements should be modified to provide VEs and VECs additional flexibility in determining the specific contents of written examinations supported providing VEs and VECs this flexibility. For example, Ray Adams suggests that the Question Pool Committee of the NCVEC could, and would, keep the question pools more in line with current technology than has been accomplished by the "mini д …S5Ж'дsyllabus" in Section 97.503(c) of our Rules.ж^ШЪ5шЪUд {OН Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУIdФФ. at 5.^ж The ARRL states that the Commission already offers the VECs significant flexibility in preparing and maintaining question pools, and states, moreover, that д …SЯЖ'дthe element standards contained in Section 97.503 of our Rules are not burdensome.жcЩШЯzЪUд yOщЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 35.cж Several commenters point out, however, that revisions to the written examination elements might have a д …Si Ж'дsignificant impact on publishers of amateur radio study guides.жЄЪШi ЪUд yOЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNCVECs Comments at 10Љ11; West Comments at 11; and Master Publishing Comments at 3Љ6.Єж They request, therefore, that if we make any changes to existing written examination elements, we make them in such a way that we do д …S Ж'дnot make obsolete study guides that have been published but not sold.жЄЫШ šЪUд yO=Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNCVECs Comments at 10Љ11; West Comments at 11; and Master Publishing Comments at 3Љ6.Єж д ‡S Љ'дС•Си150.и We believe that the general standard suggested by the ARRL ЉЉУУ i.e.ФФ, testing should be related to privileges, should place greater emphasis on operating practices and current technologies, д …S8Ж'дand should support and encourage experimentationжcЬШ8* ЪUд yOЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 13.cж ЉЉ is a reasonable standard for the Question Pool Committee of the NCVECs to use in reorganizing the current question pools and revising the written examination elements. In addition, we agree with Kenwood that the written examinations should test minimum qualifications for a licensee to ensure that the licensee has the basic understanding of various д …SlЖ'дlevels of amateur radio operating activities and radio technical theory.жeЭШlК ЪUд yOЦЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бKenwood Comments at 2.eж In this regard, Kenwood states that the Technician Class operator license examination should primarily relate to simple electronic theory and proper operation of equipment, that the General Class operator license examination should cover intermediate electronic theory and operating techniques, and that the Amateur Extra Class operator license examination should relate to advanced electronic theory and д ‡SmЖ'дadvanced communications systems.жgЮШmJ ЪUд yOW%Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бKenwood Comments at 5Љ6.gж Mr. Pitman states that the VHF (УУi.e.ФФ, Technician) Class operator license written examination should test only on FCC rules and operating procedures relevant to VHFд";кЮˆ,l(l(,,а"д д …SЖ'дand UHF.жsЯШЪUд yOhЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бFrank A. Pitman, Jr., Comments at 1.sж д …SšЉ'дС•Си251.и With regard to specific changes to the number of questions on the written examination elements, we adopt the changes suggested by NCVEC. We, therefore, will amend Section 97.503(b) of our Rules to require that the Technician Class and General Class written examination elements consist of thirty five questions each, and that the Amateur Extra Class written examination element consist of fifty technically oriented questions, including questions about administering amateur radio operator license examinations. The comments from QCWA, NCVEC, and West suggesting that we combine the present written examination Elements 4A and 4B to create the new written examination д …S5Ж'дElement 4 for the Amateur Extra Class license,ж’аШ5XЪUд yO- Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бQCWA Comments at 2, NCVECs Comments at 11, and West Comments at 9. ’ж appears to be a simple and straightforward method the Question Pool Committee should consider for creating this new element. West's suggestion that we combine the present written examination Elements 2 and 3A to create a new written examination д …Sœ Ж'дElement 2 for the Technician Class license,жbбШœ шЪUд yO$Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бWest Comments at 9.bж and Ray Adams' suggestion that we combine the present written examination Elements 3A and 3B to create a new written examination Element 3 for the д …S6 Ж'дGeneral Class operator license,жgвШ6 xЪUд yONЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бRay Adams Comments at 3.gж while slightly inconsistent, also are options the Question Pool Committee could consider. Moreover, these suggestions appear to satisfy publishers' concerns that we make changes to the written examination elements in such a way that we not make obsolete study д …S Ж'дguides that have been published but not sold.жЙгZ ЪUд yOEЖ' !’ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бIn this regard, we note that the Question Pool Committee revises examination question pools on a scheduled д ! дbasis and that it has stated that the transition to a new written examination element can be completed within the д {Oеœ'дpresent schedule. УУSeeФФ УУEx Parte PresentationФФ, NCVECs, October 31, 1998, at 4.Йж We also will redesignate the written examination elements as written examination Elements 2, 3, and 4. д …SЉ'дС•Си352.и In addition, we are revising Section 97.505 of our Rules to conform it with our revisions to Sections 97.501 and 97.503 of our Rules. This revision is a necessary and logical outgrowth of our proposal to revise the license structure and the written and telegraphy examination elements. Currently, an examinee receives examination credit from the VEs for each examination element specified for the class of license that the examinee holds. Because the revised examination system will be comprised of three written examination elements and one telegraphy examination element, instead of the present five written examination elements and three telegraphy examination elements, we believe that adjustments to the element credit rule are necessary. We are amending the rules so that licensees who previously have passed a telegraphy examination will not have to pass another telegraphy examination to advance to the highest class of operator license. Additionally, licensees who have passed all the written examination element components of a revised written examination д …SгЖ'дelement(s) will continue to receive credit for the revised element(s).жZд Аг* ЪUд yO$Ж' !x дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бFor example, General Class licensees and preЉ1987 Technician Class licensees (who now are Technician Plus д !p дClass) will receive credit for Elements 1, 2, and 3 because these licensees passed the General Class written д ! дexamination and a telegraphy examination to qualify for their licenses. Novice Class licensees will receive credit д ! дfor the telegraphy examination, but not the Technician Class written examination because they have not passedд"ѕ&гˆ,l(l(АА'У"д д ! дformer written examination Element 3(A). For a Novice Class licensee to upgrade to Technician Class, therefore, д !њ дthat licensee would have to pass only revised written examination Element 2. Likewise, a Technician Class licensee д !… дmay upgrade to the General Class by passing Element 1 and new written Element 3 (current Technician Plus Class д !. дlicensees will receive credit for Element 1), and an Advanced Class licensee need only pass new written examination д !і дElement 4, rather than former written examination element 4(B) (a 40 question written examination) and a 20 wpm telegraphy examination to upgrade to the Amateur Extra Class operator.Zж However, licensees who, in theд"г@дˆ,l(l(,,qн"д past, passed a written examination element that no longer exists or has been subsumed in a more comprehensive examination element, will have to pass the new element. In this regard, we note that licensees who are required to pass a written examination element that, in part, may include material they have been tested on previously, such as Advanced Class licensees upgrading to the Amateur Extra Class operator license, receives the offsetting benefit that they can upgrade their license class without having to pass a higher speed telegraphy examination. д …S›Ж'дС•СУ У4. УУDisposition of the Designated Novice BandФ ФФФ д ‡S5Љ'дС•Си453.и УУBackground.ФФ When the Novice Class operator license was established in 1951, limited frequency segments in the HF portion of the radio spectrum were established for Novice Class operators so that they could improve their telegraphy skills by practicing telegraphy onЉtheЉair. This onЉtheЉair use of telegraphy was necessary, in part, because the Novice Class operator license was a д …Sj Ж'дoneЉyear, onceЉinЉaЉlifetime, nonЉrenewable license.жсе’j @ЪUд {OJЖ' !^ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee Public NoticeФФ, "Amateur Novice Class Licensees To Receive Distinctive Call Signs", Mimeo No. 64128, (released May 28, 1951).сж At the end of the year, the licensee was required either to upgrade his or her license or discontinue operations. Specific frequency segments for Novice Class operators have been a part of the amateur service license structure since 1951. These frequency segments are available to other class licensees but, with the exception of the 10Љmeter д ‡Sž Ж'дfrequency segment, only at reduced power.жhжШž šЪUд yOиЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#б47 C.F.R. РР 97.313(c).hж In the УУNoticeФФ, we requested comment on whether it would be appropriate to delete the frequency limitations on Novice Class operators and the power limitations on other classes of operators using the Novice frequencies if we were to discontinue д …SЖ'дlicensing new Novice Class operators.жqзЪ* ЪUд {OаЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNoticeФФ, 13 FCC Rcd at 15802.qж д ‡S Љ'дС•Си554.и УУDecision.ФФ We have considered the comments on this issue and have decided that because we are grandfathering Novice Class operator licenses, rather than automatically upgrading them to General Class operator license as requested by the ARRL, we will not adopt any rule changes at this time that would change operating privileges for any licensee within the frequency segments currently authorized Novice Class operators. We also note that the comments are divided as to what the future use of these frequency segments should be. For example, Mr. Vernon H. Ferris states that the Novice bands should be eliminated and suggests that the HF band segments be aligned with band plans д …S<Ж'дpresently used in Canada, Europe, and other parts of the world.жnиШ<М ЪUд yO˜$Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бVernon H. Ferris Comments at 2.nж Other commenters state that Novice Class operators should be allowed to operate Morse code with 200 watts output anywhere within theд"  L иˆ,l(l(,,Ёа"д д …SЖ'д80Љ, 40Љ,15Љ, and 10Љmeter bands,жйЪUд yOhЖ' !* дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бAnne K. Fanelli Comments at 1; Anthony G. George Comments at 2; Woodie D. Thompson Comments at 3; John R. Sproat, Jr. Comments at 4; Frederick V. Adsit Comments at 4. ж and the current Novice subbands should be reallocated only to д …SЭЖ'дnarrowband operations (Morse and digital modes).жкШЭ ЪUд yOЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бAnne K. Fanelli Comments at 1; Frederick V. Adsit Comments at 4.ж Mr. Fiebig suggests eliminating the current Novice frequency allocations as such and, instead, divide them between low power voice and low д …SgЖ'дpower Morse code and digital emission types, while maintaining the current power limitations.жoлШgАЪUд yOЗЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бTimothy J. Fiebig Comments at 2.oж Mr. James N. Hess states that we should preserve power limitations on all classes of operators in the д …SЖ'дpresent Novice Class HF frequency segments.жkмШ@ЪUд yOс Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бJames N. Hess Comments at 1.kж д …S›Љ'дС•Си655.и Mr. James A. Wades states that any increase in voice allocations at the expense of Morse code and digital allocations poses the risk of stunting the growth of new digital communications д …S5Ж'дmodes.жlнШ5аЪUд yOЅЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бJames A. Wades Comments at 3.lж The ARRL, however, requests that the Novice Class telegraphy subbands should be used to д …SЖ'дexpand the frequency segments available for telephony.жcоШ` ЪUд yOЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 14.cж California Central Coast DX Club states that the Novice bands should be returned to general usage for General Class and higher class д …Sœ Ж'дlicensees.ж~пШœ № ЪUд yO,Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бCalifornia Central Coast DX Club Comments at 2.~ж Mr. Umina states that the Novice bands should remain unchanged; however, Novice д …Si Ж'дClass licensees should be authorized additional privileges in four of the HF amateur service bands.жnрШi € ЪUд yO‰Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бLeonard J. Umina Comments at 2.nж д …S Љ'дС•Си756.и We note, as an initial matter, that frequency segments available to Novice Class control operators also are available to Technician Plus Class operators for telegraphy and to General, Advanced, and Amateur Extra Class licensees for the transmission of RTTY and data emission д …SjЖ'дtypes.жrсЪjЪUд {OЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.305(c).rж Therefore, we believe that our Rules already provide the use that California Central Coast DX Club requests. As for the suggestion of others that we eliminate the Novice bands, we will not adopt this suggestion because the remaining comments convince us that there is no consensus within the amateur service community regarding rule changes we should make concerning these frequency segments. We also note that reallocation of these frequencies segments could have an effect on implementation of modern technologies into the amateur service and that we have previously decided that we should accord the amateur service community an opportunity to complete such discussions and possibly reach a consensus regarding implementation of new technologies before a comprehensive д …SвЖ'дrestructuring of the amateur service operating privileges and frequencies is undertaken.жoтЪвЂЪUд {O&Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ para. 17, УУsupraФФ.oж д"Ÿ!4тˆ,l(l(,,rа"дŒд …SЖ'дУ УB. Greater Volunteer Examiner OpportunitiesФ Ф д ‡SšЉ'дС•Си857.и УУBackground. ФФThe basis for the Volunteer Examiner program is set forth in Section 4 of д …ShЖ'дthe Communications Act.жuуЪhЪUд {OаЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФ47 U.S.C. РР 154(f)(4)(A).uж Under this Section, any individual who holds an amateur station operator license of a higher class is permitted to prepare or administer any examination for an amateur station operator license of a lower class, provided the examiner is accredited by the VEC coordinating the д …SЯЖ'дexamination session and meets other requirements.жrфЪЯZЪUд {OЩЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.509(b).rж Currently, only an Amateur Extra Class licensee д ‡SœЖ'дcan administer an examination for a General Class operator license.жrхЪœьЪUд {O( Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.507(a).rж In the УУNotice, ФФwe proposed to authorize Advanced Class licensees to prepare and administer examinations for the General Class д …S7Ж'дoperator license, as requested by the ARRL.жxцЪ7~ЪUд {OUЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee Notice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15802Љ03.xж We stated that this proposal would benefit potential д …SЖ'дamateur service licensees by having additional volunteer examiners available for the examinations.жuчЪЪUд {OДЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee Notice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15803.uж д ‡Sž Љ'дС•Си958.и УУDecision. ФФWe conclude that the public interest will best be served by allowing Advanced Class licensees who are certified VEs to prepare and administer examinations for the General Class operator license. In this connection, we note that in all cases, Advanced Class VEs would be д …S Ж'дpreparing and administering elements for which they themselves have received creditжш" ЂЪUд yOHЖ' !— дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бTo hold an Advanced Class operator license, and individual must have received credit for telegraphy д !— дexamination Element 1(B) or 1(C) and written examination Elements 2, 3(A), 3(B), and 4(A). To qualify for a д !Б дGeneral Class operator license, an examinee must pass or receive credit for Element 1(B) or 1(C) and written д {O œ'дexamination Elements 2, 3(A), and 3(B). УУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.501.ж and, therefore, allowing Advanced Class VEs to prepare and administer General Class operator license examinations is consistent with the Communications Act. д …S:Љ'дС•Си:59.и The comments we received generally supported our proposal. For example, NCVECs and ARRL agree that Advanced Class licensees who are VEs should be permitted to prepare and administer examinations for a General Class operator license and that allowing these VEs to perform д …SЁЖ'дthese functions would help in areas where VEs are needed but are in short supply.ж€щШЁŒ ЪUд yOЭЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNCVECs Comments at 25Љ26 and ARRL Comments at 24.€ж Mr. William Reed also agrees, stating that having more VEs would reduce the "burnout factor" and could possibly д …S;Ж'дincrease the number of examination opportunities.жjъШ;ЪUд yOї"Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бWilliam Reed Comments at 3.jж Some commenters, however, do not support our proposal. For example, Mr. David L. Heller says there should be no shortage of VEs to administer д ‡SеЉ'дGeneral Class operator license examinations because about 10% of all amateur service licensees (УУi.e., д …SЃЖ'дФФapproximately 72,000 licensees) are Amateur Extra Class licensees.жmыШЃЌЪUд yOя&Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бDavid L. Heller Comments at 3.mж He suggests that instead ofд"Ѓ"<ыˆ,l(l(,,eн"д authorizing Advanced Class licensees to prepare and administer examinations for the General Class operator license, we should permit the VECs on a special accommodation basis to accredit additional д …SšЖ'дVEs to administer examination in isolated instances where a shortage of VEs might occur.жYьЪšЪUд {OЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУIdФФ. Yж Mr. Umina opposes allowing Advanced Class licensees to administer General Class license examinations д …S4Ж'дon the basis that this change would raise some security issues with regard to examination material.жnэШ4ZЪUд yO.Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бLeonard J. Umina Comments at 2.nж Mr. Dale Gagnon states that expanding VEs to include licensees with lower class operating licenses places a burden on VE organizations to match up the examiners with the examinees during the examination sessions. This burden, he says, can lead to complexity in administering the tests and д …ShЖ'дincreased possibility for error.жiюШhъЪUд yOђ Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бDale Gagnon Comments at 1.iж Mr. Edward J. Zupan suggests that we eliminate the VE system д …S5Ж'дaltogether.жmяШ5zЪUд yOOЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бEdward J. Zupan Comments at 1.mж д …SЯЉ'дС•Си;60.и We do not agree with Mr. Heller's suggestion that we permit VECs on a special accommodation basis to accredit additional VEs because there is no objective way of determining what would constitute a special accommodation basis. In addition, we are concerned that such an approach would impose additional burdens on the both the VECs and the Commission, a result which we do not believe would be in the public interest or consistent with the underlying goals of this proceeding. We also do not agree that allowing Advanced Class VEs to administer General Class license examinations would raise security issues with regard to examination material or would increase the complexity of matching VEs with examinees at examination sessions. We note that Advanced Class VEs currently may prepare and administer examinations for the Novice and Technician Class operator licenses and that there have been no significant issues surrounding examination material security of which we are aware. Thus, we have no reason to believe that Advanced Class VEs administering General Class operator license examinations would be any less careful than would Amateur Extra Class VEs in protecting the integrity of the examinations. Additionally, we note that one of the functions of the VEC is to screen application forms to ensure that examinations were administered only by properly accredited VEs. We do not believe that allowing Advanced Class licensees to administer General Class operator license examinations increases the burdens on VECs as presently they perform this д ‡SŸЉ'дscreening function. Thus, we adopt the proposal as set forth in the УУNoticeФФ. д …S:Ж'дУ Уд":# яˆ,l(l(,,Фн"д д …SЖ'дC. RACES Station LicensesФ Ф д ‡SšЉ'дС•Си<61.и УУBackground. ФФThe RACES, as it was envisioned when it was authorized in 1952, was to д …ShЖ'дbe a temporary service designed to afford radio communication for civil defense purposes.жG№&hЪUд {OаЖ' !@ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФProviding a Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service, Docket No. 10102, УУMemorandum Opinion and д {Ošœ' !3 дOrder, ФФ1 Rad. Reg. Part Three (P&F) 91:1141 (1952). Frequency segments for this service were established in д {Odœ' !& дcooperation with the Civil Defense Administration. УУSee Public Notice, ФФ"Frequencies Available For Amateur Participation In Civil Defense Communication", FCC 51Љ35, Mimeo No. 58278 (released Jan. 17, 1951).Gж Under д …S5Ж'дour Rules, we permit two types of stations to operate as part of the RACES:ж(ё’5ЖЪUд yO‹ Ж' !Я дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бRACES is a radio service using amateur stations for civil defense communications during periods of local, д {OS œ'дregional, or national civil emergencies. УУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.3(a)(35).(ж (a) a licensed RACES station, and (b) any amateur station that has been properly registered with a civil defense д …SЯЖ'дorganization.жoђЪЯЪUд {O Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.407.oж Thus, we observed that to engage in RACES communications, it is not necessary to have a RACES station license with a separate and distinct call sign. For that reason, we proposed to д …SiЖ'дamend our Part 97 Rules to phase out RACES station licenses by not renewing them.жuѓЪiЂЪUд {OЋЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee Notice, ФФ13 FCC Rcd at 15803.uж We observed that by eliminating the RACES station licenses, we would be taking steps which (a) would eliminate licensing duplication because emergency communications that are now transmitted by RACES stations also may be transmitted by primary, club, or military recreation stations, and (b) would conserve our д …S Ж'дfinancial resources.жXєЪ 4 ЪUд {OqЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУId.ФФXж We also observed that no new RACES station licenses have been granted since д ‡Sj Ж'дJuly 14, 1980.жXѕЪj Ц ЪUд {OаЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУId.ФФXж In addition, we proposed to continue the УУstatus quo ФФby not issuing any new RACES д …S8 Ж'дstation licenses.жXіЪ8 X ЪUд {O0Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУId.ФФXж д ‡Sв Љ'дС•Си=62.и УУDecision. ФФMost of the comments specifically addressing this issue support our proposal to д …S  Ж'дphase out RACES station licenses.ж‰їъ  ъЪUд {O*Ж' !Ы дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee e.g., ФФARRL Comments at 25Љ26; QCWA Comments at 3; Sunnyvale VEC Comments at 1; California д !k дCentral Coast DX Club Comments at 3; Dominic Costantino Comments at 2; Lee Forrest, Jr. Comments at 2; Percy д !Й дWhitmore Comments at 2; Russ Ward Comments at 1; Anne K. Fanelli Comments at 1 (RACES station licenses are д !џ дunnecessary; these licenses overlap the function of the amateur radio emergency service); Herbert L. Lacey Comments at 2 (licenses are unnecessary; they have only been lightly used).‰ж In contrast, the elimination of RACES station licenses is opposed by Mr. William R. Slye, Jr. He states that in an emergency situation, it is beneficial to have a continuity of call signs so that a certain call sign is associated with a particular Emergency Operations Center or other emergency facility. He also believes that issuing RACES licenses is not overly burdensome to the Commission because current automation in licensing is available at the д …SЁЖ'дCommission.жrјШЁœЪUд yOн&Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бWilliam R. Slye, Jr. Comments at 3.rж Taking a neutral position, Mr. Martin D. Wade suggests that before we take anyд"Ё$,јˆ,l(l(,,Uн"д further action regarding RACES station licenses, we should further study the RACES program and its д …SЭЖ'дplace in Part 97 of our Rules.жlљШЭЪUд yO5Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бMartin D. Wade Comments at 4.lж д …SgЉ'дС•Си>63.и After review of the record, we conclude that we should eliminate RACES station licenses because RACES station licenses are unnecessary for amateur stations and amateur service licenses to д …SЖ'дprovide emergency communications.жЭњXЪUд yOљЖ' !Ž дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бWe note that, as of February 11, 1999, there were only 236 RACES station licenses in the amateur service database.Эж Additionally, these licenses duplicate the communications that д …SЮЖ'дwe have authorized primary, club, or military recreation stations to transmit,жoћЪЮАЪUд {O Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.111.oж and not issuing RACES station licenses would conserve our financial resources because, currently, such issuance is not an automated process. д …SЖ'дУ УD. Privatization of Certain Enforcement Procedures д ‡Sœ Љ'дФ ФС•Си?64.и УУ Background. ФФPursuant to the Communications Act, the Commission has authority, for purposes of monitoring violations of any provision of the Communications Act, to accept and employ the voluntary and uncompensated services of any individual licensed by the Commission to operate an д …S Ж'дamateur station.жuќЪ BЪUд {OцЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФ47 U.S.C. РР 154(f)(4)(B).uж The functions of individuals who provide such uncompensated services, commonly called the Amateur Auxiliary, are limited to the detection of improper amateur radio transmissions, the conveyance to Commission personnel of information which is essential to the enforcement of the д ‡SkЖ'дCommunications Act relating to the amateur radio services, and other functions.жX§ЪkдЪUд {OпЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУId.ФФXж In the УУNotice, ФФwe sought comment on other ideas for improving our enforcement processes as they relate to amateur д …SЖ'дradio.жtўЪf ЪUд {O Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУNoticeФФ, 13 FCC Rcd at 15803Љ04.tж We suggested, for example, that one possibility might be to encourage or require persons bringing complaints of interference to the Commission to include a draft order to show cause to д …S Ж'дinitiate a revocation or cease and desist hearing proceeding.жbџЪ ј ЪUд {O8Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУId.ФФ at 15804.bж We also requested additional comments and suggestions on how we could better utilize the services of the Amateur Auxiliary, consistent with д …S:Ж'дits statutory basis.жbЪ:Š ЪUд {Od!Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУId. ФФat 15804.bж д ‡SдЉ'дС•Си@65.и УУDecision. ФФAfter review of the record, we conclude that we will adopt the suggestion of the ARRL to withhold any additional action on amateur radio service enforcement based on the д …SoЖ'дincreased amateur radio service compliance efforts recently undertaken by the Commission.жfШoЪUд yO+&Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 27Љ28.fж In this regard, we note that the commenters are divided over the need and our ability to improve ourд"<%Ќˆ,l(l(,,а"д enforcement processes as they relate to amateur radio. The ARRL states that in a 1998 survey it commissioned, it found the most important issue for both ARRL members and nonЉmembers was strict д …SšЖ'дenforcement of FCC rules governing onЉtheЉair conduct.жgШšЪUд yOЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 8, n.9.gж It requests, however, that we withhold any further action on amateur radio service enforcement based on the increased amateur radio service д …S4Ж'дcompliance efforts recently undertaken by the Commission.жfШ4XЪUд yO,Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 27Љ28.fж The ARRL states that it is satisfied with the current policies of the Commission and the encouraging attitude of our Compliance and д …SЮЖ'дInformation Bureau.жЮшЪUд yOV Ж' !Ќ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 28. The functions of Compliance and Information Bureau recently have been reassigned to the Enforcement Bureau and the Consumer Information Bureau.ж Other commenters believe that official observers should be given authority to д …S›Ж'дwarn in the name of the FCC.жц’›@ЪUд {O{ Ж' !g дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g., ФФRay Hamovitz Comments at 1; Dominic Costantino Comments at 2; Lee Forest, Jr. Comments at 2; Percy Whitmore Comments at 2.цж д …S5Љ'дС•СиA66.и In contrast, Mr. Jay W. Underdown fears that privatization of Commission enforcement д …SЖ'дprocedures could make a legalized vigilante group.жnШšЪUд yO<Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бJay W. Underdown Comments at 1.nж Mr. Philip Galasso states that enforcement д …SЯЖ'дshould remain the exclusive province of the Commission.жlШЯ* ЪUд yO™Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бPhilip Galasso Comments at 3.lж Mr. Ray Soifer states that compliance activities performed by the amateur service community will only be effective if official intervention by д …Si Ж'дduly constituted regulatory authority occurs when necessary.жhШi К ЪUд yOУЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бRay Soifer Comments at 2.hж We conclude that our decision is reasonable in as much as the amateur service community itself has responded very favorably to our increased compliance efforts directed to onЉtheЉair conduct and compliance with our rules applicable to д …Sа Ж'дadministering operator license examinations.жщ "а J ЪUд {OКЖ' !џ дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g., ФФARRL Comments at 28 and ARRL Letter, Volume 18, Number 3 at 1Љ2 (Jan. 15, 1999). УУSee alsoФФ д !э дFCC Amateur Radio Enforcement Log, December 15, 1999, at (providing д !Я дa representative listing of recent reports on amateur radio enforcement-related actions from the files of the FCC Enforcement Bureau.)щж д …SjЖ'дУ УE. Other IssuesФ Ф д ‡SЉ'дС•СС` ` ШС1. УУOutЉofЉScope Proposals and CommentsФФ д …SŸЉ'дС•СиB67.и Some commenters suggest substantive changes to the amateur service rules in addition to д ‡SlЉ'дthose proposed in the УУNoticeФФ. For example, Northern California Packet Association requests that we revise Section 97.303(e) of our Rules to delete the requirement that amateur stations receive permission from an AMTS station to operate in the 219Љ220 MHz segment if the amateur station isд"&4 ˆ,l(l(,,Ха"д д …SЖ'дwithin 80 kilometers of an AMTS coast station.ж„ ШЪUд yOhЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNorthern California Packet Association Comments at 1.„ж Likewise, Southern California Remote Repeater and Remote Base Association requests that we require mandatory coordination of repeater stations д …SšЖ'дoperating in the VHF and UHF amateur service bands,жЉ ШšXЪUд yO’Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бSouthern California Remote Repeater and Remote Base Association Comments at 8Љ9 and 16Љ19.Љж a request others oppose.ж€ ЪšшЪUд {O"Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.ФФ, Rod Wheeler Reply Comments at 1.€ж Other comments suggest that we mandate retesting of licensees as a condition of renewal of an amateur service д …S4Ж'дlicense,ж Ш4zЪUд yON Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бRobert E. Becker Comments at 1; William H. Eckels Comments at 1. ж that we amend Section 97.305 of our Rules to revise the authorized emission types in many д …SЖ'дmedium frequency, high frequency, and VHF amateur service bands,жЮ ЪUд yOЋ Ж' !7 дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бARRL Comments at 13Љ16; Mr. Philip Galasso Comments at 2Љ3; Richard G. Meyer Comments at 3; Ken Hale Comments at 1.Юж or that the control operator д …SЮЖ'дprivileges be amended when the station transmitting is a club station.жlШЮb ЪUд yOаЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бJim Rinehart Comments at 1Љ2.lж These requests are beyond the д …S›Ж'дscope of this proceeding because either they are the subject of another rulemaking proceedingж2’›ђ ЪUд {O-Ж' !t дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee, e.g.,ФФУУ Public Notice,ФФ Report No. 2269, Mimeo No. 82995, Request for Declaratory Ruling, Compliance With Applicable Voluntary Band Plans in the Amateur Radio Service, RMЉ9259 (released Apr. 21, 1998).2ж or they involve rule sections which we did not propose to amend and are not a logical outgrowth of the rules originally proposed to be amended. Other requests, such as instituting license fees to pay for the д …SЖ'дworkload and enforcement actions that the Commission has to support,жnШL ЪUд yOюЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бNicholas D. Zorn Comments at 2.nж would require statutory changes to the Communications Act and are solely within the provence of Congress. Therefore, we д ‡Sœ Љ'дneither intend, nor are we able to address these outЉofЉscope issues in this УУReport and OrderФФ. д ‡S7 Љ'дС•СС` ` ШС2. УУEditorial MattersФФ д …Sв Љ'дС•СиC68.и We also are making minor amendments to various rule sections to eliminate duplicative language and conform them with this or other Commission decisions. Specifically, we are revising д …SlЖ'дSection 97.13(c) of our RulesжqЪlмЪUд {OшЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РР 97.13(c).qж У УФ Фto correct the name of OET Bulletin Number 65. We also are д …S9Ж'дrevising Sections 97.307(f)(10) and 97.313(c)(2) of our Rulesж‰Ъ9nЪUд {OG!Ж'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSeeФФ 47 C.F.R. РРРР 97.307(f)(10), 97.313(c)(2) .‰ж to clarify that only Technician Class д ‡SЉ'дcontrol operators who have satisfied the УУRadio RegulationsФФ telegraphy requirement are authorized to transmit a phone emission below 30 MHz. We consider these revisions to be nonЉsubstantive in nature.д"Ё'ˆ,l(l(,,Uа"д д …SЖ'дСрЦьdСУ УIV. CONCLUSIONФ Фƒ д …SšЉ'дС•СиD69.и Consequently, in view of the foregoing, we are amending our rules to: (a) reduce the number of amateur radio operator license classes from six to three, (b) reduce the number of written examination elements from five to three and the number of telegraphy examination elements from three to one, (c) authorize Advanced Class amateur radio operators to prepare and administer examinations for the General Class amateur radio operator license, and (d) eliminate RACES station licenses. The amended rules which are appended hereto will simplify and streamline the regulations that govern the Amateur Radio Service. д …SЯЖ'дСрюь@СУ УV. PROCEDURAL MATTERSƒ Regulatory Flexibility Act д …S6 Љ'дФ Ф д …S Ж'дС•СиE70.и The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)жwZ ЪUд {OkЖ' !і дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФ5 U.S.C. РР 601 УУet seq.ФФ The RFA has been amended by the Contract with America Advancement Act of д !д д1996, Pub. L. No. 104Љ121, 110 Stat. 847 (1996) (CWAAA). Title II of the CWAAA is the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Act of 1996 (SBREFA). wж requires that an agency prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis for noticeЉandЉcomment rulemaking proceedings, unless the agency certifies that "the rule will not, if promulgated, have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small д ‡SjЖ'дentities."ж?иjъЪUд …SєЖ'д5 U.S.C. РР 605(b). ?ж In the УУNoticeФФ, the Commission certified that the proposed rule amendments, if promulgated, would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small business entities, as defined in Section 601(3) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act because the rule amendments do д …SвЖ'дnot apply to small business entities.ж@квŠЪUд ‡SќЖ'дУУNotice ФФat РР 34.@ж Rather, the rules apply to individuals who are interested in д …SŸЖ'дradio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest .жpЪŸ,ЪUд {OkЖ'дб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бУУSee ФФ47 C.F.R. РР 97.3(a).pж No comments were received concerning this certification. The Commission now affirms this certification with respect to д ‡S9Љ'дthe rules adopted in this УУReport and OrderФФ. Accordingly, the Commission certifies, pursuant to Section 605(b) of the RFA, that the rule adopted herein will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, as defined in the RFA. д ‡SnЉ'дС•СиF71.и Alternate formats of this УУReport and Order ФФ(computer diskette, large print, audio recordings and Braille) are available to persons with disabilities by contacting Martha Contee at (202) д ‡S Љ'д418Љ0260, TTY (202) 418Љ2555, or by eЉmail at . This УУReport and OrderФФ also is available at the Commission's internet site at: . д"Є(Оˆ,l(l(,,hа"д д …SЖ'дСрwьIСУ УVI. ORDERING CLAUSESƒ д …SЭЉ'дФ Ф д …SšЖ'дС•СиG72.и IT IS ORDERED that effective У УApril 15, 2000Ф Ф, pursuant to Sections 4(i) and (j), 303(r), and 403 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. РРРР 154(i) and (j), 303(r) and 403, Part 97 of the Commission's Rules, 47 C.F.R. Part 97, IS AMENDED as set forth in Appendix B. д …S›Љ'дС•СиH73.и IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, pursuant to Sections 4(i) and (j) and 303(r) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. РРРР 154(i); (j), 303(r) that the petition for rulemaking filed by the ARRL, RMЉ9196, on September 23, 1997, IS DISMISSED as moot. д …SЯЉ'дС•СиI74.и IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Consumer Information Bureau, Reference д ‡Sœ Љ'дInformation Center, SHALL SEND a copy of this УУReport and Order, ФФincluding the Regulatory Flexibility Certification, to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration. д …S Љ'дС•СиJ75.и IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this proceeding IS TERMINATED. д …Sž Ж'дУ УFurther InformationФ Ф д …S8Љ'дС•СиK76.и For further information, contact William T. Cross or Bert Weintraub, Policy and Rules Branch, Public Safety and Private Wireless Division, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, at (202) 418Љ0680 voice or Wireless Telecommunications Bureau TTY at (202) 418Љ7233. С•СС` ` ШССИ И њСС,ССhh]ССРРСFEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION С•СС` ` ШССИ И њСС,ССhh]ССРРСMagalie Roman Salas С•СС` ` ШССИ И њСС,ССhh]ССРРСSecretary д …SЁЉ'дAttachments:С` ` ШСAppendix A С•СС` ` ШСAppendix Bд"n)ˆ,l(l(,,їа"д д yOœ'дУ Уб#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#бСрЫь{СAPPENDIX A ƒ д yOНœ'дСрlь‡СCommentsФ Фƒ д yO7œ'двЦАР(#Цв‡б#єXє\  PŽ6G;Щ’єP#б STAN GANTZ BRITT HAY LEROY KLOSE III LEROY KLOSE III JON ERICSON WILLIAM E. DISMORE STEVEN JAMES ROBESON LEROY KLOSE III LEROY KLOSE III DAVID BROOKS PAUL J. ANTONIEWICZ JAN A. TARSALA SHELLEY L. PENDLETON JAMES REYNOLDS PAUL J. ANTONIEWICZ ARLEY A. GARWIN ET AL JOHNNY COLLINS REX PICKETT, P.E., KA7NQK RAY SOIFER DONALD N. TRAMMELL JR. KENNETH R. BUSER WILLIAM DUMAS GARY RANEY JET PROPULSION LABORATORY AMATEUR RADIO CLUB KENNETH S. CANNADAY PAUL R. SIGNORELLI STEVE SNYDER JERRY WAYNE ALEXANDER JR DAVID D. MEACHAM, W6EMD WILLIAM S. HOWELL GARY W. ROBERTSON MICHAEL BINDER JOHN W. SPENCE MICHAEL HODGE G E STOCKTON JAMES R REID, KH7M JAMES R REID, KH7M JAMES C. MARCINIAK N1RUI JACOB LAUSER KK7GP JAMES C. OWEN, III JOHN R. MORIARITY GEORGE F. ALLGOOD WILLIAM J. RISCH WILLIAM J. RISCH DON C. FAITH III CHARLES CROUCHET WALTER W. WOODY ROGER HIGHTOWER ROBERT G. PARKSд"!'*ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒALLAN E. HOBRON JERRY HAIGWOOD MICHAEL RIOUX J. B. EDMONDS FLOYD JACOBS FLOYD SOO ANDY MENG JEFFREY A. JOHNS ROY J. WITT JOSEPH P. FREEMAN N0ODA NICHOLAS ROY SMITH RICHARD W. DZICK ROGER G. HARTEL DONALD B MORGAN ALAN M. TANNER JAMES C. WORTHINGTON CHARLES THOMAS NIMS, KC7VJE RICHARD T. MACDONALD THOMAS E. POWER JR. KENNETH O. KIRBY KENNETH L. LILES ARTHUR T. NICKEL THOMAS F. LEWIS NUMEROUS VERNON D. COLE JONATHAN MINER JAYSON TATLOCK DENNIS BRISCOE MILO VALENCIC MARTIN SHARPE CINDY TATLOCK CARLOS OZORES DAVID SMITH JOHN BELL FCC LARRY R FRAVEL DAVID TOWNSEND TIM CAHILL STEVE CHILDRESS WB6CSZ MONT O'LEARY, K0YCN SHAUN C. STEWART WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS BUREAU DARREN REAM LAWRENCE E MELBY II, KA5TXL LAWRENCE E MELBY II RICHARD L. TANNEHILL TONY STIPICH JOHN ABBOTT, K6YB JORGE VILLOCH KENDALL LEE KURTH NUMEROUS дH!'*ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'*У&7*I&l(l(,,HдŒCARY MANGUM ROSS L. REHART LARRY R FRAVEL PHILLIP C. HEWLETT JIMMY L. HOLBROOK JERRY BUSTIN DAVE MYERS JOHN J. KEATING LEWIS BELL JOHN EARY д yObœ'дMINNETONKA MINNESOTA AMATEUR СРРСRADIO CLUB NORMAN B. KEON SCOTT ADAM MOORE NUMEROUS THOMAS M. DAVIS ART NICKEL DALE & TANYA TONGUE GORDON WEST NUMEROUS WESTERN ILLINOIS AMATEUR RADIO CLUB PHILIP C. HAZLETT JOHN MICHAEL MARCH W4FJJ BRUCE JOHNSON CQ COMMUNICATIONS, INC. д yOuœ'дINLAND EMPIRE COUNCIL OF AMATEUR СРРСRADIO ORGANIZATIONS ROY W. ANDERSON, JR--W1CRD ROBERT E. GREEN DOMENECK MURANO RAYMOND M. STAHL JERALD SCHNOR BILL KRAFT MICHAEL J SPARLING JIM LEININGER RADIO CLUB OF TACOMA, WASHINGTON CLAIRE A. DOUCETTE JAMES EDWIN BOLTON DAVID S. FORSMAN WALTER C. TICE JAMES H. ISOM LEE CALLACI J. L. PRICE TIM LONG NUMEROUS VIRGASUN A. SORDILLIA BENNET G. DAVENPORT ROBERT E. HILTON HARRY A. HODGES JIMMIE M. SMITH VERN A. WEISS R.C. WILLIAMS CHUCK HOELZEN KC7BNC ALAN DIXON д"!'+ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒNUMEROUS NUMEROUS K3ABV JAMES B. DIDRIKSEN ALFRED J. HARRISON WILLIAM E. WYCKOFF WILLIAM H. ECKELS TIMOTHY J. FIEBIG RICHARD S. WILSON RICHARD E. DAILEY PHILIP E. GALASSO RICHARD E. DAILEY BRYAN F. SICKELS STEVE H. COLEMAN JOSEPH S. SARKIS DAVID A. HENEBRY GORDON L. LELAND GEORGE A. BONADIO THOMAS R. GLAZE EDWARD J. ZUPON CECIL A. PALMER ANNE K. FANELLI JAMES A. WADES GILFORD FULLER JAN A. TARSALA GERALD ORTMAN DANIEL DAVID JIM RINEHART GREG POLLARD NOEL GUICE GREG WASIK CW LUBAHN KEN HALE NEW USER MUSSLER, MICHAEL, E. DAVENPORT, RANDY E. CALIFORNIA CENTRAL COAST WILLIAM W. THOMPSON WILLIAM W. THOMPSON SARA LOUISE K. WOOD CLARENCE A. TILLERY MICHAEL A. BOUCHARD JACK G. VALDOVINOS MICHAEL W. GAYNON ERIC S. JOHANSSON WILLIAM R. MEYERS THOMAS N. BERBARI THOMAS E. PARSONS MICHAEL F. TAYLOR KENNETH C. NELSON ROBERT G. FORTMAN RICHARD G. MEYER EDWARD A. CONDER LARRY C. GUNTER дH!'+ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'+УдO+дOu'l(l(,,HдŒMAUREEN M. HAMM BOLIN COMMUNICATIONS MICHAEL MURRAY JOSEPH SPERONI HENRY POKORNY GEORGE DODSON OLER GENE MAY JO ANN LYTTON JEFF SCHMIDT C. A. SIMSEN PAUL THEKAN HENRY CLARK BOB VERNALL CHRISTOPHER JASPER NUMEROUS NUMEROUS BRIAN J KEEGAN д yO œ'дAMERICAN RADIO RELAY LEAGUE, Сhh]СINCORPORATED JAMES A. PIERCE, K8CAP PETER B. BROIDA RICHARD D. KLATZCO JR. N9TQA RICHARD D. KLATZCO JR. N9TQA д yOћœ'дSOUTHERN CALIFORNIA REPEATER AND СРРСREMOTE BASE ASSOCIATION LESLIE E. SCHMARDER, WA2AEA COURTNEY B. DUNCAN, ET AL. AMERICAN RADIO RELAY LEAGUE KENWOOD COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION WILLIAM M. BROWNFIELD GREGORY A. DEAN, N9NWO PAUL J MORRIS KB2ZNW MICHAEL C. BELLINGER LEIGH BASSETT, W3NLB LEIGH BASSETT, W3NLB LAWRENCE N. BOUCHARD RICHARD A. DAVIDSON JAMES MICHAEL WILCOX GLENN E. LEWIS, SR. ROBERT E. RIGHTMIRE NO CODE INTERNATIONAL LEONARD O. GOEGLEIN KENNETH S. CANNADAY GEORGE H. GOLDSTONE TERRY C. WHITESIDE STEPHEN M. MANDICH STANLEY J. BRIGGS SHEPHERD, JAMES F. GEOFFREY G. BILLIN ELIZABETH L. DOANE ARTHUR, CHARLES P. WILLIAM T. SAMPSON SYLVIA K. THOMPSON д"!',ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒKENNETH A. PILETIC WILLIAM T. SAMPSON WILEY, MICHAEL J. WILLIAM L. YESTER THOMAS R. BREEDEN THOMAS J. COLEMAN RICHARD WILKERSON MAUREEN G. KOCHEN DONALD L. VILLAGE DONALD L. FLENNER CARL R. STEVENSON BRUCE E. THOMPSON RICHARD F. DOWNES JOHN H. HENDERSON THOMAS E. KUEHL MCCOLMAN JOHN C. GERALD F. WARNER CARL LAVINIKEVICH BRADLEY J. KNAPP VERNON H. FERRIS RAYMOND K. ADAMS MARVIN C. REEVES LARRY W. WHEELER JAY W. UNDERDOWN HOLTON E. HARRIS DANIEL S. LEVINE MALCOLM P. KEOWN THOMAS N. DINEEN FORBES JAMES M DONALD K. PORTER DONALD J. DUMAN DENNIS L. GREEN RONALD L. MAYER JOHN J. KEATING JOEL R. STANLEY GARY N. BABCOOK FRAMK A. PITMAN DAVID L. HELLER GINNINE TAMBINI BAVOY D PEARSE W. DAVID GERNS ROGER L. RONEK ROBERT E. WOOD PERCY WHITMORE JOHN W. WAGNER JACK E. LOUDEN HOMER G. WYATT ALAN R. NELLES THOMAS C. HAND MARTY REYNOLDS MARTY REYNOLDS BARNETT CARWILE JACKSON, JR. YVES A. FEDER MICHAEL WILEY дH!',ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ',У’y,’y3Ql(l(,,HдŒLARRY LAMBERT JAMES N. HESS JAMES H. ISOM DAVID R. HAAG BILL SPRINGER MICHAEL WILEY WM H MILLARD JIM WILLIAMS HRQWORKS, JR. JOHN M. C. COVINGTON, III GREG A. GORE DONNIE BROWN DANNY MILLER C.J. GOODWIN BRUNO DULUCA MARY BARBER MARK THOMAS PIUNEN PULA GORDON WEST DALE GAGNON ART MCBRIDE WM L SERRA TOM BARBER H. T. BROWN DAVID L. WILSON, W4DLW WM A. REID WILLIAM T. CULBERTSON WILLIAM P. OVERSTREET LEO ZUCKER WALT ER EVANYK W8KSW JOSEPH F. CALLAGHAN JOHN STUART KA6QMN BARRY E BUTZ N8PPF BARRY BETTMAN, K6ST HARLON DALE DURHAM DOUGLAS W. SHERMAN WILLIAM D. RICKER WILLIAM A. RUSSIN WILLIAM A. RUSSIN STANLEY J. BRIGGS ROBERT REED W2CE RALPH B. WINCHELL DON MERZ STEVE LUND, K6UM MARK A. TOWNSEND PHILIP L. SMITH PHILIP L. SMITH JOSEPH D. MOELL ALAN K. UNANGST NUMEROUS NUMEROUS NUMEROUS JEROME DOERRIE BYRON T. BURNS д"!'-ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒBJORN LIENCRES JOHN MCCAULEY TONI B. ROWE CRAIG MAHLER DONKO MIRKO MARK KAHRS JIM LEMARR GARY BURKE GARY BURKE JIM MYERS DON BURNS ROBERT E. TAYLOR [KC7DJE] СppєСVIA ROBERT SQUIRE, N6AFB HEART OF AMERICA RADIO CLUB W0RR JAY CRASWELL W0VNE EX:WB0VNE ROY W. ANDERSON, JR--W1CRD PHILIP M. KANE MURRAY STATE UNIVERSITY AMATEUR д yOJ œ'дRADIO СШШ&СCLUB ROY L. VAN RIPER - W7VR NO CODE INTERNATIONAL, д yOœ'дСppєС C/O CARL R. STEVENSON - Са а ЛСWA6VSE CHARLES E. CARTER (AA0RI) AARON L. DONALDSON KB9DWU KAUAI AMATEUR RADIO CLUB ELMORE NIMROD SCOTT, JR. YOUNG, JR., WILLIAM A. YOUNG, JR., WILLIAM A. LEE W. LUMPKIN, KB8WEV DAVID B. DEFEBO WB9BWP CLARK R MANKIN, KA7RRB HARRINGTON MICHAEL J. ROBERT SQUIRE, N6AFB RICHARD P. MARKEY JR. RALEIGH L. WERT W8QOI RALEIGH L. WERT W8QOI JOHN A. CARROLL AB1Z VINCENT J. BIANCOMANO TALBERT DELBERT S. JOHN E. GRIMES ET AL. STEVEN JAMES ROBESON JAMES T. SCHLIESTETT STEVEN K. WHITEHEAD STANLEY L. VANDIVER PATRICIA A. FANNING LAURENCE W. HEDLUND HENRY S. KNOLL JR. DELORES W. ROBERTS DELORES W. ROBERTS YOUNG, WILLIAM A. YOUNG, WILLIAM A. TALBERT DORTHA J. NASHVILLE VOLUNTEER EXAM TEAM дH!'-ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'-УPЃ-PЃёzl(l(,,HдŒJAMES P. MICCOLIS JAMES P. MICCOLIS FLOYD D. FITZGERALD RICHARD A. WILLIAMS WILLIAM JAY SADLER RONALD K. ANGSTADT RONALD J. NOTARIUS RONALD G. SEMERENA MICHAEL D. FANNING LUKE HAMATY, KK4LH DENNIS G. FRANKLIN HANLON, JAMES T. VANCE H LEPIERRE RICHARD L. FOWLER KEVIN L. ANDERSON JOHN J. MCDONOUGH DOROTHY M. UEBELE DANIEL J. RAYMOND ALICIA T. FANNING HERBERT J. ULRICH HENRY P. MITCHELL DONALD H. BRANDES DONALD B. CHESTER ANTHONY G. GEORGE WILLIAM W. FREDE WALTER A. HILTON W6SGJ RICHARD RANDOLPH PAUL W. SCHLECK PATRICK E. BROWN MICHAEL C. SCOTT LEONARD J. UMINA GEORGE S. UEBELE BOYD MILTON REAR BOBBY R. FANNING ALLAN B. CULBERT ALLAN B. CULBERT PAUL B. WILLIAMS MARK A. DOWNING ANDREW E. HOWARD WILLIAM A. RUTH TIMOTHY J. ISOM TIMOTHY J. ISOM MARSHALL G. EMM JAMES HEATH JR. GLORIA J. SHARP GLENN F. VANBLARICUM, JR. W6KNB ERIC G. HILBERT EDWARD H. SCOTT DAVID G. PARKER ALAN J ATKINSON SARAH E. HOWARD RICHARD L. RIEN RICHARD BECKETT д"!'.ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒMARSHAL L. SHAW DUANE HENDERSON RAY J. VAUGHAN KYLE, ARTHUR J. JOSEPH SPERONI JOHN W. FARLER JOHN D. PETERS DIANNE WILKMAN DAVID E. GREER DAVID B POPKIN CAROL M. SMITH BRIAN P. BURKE BLOWSKY JOHN J ALAN M. TANNER PAUL A. TURNER G. D. BRENTLEY CLYDE R. SMITH SCOTT D. AND ANNE H. PRATHER RUNESTONE AMATEUR RADIO CLUB NATE BUSHNELL LEWIS , ROY E JOEL E. SMITH JIM OBERHOFER GENE SPINELLI BERT E. SMITH REX A. BADGER GEORGE J. SANTA CRUZ, PH.D. D. W. STANLEY B. J. PITTMAN STEVEN QUICK LAWS PETER C ADREA OWNBEY ADINA OWNBEY W. DAVID GERNS, SR., K1LD RAY SOIFER LESLIE K. SCOFIELD, W4SCO CARL R. STEVENSON, WA6VSE CHARLES FOSS ALFRED D. TIPSWORD W6GER THOMAS A. FRANK, KA2CDK SAMUEL K. RANDALL K5WII RALPH E. STENERSON, JR. MARTY DRIFT JOE PREWITT PETER WANG GERALD C SPEIDEL N0AOJ GEORGE L. KATZENBERGER GEORGE L. KATZENBERGER ABBEY P. ALPERN, N3WKO ROBERT K. STEPHENS ERNEST W. HOWARD, JR. ERNEST W. HOWARD, JR. JOHN M. DAMRON, W9MD BRUCE N. GAVIN дH!'.ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'.УЭ.ЭЏЄl(l(,,HдŒALAN RICHARD STANLEY ROBERT M. GINKOWSKI ROBERT M. GINKOWSKI PHILLIP A. ROGERSON DANIEL H. ARNEY JR. ALAN SLUTSKY KA4FJV HRQUARKS, JR WHITSON B. WOODARD SPENCER F. RITCHIE MICHAEL P. DEIGNAN MICHAEL P. DEIGNAN JAMES E. BROWN DUNCAN R. HUMPHREY CRAIG W. CARPENTER STEPHEN J. GRAVES STAN GANTZ, W5GZ RODNEY V. ZEIGLER RICHARD A. ABBOTT REBECCA L. GRAVES PHILIP A. RUSSELL PERRY W. OGLETREE HENRY S. KNOLL JR FREDERICK C. TOTH BRITT HAY, KB6SS RUSSELL P. VLCEK RUSSELL E. FURRY ROYAL E. BERGLEE RONNIE A. BOLTON MICHAEL E. POMPA LAKEY W. TOLBERT KLOSE III, LEROY KAREN TRULLINGER JOHN P. DONNELLY JAMES R. GRAVEAS GRAF BUCKENMAIER GERALD C SPEIDEL DOUGLAS A. SLATE AL NYLEN - W6NGW MATHIAS MENRATH JOHN COLOCOUSIS JAMES R. GRAVES GEORGE R. ISELY EDWIN M. DOTTEN DAVID L. WILSON ARVID M. MONSON JOHN TRULLINGER DONALD E. 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LYNCH, JR., MD WILLIAM CHRISTIAN HARLEY GABRIELSON DALE D. MARSHALL PATRICK RALSTON OWEN G. ROBBINS NORMAN W. CRANE JOHN FORREST DOUGLAS LYON RONALD C. PHILLIPS, AH6HN HUTCHINSON BEN H. DENNIS W. AHEIMER GUY A. MATZINGER DAVID W. FREEMAN RAYMOND J. LAINE RICHARD F. DREW PHILIP, J. KROTH JAMES E. ANDERA HARVEY S. RUBIN TIMOTHY WALKER JOHN H. ARTHUR JAMES E. SCOTT JAMES R. REID BRUCE K SIMON PETER HILLMAN FREDERICK M. SPINNER W0FMS ROBERT YOUNG NEIL F. DUNN FRANK SPICER BRUCE PERENS ALBERT A. GEMOETS JEFFREY R. BAKER JAMES E. FIELDEN ALFRED J MEUNIER VALERIE GILBERT NUMEROUS PETER G. SMITH LOUIS J. PURDY HAROLD C. TODD MICHAEL HELM HANS BRAKOB JAMES COOK CLIFFORD G SIMONSEN - AD6BS VINCENT J. BIANCOMANO ROSENTHAL, JAMES M. ROSENTHAL, JAMES M. WILLIAM W. SPURRIER GERALD R. SKINNER JIMMY L. HOLBROOK дH!'0ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'0УŠ 0Š +јl(l(,,HдŒJIMMY L. HOLBROOK CONNIE I. MURPHY WILLIAM A. CLARK DULLY JAMES R. JAMES LAWRENCE MCALHANEY DIM WARMERDAM RICHARD WILKERSON, WD6FDD FRED A. DURAN, JR., W4NKI PAUL AKIMOV LANCE SMITH JULIAN M. FROST, N3JF ROBERT S. MCCAFFREY RICHARD J. BERNHARD STEVEN W. WESTFALL PAULINE TANNEHILL MICHAEL E. WARREN MICHAEL UMBARGER DAVID A. WATROUS NUMEROUS JAMES H. SCOTT LYLE D. BRADT HERBERT R. KING, JR. (K4YDE -EXTRA) д yO>œ'дPUERTO RICO AMATEUR RADIO Сhh]ССРРСLEAGUE, INC. QUARTER CENTURY WIRELESS ASSN., INC. WALTER W. WILKMAN JR. RICKY RAY THARRINGTON ROBERT E. SCHWEITZER WILLIAM J. BUCKLEY VINCENT R. SOSNOWSKI CHARLES J. SCHNERING EVAN G. SCARBOROUGH ROBERT G. DENNISON HENRY S. DEITCHMAN BARTELS, MARTIN R. SHERWOOD M. KIDDER NORMAN E. WOODWARD CHARLOTTE L. BERRY DOUGLAS M. CASAMER STEPHEN M. BUTLER WESTON D. CLEMENT LELAND L. FELLOWS DONALD VAN SICKLE ROBERT E. JOHNSON ROBERT W. RETTIE JOHN W. KLINGELE JOHN M. BREWER EMILY P. HANSCOM CHRISTOPHER KENT RUSSELL E. MOORE KEITH M. GAWLIK WOODIE THOMPSON WILLIAM R. SLYE THOMAS W. SMITH д"!'1ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒTERRY G. GRINER HANS E. RICHTER GERALD J. SABEL FRANCIS R. STEC WILLIAM J. 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THOMAS NUMEROUS THOMAS LIEBOLD ROBERT TRIPI AMERICAN RADIO RELAY LEAGUE CHUCK PARE' RANDANT RICHARD MONTGOMERY ROBERT L. SHRADER LINDSEY R. BLOCK THOMAS B. KNIGHT RICHARD N. BETZ MICHAEL E. LOWE MICHAEL E. LOWE WILLIAM A. BURNS LARRY L. ALMAN JOHN R. SPROAT ALVIN H. SMITH A. W. WESTMONT ALAN H. SMITH TOM GRAMLICK WAYNE GREEN LOU POKROCOS N2QNX CHUCK BROADWELL KEITH J. HAYDEN RONALD G DURIE ALBERT REID д yOQœ'дROCHESTER AMATEUR RADIO Са а ЛСASSOCIATION, INC. DENNIS G. EKSTEN, W9SS PATRICIA A. LUNDBURG ROBERT ALFRED MOORE MIROSLAV S. SKORIC MCGLENSEY MARTIN J ARMENDARIZ, TONY M REGINOLD MITCHERDO ROBERT B. EDWARDS THOMAS R. SCOTT RONALD S. FRICK ALVIN A. GUIDRY JOSEPH A. MAURI ADOLPH MOGAVERO WAYNE MATHERNE LESTER V. LANZ дH!'2ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'2Уt2tЇKl(l(,,HдŒJOHNSON PARKER DAVID C. SWANN DONALD W. LONG BRIAN ANDERSON SAM P. JEWELL JERRY SHADRICK KB0OXT PATRICK EUGENE HAMEL JEFFREY LYNN ARNOLD LOU RASO THOMAS J. O'CONNOR GARY P. STANDORF DAVID F. MANGELS DENNIS D POWERS TONY A. JORDAN R. 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STEPHENS CHUCK EDMONSON JR. PAUL MONOLOPOLUS DAVID A. CORNELL NUMEROUS JOHN F. MELKA BURT L. JONES TUCK MILLER JAMES MOTAK CLAY REDDEN JIM LISTON D HOKANSON д yO œ'дPUBLIC SAFETY & PRIVATE WIRELESS С(#(#эССppєСDIVISION TERRY, D'WANA R. EDWARD P. HUTCHINSON DAVIS, FREDERICK W. DANNY L. RICHMOND WILLIAM S. LANZER DANNY L. RICHMOND DANNY L. RICHMOND DANNY L. RICHMOND DANNY L. RICHMOND DANNY L. RICHMOND JAMES T. KINSEY DOUGLAS R. BARD WA2JRQ FRANK HIDI RICHARD F. MULVIHILL HARVEY L. ZION JR. NUMEROUS RICHARD RUBIN JACK H. EDDY WILLIAM E. HOLMES RICHARD M. PRESTONдH!'4ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'4У‚Ч4‚Ч#Ÿl(l(,,HдŒTHOMAS A. DICHIARA, JR. LEO PETERS JOHN CHARLES SWIFT RONALD D. MURDOCK NUMEROUS D. SCOTT EABY KIM CANNON CHARLES M. ALLESSI W6IEG WALTER F. WERNSING WILLIE L. GRIMSLEY CLIFFORD B. BRAGG MARTIN D. WADE MICHAEL L. MARTIN KE6EIC J R KENNEDY JOSEPH W. FAHRENHOLTZ RONALD M. LAPEDIS ROBERT A. RAYMOND KEVIN W. HERRON MASTER PUBLISHING, INC. ROBERT T. WENTWORTH CHARLES GLAISYER SCOTT R. 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TRACTENBERG MICHAEL SHERWOOD JON E. VALENTINE WALTER E. MINTO DAVID H. BELL V. L. WILSON JOSEPH J GREBE MARSHALL L. WATTEL ROBERT RICHARDSON MICHAEL DURKET MARK T. CENAC JOSHUA TEMPLIN KB9ENE STEVEN J SCHNEIDER ELDRIDGE G. WILLEY RICHARD MUTH д yOЫœ'дSUN CITY CENTER AMATEUR RADIO С(#(#эССppєСCLUB JAMES N. QUISENBERRY ROGER ELDON HAMMOND WILLIAM H. SKINNER GAYLORD D. ALLISON FREDERICK WALTERS JIMMY D. NICHOLS STEVE M. STEWART JERROLD W. LIPPS KELLY, JAMES L. JAMES F. RANNEY K. ALAN ROBBINS LARRY E. WHITE GAIL D. GRINER дH!'5ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'5У@ё5@ёсШl(l(,,HдŒJOE OVERSTREET JOE OVERSTREET DONALD LAMPKIN WILLIAM ASPIN FRANK L. GLASS ROBERT PEURA GENE GENTINO J.T. BURIK ARTHUR HARRIS, N2AH THOMAS W. CAPELLO RICHARD RYBCZYNSKI MICHAEL J. CALDARE NORMAN L. BERGER EDWIN L. CLINGER DANIEL J. BENDER RONNY G. MERKEL TROY C. CREED RANDY GARRETT DAVID C NAATZ BARRY ISSEKS JERROLD W. LIPPS JERROLD W. LIPPS BRAD WILCOX THOMAS P. JOHNSON HAROLD A. WALLS RICHARD MERHAR BYRON V. CALOZ DAVID GREGORY BRINK RALPH CARSON JACK MALONE BILL H. FRY JOSE VELEZ FREDERICK E. PATTON CHARLES B. KITCHIN JOSEPH T. MOTAK JON CAERY KEVIN L. POORMAN J.A. AMICARELLA MARTIN A. MERWIN PAUL L. COFER GEORGE BOARD PAUL KRUZEL DAVID G. FINLEY, N1IRZ ROBBIE D. ROBINETTE J. GERARD ROBIDOUX NICHOLAS W. SAYER HENRY CHAMBERLAIN PETER L. OSTAPCHUK CHARLES J. DEVETT JAMES G. FERRELL RANDALL E. MCKAY WALTER L. EWALD MICHAEL CLARKE DOUGLAS CHANCO д"!'6ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒJON W. BANNING JERRY LANDRY EDWARD J. COLLINS / KB2ZYU MARK LAWRENCE, MAXFIELD JOHN COSTANTINO ROCCA ROBERT HAROLD GARFAT GEORGE W. BROWN JR. ROBERT S. TWIGGS M PAUL PATTERSON RANDALL R. WING NUMEROUS RAYMOND W STOMMEL WILBUR O. STONE WALTON R. HOOD KENNETH W SKINNER / KC5VUS CHARLES W. LEVINE NORMAN SEIFERT CHARLES OLIVER WILLIAM KROPA CRAIG MILLER CRAIG MILLER MARY SZUMERA DENNIS E. SPIESS W2DEN TIMOTHY J. SLATTERY JAMES A. GOODRICH SCOTT WILKERSON JONES, RICK D. WARREN T. REESE RAY L. DRISKELL FERNANANDO ARIES ROSS C. GOODALL ROSS C. GOODALL JOHN R. ROBERTS DON DEJARNETTE RICHARD G. GUTKNECHT, NZ2I LOU MEYER THOMAS G. RAMPTON ROBERT G. WILL ALAN L HANN JOSEPH J. CWIKLINSKI MICHAEL C. CHILDERS MICHAEL C. CHILDERS RONALD E. WILLIAMS JOHN W. MCCUTCHEON WILLIAM H. JOLLY HARLAN H. BENOY JOHN B. BREWER VINCE RODERICK LAIRD WILCOX JOE GAMBINO ED MURPHY WILLIAM L. UPHAM JR. NUMEROUS BOB RETT дH!'6ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'6Уў6ўŸђl(l(,,HдŒGLENN E. NEWCOME RONALD D. BOUVIER & JACQUELINE B. BOUVIER FRANKLIN STOGSILL MICHAEL LOUIS MCCAULEY MICHAEL LOUIS MCCAULEY ELLSWORTH O. JOHNSON CHARLES E. BLANCHARD CHARLES E. BLANCHARD TIMOTHY J. SLATTERY SAMUEL H. BEVERAGE IRWIN S. GOLDSTEIN DELWYN W. M. CHING SAMUEL H. BEVERAGE RONALD D. BOUVIER FRANKLIN STOGSILL ARTHUR B. EKBLAD TOMMY F. MCCRAW LARRY L. DIDIER TOMMY F. MCCRAW STEPHEN WELLS ROB CAVANAUGH PAUL M. SOBON TIMOTHY J, SLATTERY VERNON H. FIX JOSEPH MACK DAVID JONES NCV JIM PHILIP ED GRIFFIN JIM PHILLIPS KB6OKH ELLSWORTH O. JOHNSON BRIAN WESTPHAL IRWIN S. GOLDSTEIN DELWYN W.M. CHING ROB CAVANAUGH PAUL M. SOBON JOSEPH MACK ED GRIFFITH DAVID JONES PHILIP P. BERRUTI BRADLEY J. KNAPP ROBERT W. TAUXE JACK A. HOLZER JACK A. HOLZER JIM PHILLIPS JIM PHILLIPS PHILIP R. BERRUTI BRADLEY J KNAPP DAVID VAN DER WEELE, CHARLES J. SCHNERING MICHAEL J. METZDORF DAVID VAN DER WEELE PETER N. ZIEGLER д"!'7ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒMICHELLE COMPTON BARBARA J. RIGEL DENNIS L. BARTOU NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF VE SERENA M. RIGEL DENNIS R. BARTOU JAMES N. RIGEL DAVID N. RIGEL CHRIS MAUKONEN RAYMOND MACH NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF VEC PEARL MACH DAN WALKER MICHAEL J. METZDORF MICHELLE COMPTON BARBARA J. RIGEL SERENA M. RIGEL JAMES N. RIGEL DAVID N. RIGEL CHRIS MAUKONEN RAYMOND MACH PEARL MACH DONALD K. VANZUILEN JACKIE M. ALBRIGHT GEVES S. KENNY ET AL. HERBERT W. HATTON ROBERT MCCRACKEN ROBERT MCCRACKEN PAUL T. ATKINS JOHN A. PROLOS DAVID E. LILLY PATRICK SMITH DAVE WRIGHT IAN CARISI DONALD K. VANZUILEN NUMEROUS JOHN A. PROIOS PATRICK SMITH DAVE WRIGHT CHRISTOPHER G. MERRING RICHARD G. GUTKNECHT MARGARET A. GOODMAN MICHAEL W. GOODMAN DANIEL QUINTILIANI HILARY F. JOHNSON ALBERT H. REDLES JOSEPH W. BLANK D. WORTH CARSON THOMAS L. FLOYD D WORTH CARSON TOMMY GOODMAN ALBERT REDLES TOM CABANSKI JAMES LUMLEY дH!'7ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'7УМD7МD]l(l(,,HдŒJAMES LUMLEY TOM CABANSKI TOM CABANSKI RICHARD G. GUTKNECHT, NZ2I ED GRIFFITH CHRISTOPHER G. MERRING MARGARET A. GOODMAN MICHAEL W. GOODMAN DANIEL QUINTILIANI HILARY F. JOHNSON NUMEROUS JOSEPH W BLANK TOMMY GOODMAN TERRY H. SMITH N5SMZ DENNIS A. ARRICHIELLO LUTHER W. LIPFIRD LUTHER W. LIPFIRD JAMES G. ROBERTS ROSS C. GOODALL MICHAEL D. IHRY HOWARD JACOBSON HARRY F. WETZEL DUANE C. BALLOU DUANE C. BALLOU HARRY F. WETZEL BRIAN A. ROBERTS TERRY H. SMITH JAMES O. BAKER JAMES C. OBERG DWIGHT STEWART JAMES C. OBERG BURTON E. EATON STEVE MCNUTT RANDALL ADAMS GEORGE RAUSCH DWIGHT STEWART STEVE MCNUTT OSCAR ALONSO OSCAR ALONSO DAN WALKER BOB BECKER BOB BECKER GARY TRIPP JAMES O. BAKER JR. NUMEROUS NUMEROUS MICHAEL D. IHRY HOWARD JACOBSON CHRISTINE A. FATHAUER KC5SXC LEWIS W. SPRINGER N5OUW ERIC B. A. KIHL W1CPQ MARK E. LIGNOUL KG5BD JAMES R. SMITH (N5JXC) CHRISTINE A. FATHAUER д"!'8ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒLEWIS W. SPRINGER RICHARD C. EMERY JAMES H. OSBORNE MARK E. LIGNOUL DONALD F. NEARY BOBBIE J. BROWN ANDRE H. MARTEL JAMES R. SMITH JACKIE P. SOHL ERIC B.A. KIHL RALPH CELONE BRIAN MANNON DONALD KELLY BRIAN MANNON - KC8JXH DOUG MAY NUMEROUS RALPH CELONE DOUG MAY PAUL J. ANTONIEWICZ PAUL J. ANTONIEWICZ ROBERT H. MCCOOL THOMAS F. LEWIS RALPH P. SCHORN JAMES A. LOGAN MICHAEL GRATE MICHAEL GRATE TERENCE RYBAK MICHAEL GRATE TERENCE RYBAK GILBERT, DAVIS TED D. NELKE RIKU KALINEN STEPHEN HILL RONALD TAGG RONALD TAGG JOE SPINOSA JUDY TAGG JUDY TAGG RIKU KALINEN, K2LWO JOE SPINOSA - W6JOE ROBERT H. MCCOOL THOMAS F. LEWIS TED D. NELKE ISBELL, JAMES A. (WA5HLE FORMERLY СppєСWA6LGT) CHRISTOPHER D. RUMBAUGH FRANCIS M. SAUCIUNAS MARLBORO YOUTH REPEATER BARRY D. CHALCROFT VINCENT T. CHERRY CHRISTOPHER DONALD RUMBAUGH KD6FIB STACY W. HAGERTY JOANNE M. PYLANT STANLEY E. SIMS дH!'8ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'8Уzn8znFl(l(,,HдŒROYAL M. TYSDAL RALPH P. SCHORN JAMES A. ISBELL STACY W HAGERTY RUSSELL FALLON STEPHEN HILL RICHARD HYDE JACK H. SIMS DON BROSSEAU JOEL WISOTSKY ROB DEVLIN FRANCIS M. SAUCIUNAS BARRY D. CHALCROFT NUMEROUS RUSSELL FALLON RICHARD HYDE JACK H. SIMS DON BROSSEAU FREDERICK A. PYLANT THOMAS OLIN YEAGER RONALD G. PENKALA LESTER F. ELLIOTT GREGORY L. HANSON LAWRENCE L. RHODES THEODORE K. TOUW HAROLD G. GOODER EDWARD E. BEATTY DREW W. TRAVERS JOE P. KENMORE JAMES H. BROWN JAMES K. LEWIS RALPH MILNES RALPH EBENER JOHN BARBERA DALE R. REED PAUL HARRIS JOHN G. BECK DON VEAZEY DON MCDADE JOHN KEEL JOHN BELL UTC, THE TELECOMMUNICATION STEPHEN G. BAKER LELAND W. AURICK HOWARD L. BITSKO EARL C. MORRISON RUTH L. SIMPSON RICHARD SLEMONS MICHAEL SERAFIN LARRY E. COHEN JOHN G. SALLEY JAMES J. BILKE BRUCE W. MOYER ARTHUR ROGERS д"!'9ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒJIM PHILLIPS JIM PHILLIPS MAX D. CODY ARRL CHRISTOPHER J. HEIBERG MICHAEL C. MCCARTY WILLIAM B. PALMER LEROY M. JENNINGS ROSS C. GOODALL HENRY A. TREFTZ FRANK SALLADAY W.G. SIMPSON ROBERT J. CROUTHAMEL KEVIN PATRICK GIBSON ROBERT J. CROUTHAMEL LESTER F. ELLIOTT LESTER F. ELLIOTT JAMES G. WILCOX MARTY TRESSELL JOHN K. WILSON CLIFFORD IKEDA JOHN KIRCKOF BRIAN DEGNAN JOHN KIRCKOF ROBERT NEFF JULIO BRITO LARRY HORN RICH KELLY LARRY HORN RICH KELLY RICH KELLY RALPH J. ESCHBORN JAMES EWING HICKS RONALD J. FINGER CHARLES P. WHIPP JEFF D. MORRISON JEFF D. MORRISON LINDA L. TOWNE RANDY KROFICK PAUL S. TOWNE RICK FOSTER JAMES HEID NUMEROUS VINCENT R. SOSNOWSKI LLOYD M. MITCHELL JOSE A. CABALLERO RAYMOND T. TUERO DAVID W. LANGLEY JAMES R. MARTIN JAMES R. MARTIN DARWIN R. BRUCE KENNETH WERNER JOSEPH YAKOSKI MIKE PHILLIPPE дH!'9ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'9У8˜98˜йol(l(,,HдŒJIM LUMLEY JIM LUMLEY NUMEROUS ALBERT R. GIANDOMENICO WILLIAM K. HARGREAVES CHESTER ARTHUR THAYER VALENTINE CHRISTIAN TIMOTHY L. WILLIAMS CALVIN R. KUTEMEIER ROBERT K. MULLEINS JACK G. HOLLENBECK BEVERLY A. CARLSON JACK G. HOLLENBECK ROBERT L. WIESTER LARRY A. CHAMPION BRUCE E. RICHARDS TERRY A. JOHNSON LEONARD J. UMINA GEORGE H. MORTON DAVID C. JOHNSON JO D. COCKMON, JR. VOLNEY V. BROWN RUSSELL SHIVELY GARY MCCONVILLE VALENS PLUMMER LAWRENCE BRUCE CHRIS GAUTHIER GARY MCCONVILLE JOSEPH BRANDT JO D. COCKMON JEFF GALINAT JAMES SUMNER RICK RACKOW DON MIRADE ALEX CLARK NANCY FORD NUMEROUS NUMEROUS MICHAEL E. MILLER KENNETH W. SCHULZ THOMAS P. WALLACE KENNETH W. SCHULZ WALLY G. WESTOBY ROBERT E. DILLON JACK L. PEARSON ROGER L. GUTKA NUMEROUS CHARLES E. ATCHLEY RAYMOND H. KNUTH KENNETH P. ECKEL ARTHUR P. HARRIS VAN ROBERT HEATH VAN ROBERT HEATH DALE PENDLETON д"!':ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒADAM M. FARSON MICHAEL B. ASHENFELTER CHARLES A. SHOEMAKER MICHAEL J. DINELLI LINCOLN E. ENGWALL CLARENCE J. ZICKUHR ROBERT R. BEATTIE MICHAEL S. RUNDLE MARTIN P. BURDINE EDWARD A. SCHOBER DANIEL L. DONOVAN BLAKE ASHENFELTER STEPHANIE STEELE RALPH E. HERZLER LOUIS J. SALERNO JOHN J. ROESSLER RAYMOND J. LANE NORMA L. STEELE MICHAEL E. URSO DANIEL H. SEALY MAKING WAVES (WD6 EJN) DAVID H. HYATT JOHN L. NIMMO JOHN J. DUNN BRYCE A. CARR HARVEY GOOD JO SANFORD STEVE HAY CLIFFORD R. THACKER STEVEN DRU TWEEDIE RUSSELL M. LOCKETT ROBERT E. WILLIAMS MICHAEL C. SALAPKA MARIE V.H. LOCKETT DENNIS L. BRUNNING DANIEL O. GARRISON JERRY W. P. WILSON ROBERT J. ROEHRIG DANIEL R. ROBERTS JEROME GROKOWSKY CLYDE A. BULLARD CARL R. SWANSON THOMAS RANDALL JACK S. GRAFF DARWIN OGDEN R.C. KELLY JOHN FITCH NUMEROUS FREDERICK V. ADSIT AARON H. SCHECTMAN WILLIAM N. REUTER TODD M. LIVERMORE OTHONIEL GONZALEZ KENT G. ANDERSON дH!':ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ':УіС:іС—™l(l(,,HдŒKENNETH J. MEYER JOHN W. BUNKER TOM BITZER NUMEROUS SANTIAGO GUERRICABEITIA RAYMOND ALBERT DAVIS FRANK L. CHRISTOPHER WILLIAM P. CHAMPLIN CHARLES M. FRANCER MICHAEL C. MCCARTY MICHAEL C. MCCARTY MICHAEL C. MCCARTY MICHAEL C. MCCARTY SHEILA R. SHELTON RICHARD E. BOKERN KENNETH W. CEXTON DAVID W. SPEARING WILLIAM STERLING GARRY H. RITCHIE JOHN J. KEATING KEATON SHELTON RAY SCHLESIER RICHARD MOLLE JAMES D. COLT DENNIS DOONAN MICHAEL MAUN JAMES D. COLT J.T. MELTON W.J. COWEN GLENN SHAW DON WRIGHT ALEX FUNKE SANG LEE GEORGE A. MORANIAN CHARLES M. FRANCER GREGORY PIETRUCHA TIMOTHY L. ROACH NORMAN W. CRAMER CLIFTON W. GANTT GEORGE BAUSTERT DONALD R. CLAIR JOHN V. EVANS JACK A. JONES BRYCE A. CARR ERIK SKYTEN NUMEROUS MICHAEL L. HILLYARD HANS J. HEIMBURGER G. DONALD TOMILSON DANIEL J. GINGRAS SEAN H. GINGRAS LAWRENCE POSEY GABRIEL T. LAU PAUL J. HINTZ д"!';ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒDIANE M. DORE ALAN R. BUGOS RICHARD WARD NUMEROUS JESSE M. GIAMMARINO CHRISTOPHER SALINAS STEPHEN A. JENKINS ROGER R. SCHROEDER STEVEN S. ZINGMAN BRIAN LEE ROBERTS ROGER R. SCHROEDER WILLIAM T. SMITH WILLIAM T. SHORT WESLEY D. HARPER JONATHAN C. DAHM CRAIG B. JOHNSON RICHARD LEFFLER JOHN BURGMASTER GREGORY E. LYON KEN HUTCHINSON JOSEPH C. FUHR DENNIS E. BAHR DAVID W. MCKIM LLOYD COLSTON CLAYTON SMITH CHRIS SALINAS KEVIN PROCTOR GORDON VICTOR RICHARD WARD RICHARD COTA HOYT HUGG GARY HOSS C.H. MAY NEEDHAM R. WILLIAMSON LEONARD J. TIMBERMAN GUNNAR C. CARLSON TERRY W. TANNER FREDDIE FERRELL TIM MOORE RICHARD R. PLOURDE TIMOTHY L. ROACH JOHN J. ELENGO CARL L. MORGAN PAUL R. KNAPP PERRY GWINN LON STUART NUMEROUS WILLIAM M. KLYKYLO MARGIE A. TETMEYER EDWARD H. TETMEYER TROY D. HIGHTOWER BENNETT Z. KOBB VINCENT FISCUS JOHN W. MARTIN дH!';ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ';УДы;ДыUУl(l(,,HдŒJIM LEININGER DALE DUQUETTE NUMEROUS CYNTHIA C. LOWERY PATRICK STICKLER RICARDO E. PAGAN CARL D. CECIL BENNIE E. BOX GREG FIELDS GINGER BOX MARGART P. MULLALY-QUIJAS MICHAEL A. COVINGTON RICHARD S. CARROLL CHARLES R. SCHULTZ THOMAS R. SWISHER THOMAS H. GEWECKE RONALD G. PARSONS EUGENE N. JENKINS JOANNE M. PYLANT DAVID M. CARNEY CARL J. QUIJAS CARL J. DENBOW GERALD W. BOYD PHILIP CORLIS JOHN V. EVANS JOE D. JORDAN BILL C. CLARK DAVID E. KALB KAREN AVEY GUY AVEY NUMEROUS AARC C/O OLIVER D. GRAMLI NORMAN T. FRIEDRICH FREDERICK A. PYLANT GERALD R. WHEELER WILLIAM D. PRICE JAMES E. BROMLEY GLENN E. LOWERY TERRENCE NORMAN OLIVER S. TWIST NURSES UNLIMITED RICKY SCOTT BRETT MILLS ALEXANDER HOWARD HAYNES STEPHEN J. SCHRACK STEPHEN A. SMITH ANTHONY J. BRENT ROY W. ANDERSON ALAN J. WORMSER CECIL A. MOORE ALAN J. WORMSER GARY P. SMITH RODNEY PENLEY RONNIE SEESE д"!'<ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒRODNEY PENLEY RICK ABBOTT CHRIS SEESE ADAM ADKINS RON SEESE NUMEROUS DONALD W. RASMUSSEN KENNETH E. MILLER SHON R. EDWARDS ROBERT A. WITTE ROBERT A. WITTE JOSHUA R. KELLY ROBERT VARONE NUMEROUS ROLAND EVERETT LANGFORD RICHARD F. HALTERMON WILLIS L. GRAVNING ROBERT M. GARFIELD ROBERT E. BIEKERT JAMES O. PILOTTE ANTHONY J. BRENT JUDITH L. MOORE PHYLLIS J. KLAUS JAMES D. HYATT JONATHAN TILL JOHN R. MOORE JOHN H. SIKES ANN M. SANTOS WILLIAM BORUP WILLIAM BORUP JIM LEININGER BRIAN NORRIS HARVEY ZION M.R. WALLS GLENN SHAW JEAN-PHILIPPE LESTRALE WILLIS C. STRICKLAND MICHAEL P. OLBRISCH BELA W. LINDENFELD LOWELL D. FRAZIER LLOYD M. SCHWARTZ JEFF K. STEINKAMP CHARLES E. SCHENK ALLAN M. SNIFFEN RICHARD H. WEIL KEVIN G. MANZER JERRY H. BENSON JAMES E. DALLAS HOWARD P. GOULD HOWARD P. GOULD FRANK E. ROESCH DUANE M. BROPHY BRUCE A. WILKIE MARTIN FEIGERT дH!'<ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'<Уr<rэl(l(,,HдŒKARL F. LARSEN JOHN R. ABBOTT JAMES M. MINOR ETHAN C. BANKS ERIC A. ESTILL DOUGLAS WALKER DAVID A. YOUNG CHRIS COLLIVER BARRY ANDERSON PAUL KANIKULA MARTIN EHMANN JOSEPH MILLER CHARLES NEHER JAMES SUMNER MARK NOWELL JOHN HAUGEN JAY BENNETT SAM REAVES JOHN GOZUM BILL SMITH NUMEROUS NUMEROUS RICHARD GARRISON NEILL EDWARD J. TENHULZEN DONALD R. DICKERSON JOSEPH D. CARVALHO DAVID LEE TOWNSEND WAYNE G. WILLIAMS GEORGE J. MCCOUCH GEORGE J. MCCOUCH JAMES R. PARSONS EDWARD A. GOLDEN WAYNE P. STAATS MARCOS A. MANON JONATHAN NALLEY ERIC SONNENWALD CLAYTON BURNHAM DAVID A. COLES ROBERT SHRADER LEO J. ROSNECK JOHN J. STARK THOMAS BROWN KEITH PRICE BILL WYNNE NUMEROUS RICHARD E. WEINGARTEN MICHAEL A. SAUNDERS RICHARD R. HENSEL EDWARD H. ESZLARI THOMAS J. SALUTI JAMES A. STEVENS HERBERT W. BLAIR ROBERT B. MUNRO HOWARD P. GOULD д"!'=ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒRONNIE E. HEGE DIRK ESTERLINE MARK RICHARDS DONN J. SACHS CHARLES NEHER ROBERT CASEY FRED NICHOLS OTIS MURPHY HAROLD TATE KB3BYT ET AL. NUMEROUS NUMEROUS STEPHEN B. GERSTENSCHLAGE MADANAGOPAL KUNNAVAKKAM WILLIAM L. HOENSTINE MARTIN K. CAMPBELL KEITH R. SCHREIBER GEORGE A. ROBINSON MICHAEL GRIZZAFFI JONATHAN W. DIXON CHARLES P. ADKINS FRANCIS J. MIELE DOUGLAS E. WHITE ROBERT M. MOORE MAX JUARBE-DIAZ LARRY R. FRAVEL JAMES G. WILCOX EMERY D. WOOTEN CALVIN F. GROOM BONNIE V. SMITH RICHARD SNYDER GUNNAR SEABURG CRAIG BOSWORTH STEVEN SMITH RICK LABANCA MICHAEL DELL LEN WINKLER JOHN WILSON JOHN RAUCH HOWARD ALT LEO OWENS BOB BROWN NUMEROUS WILLIAM JOOH JOSEPH HOGE CHRISTOPHER D. RUMBAUGH CHRISTOPHER J. CIESLAK WILLIAM A. YOREO HOWARD F. HOLDEN BRADLEY W. WYATT JOHN M. MCCLARY JACK ROBERTSON JOHN P. SMITH JIM LEININGER ED A. JONES дH!'=ˆ,l(l(,,_(У$щ'=У0?=0?бl(l(,,HдŒAL DESHOTEL HAL SILVERMAN STEVE MACEY DAVID TOWNSEND BILL CLARK WILLIAM B. FREELY BRUCE PERENS DON DEJARNETTE DON DEJARNETTE DUANE P. MANTICK D. TOWNSEND D. TOWNSEND JOHN R. IRVINд"м>ˆ,l(l(,,$ У"д дH>ˆ,l(l(,,У$Є >УГI>@@l(l(,,Hд д yOœ'дˆУ УУУФФСр€ьsСУУReply CommentsФ ФФФƒ вЦАР(#АР(#Цв‡ROY W. ANDERSON, JR.--W1CRD LEROY KLOSE III NO CODE INTERNATIONAL SCOTT LEYSHONE AMERICAN RADIO RELAY LEAGUE,INC. COURTNEY B. DUNCAN ET AL. MICHAEL J. SPARLING TIM E. BILLINGSLEY BARNETT CARWILE 'JAY' JACKSON JR. DAVID J ROSEN JIMMIE L. GILES JR. RICHARD C. SHERMAN DONALD C. MILLS JAMES H. SCOTT WILLIAM DUMAS NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF VEC'S SUNNYVALE VEC ARC, INC. VALERIE GILBERT THOMAS TULLY JANET HOWITT DAVID MOISAN BRUCE PERENS LEONARD H. ANDERSON MICHAEL P. DEIGNAN ROBERT LECH, WA2HOQ EDWARD MITCHELL DENNIS G. MAJOR EDWARD P. HUTCHINSON, W7EPH DAVID N JOHANSON MARSHALL G. EMM HAROLD D. BATES HAROLD D. BATES PAT CHU, KH6KL FREDERICK V. ADSIT J.V.SCHEINDELEN PE1KTH , NCI-2261 ANTHONY LOUIS IMPELLITTERI ANTHONY LOUIS IMPELLITTERI WILLIAM H. SOHL ALAN J. WORMSER RICHARD E. DEPAULIS N1JEE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF VEC TIM BILLINGSLEY, KD5CKP CHRISTOPHER D. RUMBAUGH JEFFREY R. HARRIS NZ6Y RIKU J KALINEN, K2LWO THOMAS TERPENING JR. JAMES A. WALKER, JR. ROBERT A. MATTEUCCI JOE SPINOSA - W6JOE FREDERICK A. PYLANT ED GRIFFITH, KC6WCT DOUGLAS W. FOREHAND д"!'?ˆ,l(l(,,_(У"дŒBOB VERNALL, ZL2CA WILLIAM A. EITNER QUINCE W. GRAVEEN MICHAEL C. HUGHES JERRY S. GODSHALK JAMES KELLY, KK3K GEORGE J. DIERING BARBARA PATTERSON JOHN R. HARTZELL DARRELL FRAPPIER JOSEPH A SHIPEK JAMES W. THOMAS JAMES T. KINSEY CAROLYN MATHEWS BRUCE W. CURTIS THOMAS R. SHAY LAWRENCE LAUER JEROME V. BELL DAVID LEE EDDY BARRY CHOISSER ROBERT RETTIE CHARLES BROWN TERESA SMITH JACK CHALAIS DAVID MORGAN DAVID KAPLAN DALE R. REED PAT RALSTON MIKE SHEAT MICHAEL J. DINELLI JAMES S. HANSON EARL H. CARTER STEVEN L. KARTY ED GRIFFITH LAWRENCE E. MELBY II,KA5TXL NICKOLAUS E. LEGGET LARRY R. LABB STEVEN JAMES ROBESON, K4YZ ED GRIFFITH EDGEWOOD AMATEUR RADIO SOCIETY, INC. KENNETH J. COLLIER RICHARD G. GUTKNECHT, NZ2I ED GRIFFITH, KC6WCT LARRY ANGER BRADLEY A. FARRELLдHГ"?ˆ,l(l(,,Э#У$щ'?Уй&z?†G"l(l(,,Hд д …SЖ'дˆб#&aє\  PŽ6G;u&P#бСрИьzСУ УAPPENDIX Bƒ д …SЭЉ'дааФ Ф СрAь‰СFinal Rulesƒ Part 97 of Chapter I of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations is amended to read as follows: д …SЮЖ'дС•СУ УPart 97 Љ AMATEUR RADIO SERVICEФ Ф 1. The authority citation for Part 97 continues to read as follows: д …SЖ'дС•СУ УAuthority: 48 Stat. 1066, 1082, as amended; 47 U.S.C. РРРР 154, 303. Interpret or apply 48 Stat. 1064Љ1068, 1081Љ1105, as amended; 47 U.S.C. РРРР 151Љ155, 301Љ609, unless д …Sœ Ж'дotherwise noted.Ф Ф 2. Section 97.9 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows: д …Sа Ж'дС•СУ УРР 97.9 Operator license.Ф Ф С•С(a) *** д ‘x[дС•С(b) The person named in an operator license grant of Novice, Technician, Technician Plus, д !}дGeneral or Advanced Class, who has properly submitted to the administering VEs a FCC Form 605 д !щдdocument requesting examination for an operator license grant of a higher class, and who holds a CSCE д !хдindicating that the person has completed the necessary examinations within the previous 365 days, is д !Mдauthorized to exercise the rights and privileges of the higher operator class until final disposition of the application or until 365 days following the passing of the examination, whichever comes first. 3. Section 97.13 is amended by revising paragraphs (b) and (c)(2) to read as follows: д …SlЖ'дУ У д …S9Ж'дС•СРР 97.13 Restrictions on station location.Ф Ф С•С * * * * * д ‘x"дС•С(b) A station within 1600 m (1 mile) of an FCC monitoring facility must protect that facility from д !’дharmful interference. Failure to do so could result in imposition of operating restrictions upon the amateur д !щдstation by a District Director pursuant to РРйй 97.121 of this Part. Geographical coordinates of the facilities that require protection are listed in РР 0.121(c) of this chapter. С•С(c) * * * С•С(1) * * * д ‘xhдС•С(2) If the routine environmental evaluation indicates that the RF electromagnetic fields could д !Јдexceed the limits contained in РР 1.1310 of this chapter in accessible areas, the licensee must take action д !сдto prevent human exposure to such RF electromagnetic fields. Further information on evaluating д !Удcompliance with these limits can be found in the FCC's OET Bulletin Number 65, "Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields." д …SЃ%Љ'дУ УФ Фд"Ѓ%@ˆ,l(l(,,˜&а"д д …SЉ'дУ УФ Ф4. Section 97.17 is amended by revising paragraphs (a), (b)(1) and (c) to read as follows: д …SšЖ'дУ УС•СРР 97.17 Application for new license grant.Ф Ф д ‘xдС•С(a) Any qualified person is eligible to apply for a new operator/primary station, club station or д !3дmilitary recreation station license grant. No new license grant will be issued for a Novice, Technician Plus, or Advanced Class operator/primary station or RACES station. С•С***** 5. Section 97.21 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(2), (a)(3), and (a)(3)(iii) to read as follows: д …SЯЖ'дУ У д …Sœ Ж'дС•СРР 97.21 Application for a modified or renewed license.Ф Ф С•С(a) *** д ‘xlдС•С(3) May apply to the FCC for renewal of the license grant for another term in accordance with д !ЫдРР 1.913 of this chapter. Application for renewal of a Technician Plus Class operator/primary station д ! дlicense will be processed as an application for renewal of a Technician Class operator/primary station license. С•С(i) *** С•С(ii) *** д ‘xУдС•С(iii) For a club station or military recreation station license grant showing a call sign obtained д !7дthrough the sequential call sign system, and for a club or military recreation station license grant showing д !Одa call sign obtained through the vanity call sign system but whose grantee does not want to have the д !дvanity call sign reassigned to the station, the application must be presented in document form to a Club д !хдStation Call Sign Administrator who must submit the information thereon to the FCC in an electronic д !Ядbatch file. The Club Station Call Sign Administrator must retain the collected information for at least 15 д !­дmonths and make it available to the FCC upon request. RACES station license grants will not be renewed. С•С С•С***** д"Aˆ,l(l(,,—а"д д !*д6. Section 97.301 is amended by revising paragraph (e) to read as follows. Section 97.301(f) is deleted. The frequency tables in Section 97.301(a), (b), (c), and (d) remain unchanged. д …SgЖ'дУ УС•СРР 97.301 Authorized frequency bands.Ф Ф С•С***** С•С(e) For a station having a control operator who has been granted an operator license of Novice Class or Technician Class and who has received credit for proficiency in telegraphy in accordance with д …S5Љ'дthe international requirements.У УФ Ф д …SЯЉ'дWavelengthС` ` ШСITUСИ И њСС,СITUСhh]ССРРС ССС ITUСppєССШШ&СSharing requirements See РР 97.303 д …Sœ Љ'д bandС•СС` ` ШСRegion 1С,СRegion 2СРРССССRegion 3СШШ&СС  XСParagraph д …S6 Љ'дУУHFС•СС` ` ШСMHzСИ И њСС,СMHzСhh]ССРРССССMHz д …S Љ'дФФ80 mС•СС` ` ШС3.675Љ3.725С,С3.675Љ3.725СРРСССС3.675Љ3.725СШШ&СС  XССxxŠС(a) д …Sа Љ'д40 mС•СС` ` ШС7.050Љ7.075С,С7.10Љ7.15СРРСССС7.050Љ7.075СШШ&СС  XССxxŠС(a) д …S Љ'д15 mС•СС` ` ШС21.10Љ21.20С,С21.10Љ21.20СРРСССС21.10Љ21.20 д …SjЉ'д10 mС•СС` ` ШС28.10Љ28.50С,С28.10Љ28.50СРРСССС28.10Љ28.50 д …SЉ'дУУVHFС•СС` ` ШСMHzСИ И њСС,СMHzСhh]ССРРССССMHz д …SбЉ'дФФ1.25 m С` ` ШСЉЉЉ С,С222Љ225СРРССССЉЉЉСppєССШШ&СС  XССxxŠС(a) д …SkЉ'дУУUHFС•СС` ` ШСMHzСИ И њСС,СMHzСhh]ССРРССССMHzФФ д …S8Љ'д23 cmС•СС` ` ШС1270Љ1295С,С1270Љ1295СРРСССС1270Љ1295СШШ&СС  XССxxŠС(h) (i) 7. Section 97.307 is amended by revising paragraph (f) (10) to read as follows: д …SlЖ'дУ УС•СРР 97.307 Emission standards.Ф Ф С•С***** С•С(f) *** д ‘xКдС•С(10) A station having a control operator holding a Novice Class operator license or a Technician д !ЈдClass operator license and who has received credit for proficiency in telegraphy in accordance with the д !дinternational requirements may only transmit a CW emission using the international Morse code or phone emissions J3E and R3E. С•С***** д" Bˆ,l(l(,,š а"д 8. Section 97.313 is amended by revising paragraphs (c) and (f) to read as follows: д …SšЖ'дУ УС•СРР 97.313 Transmitter power standards.Ф Ф С•С***** С•С(c) ***** д ‘xAдС•С(2) The 28.1-28.5 MHz segment when the control operator is a Novice Class operator or a д !ЈдTechnician Class operator who has received credit for proficiency in telegraphy in accordance with the international requirements; or С•С***** С•С(f) No station may transmit with a transmitter power exceeding 50 W PEP on the UHF 70 cm band from an area specified in footnote US7 to РР 2.106 of Part 2, unless expressly authorized by the FCC after mutual agreement, on a case-by-case basis, between the District Director of the applicable field facility and the military area frequency coordinator at the applicable military base. An Earth station or telecommand station, however, may transmit on the 435-438 MHz segment with a maximum of 611 W д !Йдeffective radiated power (1 kW equivalent isotropically radiated power) without the authorization otherwise required. The transmitting antenna elevation angle between the lower half-power (-3 dB relative to the д …SбЖ'дpeak or antenna bore sight) point and the horizon must always be greater than 10УУoФФ. С•С***** 9. Section 97.407 is amended by revising paragraph (b) introductory text to read as follows: д …SŸЖ'д С•СУ УРР 97.407 Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES).Ф Ф С•С***** С•С(b) The frequency bands and segments and emissions authorized to the control operator are д !Тдavailable to stations transmitting communications in RACES on a shared basis with the amateur service. In the event of an emergency which necessitates the invoking of the President's War Emergency Powers under the provisions of Section 706 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. РР 606, RACES stations and amateur stations participating in RACES may only transmit on the following frequency segments: С•С***** д" Cˆ,l(l(,,Ї а"д 10. Section 97.501 is amended by revising the introductory text and paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) д …SЭЉ'дto read as follows:У У д …SgЖ'дС•СРР 97.501 Qualifying for an amateur operator license.Ф Ф С•СEach applicant must pass an examination for a new amateur operator license grant and for each change in operator class. Each applicant for the class of operator license grant specified below must pass, or otherwise receive examination credit for, the following examination elements: С•С(a) Amateur Extra Class operator: Elements 1, 2, 3, and 4; С•С(b) General Class operator: Elements 1, 2, and 3; С•С(c) Technician Class operator: Element 2. д !tд11. Section 97.503 is amended by removing paragraph (c) and revising paragraphs (a) and (b) to read as follows: д …SjЖ'дС•СУ УРР 97.503 Element standards.Ф Ф С•С(a) *** С•СElement 1: 5 words per minute С•С(b) *** д ‘xїдС•С(1) Element 2: 35 questions concerning the privileges of a Technician Class operator license. The minimum passing score is 26 questions answered correctly. С•С(2) Element 3: 35 questions concerning the privileges of a General Class operator license. The minimum passing score is 26 questions answered correctly. д ‘xдС•С(3) Element 4: 50 questions concerning the privileges of an Amateur Extra Class operator license. The minimum passing score is 37 questions answered correctly. 12. Section 97.505 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows: д …SЁЖ'дС•СУ УРР 97.505 Element credit. Ф Ф д ‘xадС•С(a) The administering VEs must give credit as specified below to an examinee holding any of the following license grants or license documents: д …SЂ!Љ' ( сЬдС•С(1)С` ` ШСAn unexpired (or expired but within the grace period for renewal) FCCЉgranted Advanced Class operator license grant: Elements 1, 2, and 3. д …S $Љ' ( с#дС•С(2)С` ` ШСAn unexpired (or expired but within the grace period for renewal) FCCЉgranted General Class operator license grant: Elements 1, 2, and 3. д …Sp&Љ' ( сдС•С(3)С` ` ШСAn unexpired (or expired but within the grace period for renewal) FCCЉgranted Technician д ! дPlus Class operator (including a Technician Class operator license granted before February 14, 1991)д"='Dˆ,l(l(,,(а"д license grant: Elements 1 and 2. д …SšЉ' ( сдС•С(4)С` ` ШСAn unexpired (or expired but within the grace period for renewal) FCCЉgranted Technician Class operator license grant: Element 2. д …SЉ' ( сќдС•С(5)С` ` ШСAn unexpired (or expired but within the grace period for renewal) FCCЉgranted Novice Class operator license grant: Element 1. С•С(6) *** д ‘x“дС•С(7) An unexpired (or expired less than 5 years) FCCЉissued commercial radiotelegraph operator license or permit: Element 1. д ‘xVдС•С(8) An expired FCCЉissued Technician Class operator license document granted before March 21, 1987: Element 3. д ‘xъдС•С(9) An expired or unexpired FCCЉissued Technician Class operator license document granted before February 14, 1991: Element 1. д …SjЉ'дУ УФ Ф С•С(b) *** д …SЖ'дУ У д …SбЉ'дФ Ф13. Section 97.507 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows: д …SkЖ'дУ УС•СРР 97.507 Preparing an examination.Ф Ф С•С(a) Each telegraphy message and each written question set administered to an examinee must be prepared by a VE holding an Amateur Extra Class operator license. A telegraphy message or written question set may also be prepared for the following elements by a VE holding an operator license of the class indicated: С•С(1) Element 3: Advanced Class operator. д ‘x[дС•С(2) Elements 1 and 2: Advanced, General, or Technician (including Technician Plus) Class operators. С•С***** д"ЁEˆ,l(l(,,*а"д 14. Section 97.509 amended by revising paragraphs (a), (b)(3), and (i) to read as follows: д …SšЖ'дУ УС•СРР 97.509 Administering VE requirements.Ф Ф С•С(a) Each examination for an amateur operator license must be administered by a team of at least 3 VEs at an examination session coordinated by a VEC. Before the session, the administering VEs or the VE session manager must ensure that a public announcement is made giving the location and time of the session. The number of examinees at the session may be limited. С•С(b) *** С•С(1) *** С•С(2) *** С•С(3) Be a person who holds an amateur operator license of the class specified below: С•С(i) Amateur Extra, Advanced or General Class in order to administer a Technician Class operator license examination; С•С(ii) Amateur Extra or Advanced Class in order to administer a General Class operator license examination; С•С(iii) Amateur Extra Class in order to administer an Amateur Extra Class operator license examination. С•С*****