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*')'0 ?I.E{|  27fc\ddd#eme1, 2, 3,teNumbersotation"H('0\F H rW?I 1.A, B,3,teUppercase LettersH('0\F H rW?I .TitleNotesTitle Page NotesH('0\F H rW?I ''#Z*f9 x$X# #Z*f9 x%X#NotesTrianglee NotesH('0\F H rW?I 2hif4ggXhWorks CitedWorks Cited PageH('0\F H rW?I 99         Page TitlePage Title PageH('0\F H rW?I #  `  a12:.E+O**Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers=(O*O8mn@   a22:.E+O**Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers=(O*OAop@` `  ` ` ` 2\%il-y.X80,ɒX\  P6G;P.2a=5,u&a\  P6G;&P/2e=5,&e4  pG;&\00_=5,%&_*f9 xr G;&X1P:% ,J:\  P6G;JP2H5!,),5\  P6G;,P\3{,W80,%BZW*f9 xr G;X57jC:,ynXj\  P6G;XP6a$G,',مG\  P6G;P'$* S' X   ) S'  #&J\  P6Qu&P#Federal Communications Commission`g(#bFCC 99234 ă   yx}dddy )P Before the IFederal Communications Commission  S'"yWashington, D.C. 20554 ă  S4'In the Matter of Ghh}#&J\  P6Qu&P# ) ` `  Ghh} )  S'Amendment of the Amateur Service hh} ) WT Docket No. 9712  S'Rules to Provide For Ghh}  )  Sh'Greater Use of Spread Ghh} ) RM8737  S5'Spectrum CommunicationGhh} )  S'Technologies` `  Ghh} )  Si '~ REPORT AND ORDER l  S 'X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:#'  k . ` ` We amend our rules to remove nowunnecessary recordkeeping and station identification ` ` requirements that apply only to stations transmitting SS emissions. "$, * *,,%"Ԍ  S'  kO3.` ` Our decisions in this Report and Order further our goal to improve amateur radio  |$gcommunication capabilities. In developing these new and amended rules we are guided by three broad  |$ policy principles. First, we seek to provide a flexible regulatory framework that allows for continued  |$development of new services through experimentation by amateur radio operators on amateur service  |$Rspectrum. Second, we seek to promote technological innovation. Finally, we seek to eliminate unnecessary regulatory burdens.  S6' II. BACKGROUND ă  S'  k4.` ` SS is a modulation technique that distributes the energy of the transmitted signal over a  |$&segment of spectrum that is much larger than would be needed for a "traditional" modulation scheme.  |$This technique results in the power density of the transmitted signal being very low, and the duration of  |$a transmission on any frequency in the frequency segment being but a fraction of a second, at any point  |$of bandwidth the SS emission occupies. This technique also allows reuse of the bandwidth in the  |$kavailable frequency segment that the SS emission occupies, thereby allowing multiple stations transmitting  |$xSS and nonSS systems to use the segment of spectrum simultaneously. While SS modulation techniques  |$Dhave been known for over 60 years, until the last 20 years its use has been almost exclusively for military  |$or other limited applications. In fact, outside of the military context, one of the primary uses of SS was  |$&to obscure the content of the message from individuals using receivers capable of reception only on a single channel or for a finite number of channels during some defined time period.  Sl'  k>5.` ` Over eighteen years ago, Special Temporary Authority to experiment with SS  |$transmissions was granted to 25 amateur radio stations affiliated with the Amateur Radio Research and  S' |$@Development Corporation.*Є {On' " ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#See FCC Encourages Amateur Radio Experimentation, FCC News Release, March 9, 1981. See also 47  yO8'C.F.R.  1.925. #Xj\  P6G;ynXP#* These experiments involved onair evaluation of different spreading rates,  S' |$frequency ranges, and interference to stations transmitting other emission types."Є {O'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#See The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs, 1992, pp. 217 through 2117. #Xj\  P6G;ynXP# On the basis of these  |$tests, amateur radio stations were authorized to transmit SS emissions using two spreading techniques after  Sm' |$tJune 1, 1986.^mЄ {O' " ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#See Amendment of Parts 2 and 97 of the Commission's Rules and Regulations to authorize spread spectrum  {O' x& techniques in the Amateur Radio Service, Report and Order GEN. Docket No. 81414, 99 FCC 2d 1432 (1985).  {OU'The text of the Report and Order was printed at 50 Fed. Reg. 23423 (1985).#Xj\  P6G;ynXP# Since SS was introduced in the Amateur Radio Service, the rules applicable to SS have  |$Dnot been substantively amended. In the intervening 12 years, however, numerous entities have developed  |$commercial applications of SS, including medical telemetry, Personal Communications Services, remote  S' |$8meter reading and position locating,Є {ON"'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#See ARRL Spread Spectrum Sourcebook, 1991, p. 864 and Chapter 9.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP# including safety applications such as the use of the Global Positioning System for locating ships at sea and other objects or individuals at remote points. "nl ,l(l(,,"  S'  kz6.` ` Our current Part 97 rules permit amateur stations to transmit SS emissions subject to  |$certain operational constraints. Amateur station SS transmissions may be used only for communications  |$between points where the Amateur Radio Service is regulated by the FCC and may be made only on  S4' |$cauthorized Amateur Radio Service frequency bands above 420 MHz._4Є {O'ԍSee 47 C.F.R.  97.305(c), 97.311(a)._ SS emissions transmitted by  |$amateur radio stations are limited to two types of spreading techniques frequency hopping and direct  S' |$sequence.ZЄ {O'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP# See 47 C.F.R.  97.311(c). Additionally, our rules require that documentation sufficient to enable the FCC to demodulate  |$all transmissions be retained for a period of one year following the last entry in the station records. The  |$rules also prohibit SS emission transmissions made for the purpose of obscuring the meaning of any  S5' |$communication.5Є {O 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP# See 47 C.F.R.  97.311(a), (e). Further, amateur radio stations transmitting SS emission types are secondary to amateur  S'radio stations transmitting other emission types. ~Є {O 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP# See 47 C.F.R.  97.311(b).  S '  k7.` ` On March 3, 1997, the Commission released the Notice in this proceeding to examine  |$whether amateur stations should be permitted to transmit SS emission technologies employing additional  |$Dspreading sequences. The Commission also proposed that each SS transmitter be required to incorporate  |$a device to automatically limit its power to that actually necessary to carry out the communications. We  S 'received fifteen comments and twentyfive reply comments in response to the Notice. Є yO'ԍA list of parties filing comments and reply comments is attached hereto as Appendix A.  S9' III. DISCUSSION ă  S' A. ` ` Elimination of restrictions on spreading techniques  Sm'  k8.` ` Background. The Notice proposed to amend the Part 97 rules to authorize amateur  |$stations to make greater use of SS type emission technologies. We proposed to allow amateur stations  S' |$to transmit SS type emission technologies employing additional spreading sequences.R Є {OH'ԍNotice, 12 FCC Rcd at 2591.R Specifically, we  S' |$&proposed to eliminate Sections 97.311(c) and (d),S 2 Є yO 'ԍ47 C.F.R.  97.311 (c) and (d).S which restrict amateur stations to transmitting SS  S' |$emissions that use only frequency hopping and direct sequencing spreading techniques.X  Є {O#'ԍNotice, 12 FCC Rcd at 2595.X We indicated  |$that this change would allow amateur radio operators to develop innovations and improvements to  |$^communications products and technologies. We also stated that it would provide amateur radio operators  S ' |$more flexibility to use current and future communications technologies.C T Є {O&'ԍId. at 2592.C Such a rule change also would" ,l(l(,,"  |$encourage the amateur radio community to expand its experimental activities with SS and allow amateur  S'stations to transmit SS emissions that presently are transmitted using other communications devices.:Є {O5'ԍId.:  Sg'  k9.` ` Decision. The comments we received on this proposal generally supported elimination  |$@of restrictions on the spreading techniques that amateur radio stations may use. We conclude that the  |$public interest will best be served by eliminating the rules that restrict amateur stations to using only two  |$SS spreading techniques. In this connection, we note that one of the fundamental purposes underlying  |$ our Part 97 rules is accommodation of the amateur radio operator's proven ability to contribute to the  Si' |$advancement of the radio art.viZЄ {Oc '#X\  P6G;ɒP#эSee 47 C.F.R.  97.1.v We agree with William Tynan that we should not continue restricting the  S6' |$spreading techniques available to the amateur service in order to protect Part 15 manufacturers.w6Є yO 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#William A. Tynan Comments at 5.w We also  |$concur with the ARRL that elimination of this restriction makes it likely that amateur radio operators will  S' |$xuse Part 15 devices as a source of SS equipment,|Є X4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 15#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. and we note that Metricom, a manufacturer of Part 15  S ' |$kdevices, supports these changes, provided we also adopt our proposal for automatic power control.S -Є yOj'ԍMetricom Inc. Reply Comments at 4.S We  |$also note that, because certain spreading codes and modulation methods used in Part 15 devices are not  |$permissible in amateur radio communications, the most likely effect of the current rules is that  |$experimentation is conducted by amateur radio licensees under Part 15 rules rather than under the amateur  S 'service rules. Є {O.'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP##X\  P6G;ɒP#Philip R. Karn, Jr. (Karn) Comments at 1.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#  Sk'  kd 10.` ` The manufacturers of unlicensed Part 15 devices argue that the proposed changes could  |$upset the delicate balance that has been struck in the bands they share with the Amateur Radio Service,  S' |$especially the 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands.XO Є yO'ԍThe Part 15 Coalition Comments at 1, 2.X This balance, however, appears to be based in large part  |$kon the unattractiveness of SS experimentation in the amateur service due to the restriction in the rules that  |$limits amateur radio stations to using only two specified techniques for spreading emissions frequency  Sl' |$hopping and direct sequencing.l Є {O'ԍSee Karn Comments at 1; Lyle V. Johnson Comments at 1; ARRL Comments at 3. We do not believe that this concern warrants retaining the current  |$restrictions on amateur radio stations. As an initial matter, we note that Part 15 devices will only receive  |$an SS transmission from an amateur radio station if the station is using the same spreading or coding  |$scheme as the Part 15 device, if the amateur station is transmitting at the same time and on the same  |$channels as the Part 15 device when it is in use, and if the amateur station is within the reception range  |$of the Part 15 device. The Part 15 Coalition has not shown with any degree of certainty that this  |$coincidence of events is likely to happen frequently. Further, Part 15 devices do not require the user to  S' |$have any technical knowledge of how the device works or its potential for interferenceq Є yO''ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 15; Karn Comments at 1. and use of",l(l(,,"  |$unlicensed Part 15 devices is conditioned on the user accepting interference from the operation of an  S' |$authorized radio station, another Part 15 device, or ISM equipment.RЄ {O5'ԍSee 47 C.F.R.  15.5(b).R Additionally, the use of automatic  |$Zpower controls by amateur stations that transmit SS emissions and other technical solutions discussed  |$xbelow are expected to further reduce the interference potential. We will, therefore, amend Section 97.311 of our rules as proposed.  S' B. ` ` Automatic power control  Sh'  kJ 11.` ` Background. Under our current rules, an amateur station must use the minimum power  |$necessary to carry out the desired communications regardless of the emission type, spreading technique,  S' |$or frequency band used.\ZЄ {O 'ԍSee 47 C.F.R.  97.113(a) and (b).\ In addition, amateur stations transmitting SS emission types are restricted to  S' |$ a maximum transmitter power of 100 watts (W).Є {O\'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP# See 47 C.F.R.  97.311(g). In the Notice, we proposed that automatic power  S ' |$control circuitry be required whenever an amateur station transmits an SS emission with more than 1 W.R ~Є {O'ԍNotice, 12 FCC Rcd at 2595.R  |$This requirement was intended to ensure that the output power is limited to the minimum level necessary  |$<to conduct communications so that interference with other amateur radio stations and users of the  S 'frequency bands would be minimized.H Є {O'ԍId. at 25932595.H  S '  k 12.` ` Decision. The comments are divided over the need and ability to implement automatic  |$^power controls. Some commentors believe that such controls would have an inhibiting effect on amateur  |$service communications. For example, Messrs. Johnson and Tynan point out that automatic power control  |$Rdevices can not be used for either multipointtomultipoint applications or pointtomultipoint  S' |$Iapplications, such as spacecraft telemetry.Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Lyle V. Johnson Comments at 5; William A. Tynan Comments at 6. Mr. Carpenter states that such control devices would  S' |$constitute excessive government regulation.z2 Є yOs'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Robert J. Carpenter Comments at 1.z Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation (TAPR) also  Sn' |$believes that the proposed rule is unnecessary, and that current Section 97.313(a) is sufficient.n Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation (TAPR) Comments at 3. While  |$Mr. Karn points out that the use of the automatic power control and other technical measures could lead  |$to an increase in the number of users that can simultaneously share the channel, he nonetheless believes  S' |$that adoption of automatic power controls should not be mandatory. R Є X#4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Karn Comments at 4#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. Further, TAPR and Mr. Karn  |$criticize the present rule as impeding EarthMoonEarth (EME) communication experimentation using SS" ,l(l(,,r"  S' |$gemission types because the 100 W limit is imposed only on stations transmitting SS emissions.!XЄ yOh' G6! ԍTAPR Comments at 3; #X\  P6G;ɒP#Karn Comments at 3#X\  P6G;ɒP#. Stations engaging in EME communication that are  |$b transmitting any emission other than SS can transmit with up to 1500 W Peak Envelope Power and unlimited antenna  yO'gain.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#ѯ They  |$point out that the high antenna gains and skywardpointing antennas generally used with EME protect  |$terrestrial operations from interference regardless of the emission type the station is transmitting. They  |$conclude, therefore, that the 100 W limit imposed only on stations transmitting SS emission types is  S4'unnecessary.a"4Є {O'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.a  S'  k 13.` ` In contrast, the implementation of automatic power controls is supported by the American  S' |$Radio Relay League, Inc. (ARRL).#zЄ yO 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 5#G\  P6G;مP#. The Central States VHF Society also believes that automatic power  |$kcontrols are necessary. In this connection, it believes that amateur stations transmitting SS emissions will  |$be using the maximum power available because these stations will be sharing spectrum with stations using  S'other communication modes that require the transmission of considerable power.$ Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#The Central States VHF Society Comments at 6.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#Ѭ  S '  k 14.` ` After review of the record, we conclude that the automatic power control requirement  Si ' |$proposed in the Notice should be adopted. We conclude that such a requirement is reasonable in mixed S7 ' |$mode frequency bandsL%Z7 Є yOq' G6! ԍMixedmode frequency bands are frequency bands where different emission types, such as CW, phone,  {O9' |$D RTTY, data, and SS are transmitted. All amateur service frequency bands are mixedmode frequency bands. See 47 C.F.R.  97.305(c).L until sharing protocols are sufficiently developed to satisfy users that stations can  S ' |$avoid intermode interference.& Є yO`'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 5#G\  P6G;مP#. Further, we believe that power limits are a reasonable tradeoff between  |$Vthe wideband characteristics of SS emissions and the ability and flexibility to use various spreading  S ' |$codes.' L Є X4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP# at 10. We decline to adopt the suggestion by the ARRL and Mr. Carpenter that the power level of the  Sk' |$SS emission be limited to one watt and the automatic power control requirement be dropped.(kЄ X4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Robert J. Carpenter Comments at 2; ARRL Reply Comments at 12#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. We note  S8' |$that we did not propose to reduce the maximum authorized power for stations transmitting SS emissions.T)8Є {O!'ԍSee 47 C.F.R.  97.311(g).T  |$Additionally, we are concerned that reducing the authorized maximum power for SS emissions to the level  |$suggested by the ARRL and Mr. Carpenter could adversely affect SS experimentation in the amateur  |$service and would effectively reduce amateur stations transmitting SS emissions to the status of Part 15  Sl'devices.x*l@Є yOL&'ԍThe power authorized Part 15 devices is 1 watt with 6 dBi antenna gain.x "9*,l(l(,,"Ԍ S'  C. ` ` Methods to minimize potential interference.  S'  k'15.` ` Background. In the Notice, we also solicited comments regarding methods available, other  |$gthan automatic power control circuitry, to minimize any potential interference between amateur station  |$operations and Part 15 devices, even though Part 15 devices have no interference protection rights under  S' |$our rules and no domestic or international allocation status.W+Є {Oj'ԍNotice, 12 FCC Rcd at 25942595.W We solicited these comments because  |$7Metricom expressed concern that amateur radio operators will obtain commercial Part 15 SS devices and  S' |$modify them for use under our Part 97 rules.o,ZЄ {O 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id. at 25932594.o Symbol, a manufacturer of unlicensed Part 15 devices,  |$was concerned that the disparity between authorized power for amateur stations and unlicensed devices  S6'will affect the operation of unlicensed devices in the vicinity of amateur stations.a-6Є {O 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.a  S'  k 16.` ` Decision. The comments contained technical and other nonregulatory suggestions for  |$mitigating unwanted reception of SS transmissions. For example, Mr. Karn states that SS interference can  Sk ' |$be minimized by using directional antennas with pointtopoint links..k ~Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Karn Comments at 4.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#ђ For communication over long  |$kdistances, he recommends minimum power signal relaying over the use of high power and, to address the  S ' |$"nearfar problem,"M/X Є yO' G6!c ԍThe "nearfar problem" refers to a situation in which the use of a particular frequency segment or channel  |$o near the transmitting station is different than the use of the same frequency segment or channel at a location far from the transmitting station.M he recommends geographical band plans.q0 . Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Karn Comments at 5.q He further states that transmission  S ' |$3sources can be found by using direction finding techniques.1 Є {O0'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#ш Another technique that can be useful in  |$"locating and resolving unwanted reception of an SS emission is to allow SS systems to voluntarily  Sl' |$incorporate a Morse code identification transmitter that can be demodulated by a conventional receiver.2lP Є {O\'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#ш  |$*Once the call sign of the transmitting station has been determined, the mailing address of the licensee can  |$@be found in many of the numerous internet databases that list licensee information or by accessing the  S' |$*Commission's databases. These suggestions are generally supported by the ARRL.3Є yOU!'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 14.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#љ These suggestions  |$xalso convince us that amateur radio operators interested in SS communication are willing to accommodate  |$keach other and other users of the spectrum and that they are willing and capable of resolving interference,  |$should it occur, through technical means. For this reason, we do not believe it is necessary or desirable  |$for us to adopt rules, other than the automatic power control requirement, that specify or could limit  |$@methods available for resolving potential interference between amateur station transmissions and other users of these frequency bands. "nr3,l(l(,,5"Ԍ S' D.` ` Other issues  S'` ` 1. Station record keeping and identification  S4'  k417.` ` Background. Section 97.311(e) of the Commission's rules requires that the station records  |$document all SS emission transmissions and these records be retained for a period of one year following  |$the last entry. Mr. Johnson is concerned that amateur radio operators may not have the technical expertise  |$Zor knowhow to comply with this rule, and that this rule does not have a bearing on their ability to use  Si' |$tSS emission types.u4iЄ yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Lyle Johnson Comments at 45.u He also states that retention of this requirement unnecessarily burdens the station  |$xoperator, thereby leading to a decline in the incentive to contribute to the development of SS modes within  S' |$the Amateur Radio Service.5XЄ X 4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id. at 5#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. TAPR would like the Commission to establish parity between SS and all  S' |$other emission modes, and delete the requirement of this section.6 Є Xy4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP##X\  P6G;ɒP#TAPR Comments at 4; Manager of the National Communications System Comments at 2#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. In contrast, ARRL does not believe  S 'that this requirement is too burdensome.7 Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 10.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#љ  S7 '  k18.` ` In addition, Section 97.119(b)(5) requires that a station transmitting an SS emission must  |$transmit its assigned call sign at the end of each communication, and at least every ten minutes during a  S ' |$communication, by a CW8 JЄ {O' G6!g ԍCW is defined as an International Morse code telegraphy emission having certain specified designators. See 47 C.F.R.  97.3(c). or phone emission during SS emission transmission on a narrow bandwidth  |$frequency segment. Alternatively, the station may identify itself by changing one or more parameters of  |$the emission so that a conventional CW or phone emission receiver can be used to determine the station  |$call sign. One of the purposes of station identification is to clearly make the identity of the station transmitting known to those receiving the transmission.  S'  k19.` ` TAPR states that this requirement causes interference and, as a result, outweighs any  Sl' |$tbenefits accrued regarding monitoring.9l Є X4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#TAPR Comments at 4, 5#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. Further, it suggests that conventions for station identification  S9' |$*should be developed by the amateur radio community rather than the Commission.:9U Є X. 4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id. at 5#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. The Manager of the  |$3National Communications System points out there is no currently available Commercial Off The Shelf  S' |$(COTS) spread spectrum equipment which complies with this rule.; Є Xy#4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Manager of the National Communications System Comments at 2, 3#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP# In fact, he believes that deletion of  S' |$Mthis rule could lead to an increase in the availability of COTS equipment.a<Є {O%'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.a ARRL does not believe that  |$3this requirement is too burdensome; rather, it believes that the requirement is "designed to permit self"mI<,l(l(,,B"ԫ S'regulation and compatibility determinations involving a mode that is difficult to monitor."=Є yOh'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comment at 10.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#ј  S'  k20.` ` Decision. The basis for the station record keeping requirement was a concern that the  |$*Commission and amateur radio licensees could not monitor readily SS emissions and therefore ciphers or  S5' |$3other prohibited messages could be transmitted by stations using SS emissions.$>5XЄ {O-' G6! ԍSee Amendment of Parts 2 and 97 of the Commission's Rules and Regulations to authorize Spread Spectrum  {O'Techniques in the Amateur Radio Service, Report and Order, GEN. Docket No. 81414, paras. 7, 10.$ To date, we are not  |$^aware of any instances of improper messages being transmitted by amateur stations and the record in this  |$gproceeding does not indicate to the contrary. We agree that this requirement no longer serves a useful  |$purpose and that eliminating it is a logical outgrowth of our proposal to remove restrictions on the  Si' |$spreading techniques that amateur radio stations may transmit.?&iЄ {O ' G6! ԍSee The Connecticut Power and Light Company, et al., v. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 673 F. 2d 525  {O ' |$ (1982). See also Amendment of Part 97 of the Commission's Rules Concerning Frequency Coordination of  {OQ' |$Q Repeaters in the Amateur Radio Service, Memorandum Opinion and Order, PR Docket No. 8522, 2 FCC Rcd 243 (1986).  Further, we are concerned that keeping  |$these records may discourage amateur radio operators from experimenting with SS emissions. We see no  |$tregulatory purpose being served by requiring amateur radio stations that transmit SS emissions to keep  |$Mdifferent records than amateur radio stations transmitting any other emission type. Therefore, we will  |$revise Section 97.311 to remove the recordkeeping and retention requirement as requested by Mr. Johnson  |$"and TAPR. With respect to the station identification requirement, we will revise the rule as TAPR  |$requests because we find that Section 97.119(b)(5) of the Commission's rules is unclear and also  S ' |$duplicates Sections 97.119(b)(1) and (2).@X Є yOF' G6! ԍSection 97.119(b)(5) requires that the CW or phone emission be transmitted on a narrow bandwidth  |$| frequency segment. A "narrow bandwidth frequency segment," however, is undefined. Likewise, it is not clear what the phrase "a conventional CW or phone emission receiver" means in terms of amateur service equipment. Stations transmitting SS emission types can identify themselves using the methods specified in either of these sections.  S '  Sk'` ` 2. Types of SS  S'  kJ21.` ` The Central States VHF Society and Mr. William Tynan suggest that we define a "Broad  S' |$Band" SS that would incorporate the bandwidth proposed by the Commission in the Notice, and a "Narrow  |$Band" SS that could occupy a bandwidth of perhaps 10 kHz and be authorized on all the amateur bands  |$Mabove 50 MHz, which are presently open to SSB and AM, so long as the bandwidth of the transmitted  S:' |$signal does not exceed that of an AM voice signal.A: Є {O ' G6!_ ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#The Central States VHF Society Comments at 7, 8; William A. Tynan Comments at 8. See also Robert J. Carpenter Comments at 2. ARRL opposes this suggestion on the basis that no  S' |$additional frequency allocations for SS emission types were proposed.BЄ yO#'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 13#X\  P6G;ɒP#. Instead, it states that the intent  S' |$of the Notice is to permit the use of additional spreading codes in order to provide SS users with  |$Madditional flexibility to determine which spreading codes provide the minimum interference to potential" B,l(l(,,>"  S' |$narrow band amateur modes.aCЄ {Oh'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.a We agree with the ARRL and will not grant this request because it is  |$tpremised on SS being transmitted on additional amateur service frequency bands. We also believe that  |$subdividing SS emission types is unnecessary and inconsistent with the experimental nature of the Amateur  Sg'Radio Service.DgZЄ yOa' G6! ԍAdditionally, we note that the amateur service rules do not quantitatively specify the bandwidth of an AM  {O)'voice signal. See 47 C.F.R.  97.307(f)(2).  S'` ` 3. SS emissions and interference to satellite, EME and repeater communications  S'  k22.` ` A number of commentors express concern that if a significant number of additional  |$stations start transmitting SS emissions, interference to ongoing modes of amateur service communications  |$cwill increase. In an effort to mitigate this anticipated problem, Central States VHF Society and Mr.  |$William Tynan propose that spread spectrum emissions be restricted to band segments that are not used  S' |$by amateur stations for weak signal communications.EЄ yO#'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#The Central States VHF Society Comments at 7, 8; William A. Tynan Comments at 8. Mr. Carpenter also is concerned that the power  S ' |$of stations transmitting SS emissions will cause insurmountable interference for weak signal operators.zF DЄ yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Robert J. Carpenter Comments at 2.z  |$AMSAT requests that the rules be amended to exclude SS emissions from specific frequency segments  S6 ' |$used for satellite communications.lG6 Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#AMSAT Comments at 4.l Mr. Ralph Soifer requests that frequency segments be reserved for  S ' |$MEME operations.H d Є X4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Raphael Soifer Comments at 5#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. The Southern California Repeater and Remote Base Association expresses concern  |$about potential interference between stations transmitting SS emissions and amateur stations operating as  S ' |$repeaters.I  Є yOR'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#The Southern California Repeater and Remote Base Association Comments at 8. The 220 MHz Spectrum Management Association of Southern California proposes that the  |$kburden of interference resolution between SS and the narrowband modes be placed on the "uncoordinated  S7'emitter."J7 Є {O|'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#See The 220 MHz Spectrum Management Association of Southern California Comments at 11.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#  S'  k~23.` ` In contrast, TAPR opposes these requests. It believes that we should restrict our role to  |$setting technical standards and leave the setting of conventions for other operations to the amateur radio  Sk' |$community.Kk7Є XB"4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#TAPR Comments at #X\  P6G;ɒP#4#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. Mr. Karn states that interference between SS and other amateur use is rare.LkЄ X#4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Karn Comments at 2#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. ARRL argues  |$that most repeater usage is on frequency bands below the bands where SS emissions are authorized and  S' |$further restrictions on SS spectrum are unnecessary.rMЄ yO>''ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 11.r Its position is that the current rules have already" )M,l(l(,,"  S'placed stations transmitting SS as subordinate in the hierarchy of emission modes.NЄ {Oh'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#ш  S'  k24.` ` We agree with the ARRL that the rules we are adopting will adequately address this  |$potential interference concern. Specifically, Section 97.311(b) will require that a station transmitting SS  |$emissions must not cause harmful interference to stations employing other authorized emissions, and must  |$"accept all interference caused by stations employing other authorized emissions. This rule change  |$clarifies that stations transmitting SS emissions will remain, as they are now, secondary to other stations  |$on the frequency bands they are authorized to transmit on. We also note that the rule changes do not  |$extend any new frequency allocations to stations transmitting SS emissions. Therefore, concerns about  |$interference to repeater stations or other stations that transmit on frequency bands below the 70 centimeter  |$^(cm) frequency band are unfounded because SS emissions are not authorized below the 70 cm frequency band.  Si '  k 25.` ` We will not revise the rules to prevent SS emission types from being transmitted in any  |$frequency band on the basis that SS emissions may interfere with the operating activities of other Amateur  |$DRadio Service licensees. We agree with Mr. John C. Koster that the application of rules such as Sections  S ' |$97.313 and 97.101(c) and (d) should help to minimize interference.O ZЄ yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#John C. Koster Reply Comments at 2. We also note that interference  |$between amateur radio stations is already addressed generally by Section 97.101(d), which prohibits  |$operators from willfully or maliciously interfering with or causing interference to any radio communication  |$}or signal. Additionally, we believe that excluding specific emission types from additional frequency  |$segments based on the specific operating interests of individual licensees or groups of licensees is  |$inconsistent with the principle that each station licensee and each control operator must cooperate in  |$tselecting transmitting channels and in making the most effective use of the frequencies allocated to the  Sk' |$Amateur Radio Service and that no frequency will be assigned for the exclusive use of any station.TPkЄ {O'ԍSee 47 C.F.R.  97.101(b).T A  |$hallmark of the Amateur Radio Service has been that all frequencies are shared. The expectation of any  |$station that it can operate in a totally interferencefree environment, therefore, is unreasonable. We also  |$xbelieve that subdividing amateur service frequency bands would undercut the voluntary band planning that  |$ the amateur service community does and would result in a loss of flexibility to reallocate spectrum as  |$klicensee's operating interests change, new technologies are incorporated, and frequency bands in the radio spectrum are reallocated.  S'` ` 4. Outstanding Special Temporary Authority grants  Sm'  kq26.` ` During the pendency of this proceeding, two Special Temporary Authority (STA) grants  |$authorizing, among other things, certain amateur radio stations to transmit SS emission types that were  |$not permitted by Section 97.311 and to transmit SS emissions on frequency bands not authorized by  |$ISection 97.305(c) have remained in force. The first was granted April 17, 1992, to Mr. Robert A.  S' |$Buaas.Q|Є {O$' G6! ԍSee Letter from Chief, Private Radio Bureau, to Mr. Robert A. Buaas dated April 17, 1992, and extensions dated May 26, 1993, and December 27, 1994. The second was granted to two amateur radio licensees who also are TAPR members.R"Є {O' G6!< ԍSee Letter dated May 8, 1996, from Chief, Private Wireless Division, to Messrs. Greg Jones and Dewayne  |$Q Hendricks. This STA was extended on November 6, 1996, May 8, 1997, and December 4, 1997, for additional 180 |$ day periods. Reports outlining the finding of the experiments were submitted to the Commission as part of the extension requests. This STA expired in June, 1998. Our" R,l(l(,,7"  |$decision in this proceeding obviates the need for the STAs because it eliminates the restriction on SS  |$emission types that an amateur radio station may transmit. Our decision also does not authorize SS  |$emissions to be transmitted in amateur service frequency bands that are permitted under the STAs. As  |$noted above, the STA granted to Messrs. Jones and Hendricks has expired. We are terminating the STA  |$ggranted to Mr. Robert A. Buaas as of the date the rules we adopt today become effective, because this  S'Report and Order resolves the issues that formed the basis for granting his request.  Si'a IV. PROCEDURAL MATTERS ă  S'  k(27.` ` We certify that the Regulatory Flexibility ActSЄ {OU' G6!< #X\  P6G;ɒP#эSee the Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104121, 110 Stat. 847 (1996), which amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act. does not apply to this rule making  |$ proceeding because the rule amendments will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial  |$ number of small business entities, as defined in Section 601(3) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act. The  |$+amateur radio stations that are the subject of this proceeding are not authorized to transmit any  |$communications on behalf a station control operator's employer or where the station licensee or control  S 'operator has a pecuniary interest.TT Є {O'ԍSee 47 C.F.R.  97.113(a).T  S '  k28.` ` Alternative formats of this Order (computer diskette, large print, audio cassette and  |$&Braille) are available to persons with disabilities by contacting Martha Contee at (202) 4180260, TTY  S9' |$(202) 4182555, or by email at . This Report and Order also is available at the Commission's internet site at: .  Sn' tV. ORDERING CLAUSES ă  S'  k`29.` ` IT IS ORDERED that effective November 1, 1999, pursuant to Sections 4(i) and (j),  |$x303(r), and 403 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C.  154(i) and (j), 303(r) and  |$403, Part 97 of the Commission's Rules, 47 C.F.R. Part 97, IS AMENDED as set forth in Appendix B.  S<'  k030.` ` IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Commission's Office of Public Affairs, Reference  S ' |$Operations Division, SHALL SEND a copy of this Report and Order to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration." T,l(l(,,d"  S'  kK31.` ` IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the STA granted to Mr. Robert A. Buaas IS TERMINATED on the effective date of the rules adopted herein.  S4' Further Information  S'  k32.` ` For further information, contact William T. Cross, Policy and Rules Branch, Public Safety and Private Wireless Division, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, (202) 4180680. ` `  Ghh}FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION ` `  Ghh}Magalie Roman Salas ` `  Ghh}Secretary "6 T,l(l(,,m "  S' APPENDIX A  Sg'Comments  Manager, National Communications System Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation Robert A. Buaas The Central States VHF Society 220 MHz Spectrum Management Association The Part 15 Coalition Ralph Soifer Lyle Johnson Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) Robert J. Carpenter Metricom, Inc. William A. Tynan American Radio Relay League, Inc. Philip R. Karn, Jr. Robert Brown  S' Reply Comments  The Central States VHF Society Ralph Soifer Lyle Johnson American Radio Relay League, Inc. Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) Manager, National Communications System Metricom, Inc. Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation Robert A. Buaas Robert J. Carpenter William A. Tynan John C. Koster Robert James Barron, Jr. CellNet Data Systems, Inc. Thomas C. McDermott W5YI Group, Inc. Glenn E. Elmore John R. Bingham Steven S. Dimse Steven K. Stroh Frank H. Perkins, Jr. Jacob Brodsky John R. Ackerman Donald V. Lemke Guy Story" $T,l(l(,,$"  S'  "':  "': APPENDIX B  "':  "': ԃ Part 97 of Chapter I of Title 47 of the Code of Federal is amended as follows: Part 97 Amateur Radio Service 1. The authority citation for Part 97 continues to read as follows:  S5' G6! Authority citation: 48 Stat. 1066, 1082, as amended; 47 U.S.C.  154, 303. Interpret or  S' |$X#apply 48 Stat. 10641068, 10811105, as amended; 47 U.S.C.  151155, 301609, unless otherwise  S'noted.  G6!2. Sections 97.3(a), (b), and (c) are amended by inserting numbers in front of each defined term in the definitions, and revising Section 97.3(c)(8) to read as follows:  S '  97.3 Definitions.  Sj' *** (c) ***  S' G6!(8) SS. Spread spectrum emissions using bandwidthexpansion modulation emissions having  |$designators with A, C, D, F, G, H, J or R as the first symbol; X as the second symbol; X as the third symbol. * * * * * 3. Section 97.119(b)(5) is removed. 4. Section 97.305(b) is revised to read as follows:  S'  97.305 Authorized emission types. ***  G6!8(b) A station may transmit a test emission on any frequency authorized to the control operator  |$7for brief periods for experimental purposes, except that no pulse modulation emission may be transmitted  |$}on any frequency where pulse is not specifically authorized and no SS modulation emission may be transmitted on any frequency where SS is not specifically authorized. * * * * *" T,l(l(,,!" 5. Section 97.311 is revised to read as follows:  S'  97.311 SS emission types.  G6!(a) SS emission transmissions by an amateur station are authorized only for communications  |$between points within areas where the amateur service is regulated by the FCC and between an area where  |$the amateur service is regulated by the FCC and an amateur station in another country that permits such  |$7communications. SS emission transmissions must not be used for the purpose of obscuring the meaning of any communication.  G6!V(b) A station transmitting SS emissions must not cause harmful interference to stations employing  |$other authorized emissions, and must accept all interference caused by stations employing other authorized emissions.  G6!(c) When deemed necessary by a District Director to assure compliance with this Part, a station licensee must: ` ` (1) Cease SS emission transmissions; ` ` (2) Restrict SS emission transmissions to the extent instructed; and   k` ` (3) Maintain a record, convertible to the original information (voice, text, image, etc.) of all spread spectrum communications transmitted.  G6!(d) The transmitter power must not exceed 100 W under any circumstances. If more than 1 W  |$is used, automatic transmitter control shall limit output power to that which is required for the  |$communication. This shall be determined by the use of the ratio, measured at the receiver, of the received  S[ |$Zenergy per user data bit (Eb) to the sum of the received power spectral densities of noise (N0) and co Sl[ |$Qchannel interference (I0). Average transmitter power over 1 W shall be automatically adjusted to maintain  S9[an Eb/ (N0 + I0) ratio of no more than 23 dB at the intended receiver.