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Arial- 2  F2  i2  g2 m u2  r2 K e D- Arial- 2   2  52  .- Arial- 2   - Arial- 2 0 P2  r2 8o2 j2 e- Arial- 2 c2 ,t2 e- Arial- 2  d2  2 A2 M2 m 2 B2 gr2 o2 aa2 d2 c2 a2 s2 &t2 y 2 P2 eo2 w2 e- Arial- 2 Kr2  2 L2 i2 m2 i2 t2 Es2  2 t2 ho2   2 F M2 !e- Arial- 2 !e- Arial- 2 ,"t2 " -. Arial- 2 VF2 VHr2 Ve- Arial- 2 V&q2 Vu2 V<e- Arial- 2 Vn2 VRc2 Vy2 VL 2 V(2 Vk2 VaH2 Vz2 V)--`` '--` `  ` `?`?a`a`` ` #`# '` '-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 62 02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 8 72 02  0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 Y 82 02 10-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 {92 02 S0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 g12 02 ?02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 12 a02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 22 02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 932 02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 [ 42 02 3!0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 #12 }#52 #02 U$0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 3&12 &62 '02 w'0--rr '-.  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ArialF- 2 (2 "2 .o2 n2 D-2 t2 o2 gw2 e ArialF- 2 r2 "2 S 2 e Arial- ArialF- 2 #x2 p2 +o2 s2 3u2 r2 e- ArialF-  2  2 o2 ln2 l2 /y2 ) Arial-  .> ArialF-  2 Y02 .- > ArialF-  2 22 g52 02 ? 2 uw2 a2 mv2 e> Arial-  > ArialF-  2 :l2 ee- > ArialF-  2 n2 =g2 t2 h> Arial- - ;;-- $B- --- $`- -- .> ArialF-  2 U 02 .- > ArialF- 2 52 c!02 !02 ;" 2 q"w2 "a2 i#v2 #e> Arial-> ArialF- 2 6$l2 a$e-> ArialF- 2 $n2 9%g2 %t2 %h> Arial---- $>CC---- $\CC---.> ArialF- 2 L 02 .-> ArialF- 2 62 Z!22 !52 2" 2 h"w2 "a2 `#v2 #e> Arial-> ArialF- 2 -$l2 X$e-> ArialF- 2 $n2 0%g2 %t2 %h> Arial--v-- $v^v+---- $^I---.> ArialF- 2 T2 &e-> ArialF- 2 l2 l2  2 S2 t2 u2 Ad2 y2   2 C02 .> Arial-> ArialF- 2 22 Q52 -2 02 j.-> ArialF- 2 62  22 x52  2   2 P w2  a2 H!v2 !e> Arial-> ArialF- 2 "l2 @"e-> ArialF- 2 "n2 #g2 #t2 #h> Arial----$rPr----$//rPr---. ArialF- 2 K A2 N2 S2 \ I2 /2 I2 + E- ArialF- 2 E Arial- ArialF- 2 yE- ArialF- 2  2 e"2 C2 o2 *n2 t2 r2 wo2 l2 Ul2 e Arial-  ArialF- 2 %d2 "2 5 2 zL2 i2 Xm2 6i2 {t2 s2 Y 2 f2 o2 r2  2 0R2 F2 ~ 2 I2 n2 d2 :u2 c2 ^e- ArialF-! 2 d2  2 C2 | u2 !r2 v!r2 !e Arial-"! ArialF-! 2 b"n2 "t2 N#*-!.> ArialF-# 2 b02 .> Arial-$#> ArialF-# 2 12 p52 02 H 2 ~w2 a2 vv2 e-#> ArialF-% 2 Cl2 ne> Arial-&%> ArialF-% 2 n2 Fg2 t2 h-%-'**-(-) $UUbb-'--(-) $ssbb-'-()-'.> ArialF-' 2 -52 42 0-(^-(.> ArialF-( 2 F2 C2 C2 /2 E> Arial-)(> ArialF-( 2 cP2 A2 e 2 S2 t2 Ru2 d2 * y-(. 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E=!(#  #+X4`H# P #  = (_  #+X4`H#" _ "= ( P#+X4`H#C  C= (c#+X4`H#o co= (r#+X4`H#n n= (m#+X4`H#t mt= (?#+X4`H#r r= ( #+X4`H#o  o= (#+X4`H#l l= (T#+X4`H#l l= (#+X4`H#e e=!( #+X4`H#d P d= (#+X4`H#" "= (k#+X4`H# k = (1#+X4`H#L L= (,#+X4`H#i ,i= (h#+X4`H#m hm= ()#+X4`H#i )i= (d#+X4`H#t dt= (7#+X4`H#s s= (%#+X4`H# % = (a#+X4`H#f af= (3#+X4`H#o o= (.#+X4`H#r .r= ( #+X4`H#  = (H#+X4`H#R R= (\#+X4`H#F \F= (k#+X4`H#  = (#+X4`H#I I= (X#+X4`H#n Xn= (g#+X4`H#d d= (b#+X4`H#u bu= (q#+X4`H#c c= (`#+X4`H#e `e=!(c#+X4`H#d P d= (]#+X4`H# ] = (##+X4`H#C C= (7#+X4`H#u 7u= (E#+X4`H#r r= (#+X4`H#r r= (d#+X4`H#e de=!(g#+X4`H#n P n= (b#+X4`H#t bt= (4#+X4`H#* *=!(O#jX4@@#0 jP O0= (#jX4@@#. .=!(E#jX4@@#1 jP 1= (9#jX4@@#5 95= (#jX4@@#0 0= (_#jX4@@#  = ($#jX4@@#w $w= (#jX4@@#a a= (e#jX4@@#v v= (O#jX4@@#e Oe=!(#jX4@@#l jP l= (=#jX4@@#e e=!(0#jX4@@#n jP 0n= (#jX4@@#g g= (V#jX4@@#t t= (#jX4@@#h h=!(~M#jX4@@#5 jP ~M5= (MF#jX4@@#4 M4= (:M#jX4@@#0 :M0G=!(f#jX4@@#F jP fF= (f^#jX4@@#C fC= (mf#jX4@@#C mfC= (fQ#jX4@@#/ f/= (f#jX4@@#E fE=!(f#jX4@@#P jP fP= (f`#jX4@@#A fA= (ff#jX4@@# ff = (f#jX4@@#S fS= (fo#jX4@@#t ft= (4f#jX4@@#u 4fu= (f#jX4@@#d fd= (fY#jX4@@#y fy=!(Zt#+X4@H@#* P *= ($t#+X4@H@# $ = (`t#+X4@H@#P `P= ({t#+X4@H@#l l= ("t#+X4@H@#o "o= (%t#+X4@H@#t t= (at#+X4@H@#  = (t#+X4@H@#o o= (t#+X4@H@#f f= (Qt#+X4@H@#  = (t#+X4@H@#d d= (| t#+X4@H@#a |a= ( t#+X4@H@#t t= (0  t#+X4@H@#a 0 a= ( 3 t#+X4@H@#   = ( o t#+X4@H@#f  f= (!  t#+X4@H@#r ! r= (i  t#+X4@H@#o i o= ( l t#+X4@H@#m  m= ( ! t#+X4@H@#   = ( \ t#+X4@H@#T  T= (W  t#+X4@H@#a W a= ( Z t#+X4@H@#b  b= (I  t#+X4@H@#l I l= (y t#+X4@H@#e y e=!( |t#+X4@H@# P   = (.t#+X4@H@#3 .3= (1t#+X4@H@#. .0*'N= '3,,4?v5*M)M)+\5  M)-- $M)M)---- $ & &---    ##--55mm@@w w   J J       UU((__22ii==ttGG~~QQ%%\\  /!/!!!f"f"##9$9$$$q%q%-.> Arial- 2 F2 "r2 ce D-> Arial- 2 q2 ;u2 e-> Arial- 2 n2 c2 y2 @ 2 v(2 M2 YH2 z2 F)-- &--    ## & &--55mm@@w w   J J       UU((__22ii==ttGG~~QQ%%\\  /!/!!!f"f"##9$9$$$q%q%-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 td0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 t812 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tB 22 t 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tM 32 t 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tW42 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tb52 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tl62 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tw72 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 t82 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 t92 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 t`"12 t"02 t8#0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tk%12 t%12 tC&0-- &--^^ & &JJ & &77 & &## &--ff & &bb & & &ZZ & &VV &RR & &NN & & &FF & &BB &?? & &;; & & &33 & &// &++ & &'' & & & & & &-.>  Arial- 2 M2 0a2 x2 i2 'm2 u2 5m2  2 V2 /2 m----6^6^6J6J67676#6#6--fhfhbhbhhZhZhVhVRhRhNhNhhFhFhBhB?h?h;h;hh3h3h/h/+h+h'h'hhhhh-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 22 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 32 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 ~42 ~i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 52 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 k62 ki0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 72 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 W82 Wi0-- & &--f &f% &%b &b% &% &%Z &Z% &%V &V%R &R% &%N &N% &% &%F &F% &%B &B%? &?% &%; &;% &% &%3 &3% &%/ &/%+ &+% &%' &'% &% &% &% &% &%--Cm0W)  4 ^ +>8KIWTk}!5# 9$ $ &---'.> Arial_`- 2 P2 9r2 zo2 p2 Ro2 s2 e> 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(L#|X4@@#  = (HL#|X4@@#( (= (L#|X4@@#M M= (/L#|X4@@#H H= (AL#|X4@@#z Az= ( L#|X4@@#) )&GG G  G GG4G4KGKbGby Gy #G#&G&JyJyy$y$ayay y ; y; w yw  y  y R yR y,y,yiyiyCyCyyyZyZyyyqyqyyyy&y&yyy<y<y!y!!y!S"yS""y".$y.$$y$i%yi%&y&=!(u3#|X4@@#0 |P u30=!(U3#|X4@@#1 |P U31= (3>#|X4@@#0 30=!(k 3 #|X4@@#2 |P k 32= ( 3U #|X4@@#0  30=!( 3 #|X4@@#3 |P  33= ( 3l#|X4@@#0  30=!(3#|X4@@#4 |P 34= (3#|X4@@#0 30=!(3,#|X4@@#5 |P 35= (3#|X4@@#0 30=!(3B#|X4@@#6 |P 36= (43#|X4@@#0 430=!(3Z#|X4@@#7 |P 37= (K3#|X4@@#0 K30=!(3p#|X4@@#8 |P 38= (b3#|X4@@#0 b30=!( 3 #|X4@@#9 |P  39= (y 3 #|X4@@#0 y 30=!("3g##|X4@@#1 |P "31= (X#3##|X4@@#0 X#30= (#3B$#|X4@@#0 #30=!(&3~&#|X4@@#1 |P &31= (p&3&#|X4@@#1 p&31= (&3Y'#|X4@@#0 &30&-&- & - &- &.&.&.&.-&-&-&-&&-&-&- &- - &-  & - &-  &  & - &-  & -&-.&.&.&.&&.&.&.&..&.&.&.&&.&.&.&.=!(n  #|X4@@#M |P n M= (  #|X4@@#a  a= ( / #|X4@@#x  x= (  #|X4@@#i  i= (  #|X4@@#m  m= ( a#|X4@@#u  u= ( #|X4@@#m  m= (s#|X4@@#  = (#|X4@@#V V= (~-#|X4@@#/ ~/= (d#|X4@@#m mGG--G  G- - GG..GG..Gy--yy--yyy--yy- - y- - y  y- - y  y  y- - y  y--y..yy..yyy..yy..y..yy..yyy..yy..=!(vi#|X4@@#0 |P vi0=!( #|X4@@#1 |P  1= (v#|X4@@#0 v0=!( j  #|X4@@#2 |P  j 2= (vj  #|X4@@#0 vj 0=!(   #|X4@@#3 |P   3= (v  #|X4@@#0 v 0=!( j#|X4@@#4 |P  j4= (vj#|X4@@#0 vj0=!( #|X4@@#5 |P  5= (v#|X4@@#0 v0=!( k#|X4@@#6 |P  k6= (vk#|X4@@#0 vk0=!( #|X4@@#7 |P  7= (v#|X4@@#0 v0=!( k#|X4@@#8 |P  k8= (vk#|X4@@#0 vk0&&&-t&-&t&&-t&-&t&&t&&-t&-&t&&- t&- &- t&- & t& &- t&- & t& & t& &- t&- & t& &-t&-&.t&.&t&&.t&.&t&&t&&.t&.&t&&.t&.&.t&.&t&&.t&.&t&&t&&.t&.&t&&.t&.::$$: : N N s se e  - -{{&&K'K'y F y F " " # # $ $ % % & =!(GJ#|X4@@#P |P P= (NJ#|X4@@#r Nr= ( J#|X4@@#o o= (yJ#|X4@@#p p= (kJ#|X4@@#o ko= (UJ#|X4@@#s s= (;J#|X4@@#e ;e=!(%J#|X4@@#d |P d= (J#|X4@@#  = (NJ#|X4@@#m Nm= (n J#|X4@@#a a= (`  J#|X4@@#x ` x= ( = J#|X4@@#i  i= ( i J#|X4@@#m  m= (  J#|X4@@#u  u= ( { J#|X4@@#m  m= (  J#|X4@@#   = ( W J#|X4@@#e  e=!(H  J#|X4@@#l |P H l= (t  J#|X4@@#e t e=!( ^ J#|X4@@#c |P  c= (D  J#|X4@@#t D t= ({  J#|X4@@#r { r= ( 9J#|X4@@#i  i= ( eJ#|X4@@#c  c= (KJ#|X4@@# K = (J#|X4@@#f f= (5J#|X4@@#i i= (aJ#|X4@@#e e=!(SJ#|X4@@#l |P Sl= (~J#|X4@@#d ~d= (hJ#|X4@@#  = (#J#|X4@@#e #e=!( J#|X4@@#x |P x= (nJ#|X4@@#p p= (`J#|X4@@#o `o= (IJ#|X4@@#s s= (0J#|X4@@#u 0u= (J#|X4@@#r r= (\J#|X4@@#e e=!(MJ#|X4@@# |P M = (J#|X4@@#b b= (nJ#|X4@@#e e=!(`J#|X4@@#l |P `l= (J#|X4@@#o o= (uJ#|X4@@#w w= (J#|X4@@#  = (:J#|X4@@#w w= (LJ#|X4@@#h Lh= (6J#|X4@@#i i= (bJ#|X4@@#c c= (HJ#|X4@@#h Hh= (2J#|X4@@#  = (iJ#|X4@@#n n= (ZJ#|X4@@#o Zo= (DJ#|X4@@#  = ({J#|X4@@#i i= (+J#|X4@@#n +n= (J#|X4@@#d d= (J#|X4@@#u u= (tJ#|X4@@#c tc= (RJ#|X4@@#e e=!(DJ#|X4@@#d |P Dd= (.J#|X4@@#  = (eJ#|X4@@#c c= (KJ#|X4@@#u Ku= (5J#|X4@@#r r= (wJ#|X4@@#r r= (=J#|X4@@#e =e=!('J#|X4@@#n |P n= (J#|X4@@#t t= (OJ#|X4@@# O = (J#|X4@@#m m= (+J#|X4@@#e +e=!( J#|X4@@#a |P a= (  J#|X4@@#s  s= (i  J#|X4@@#u i u= ( R!J#|X4@@#r  r= (!!J#|X4@@#e !e=!(!"J#|X4@@#m |P !m= (+""J#|X4@@#e +"e=!("#J#|X4@@#n |P "n= (##J#|X4@@#t #t= (=##J#|X4@@#s =#s= (#$J#|X4@@# # = (#R$J#|X4@@#a #a= (D$$J#|X4@@#r D$r= ($%J#|X4@@#e $e=!($p%J#|X4@@# |P $ = (+%%J#|X4@@#r +%r= (m%%J#|X4@@#e m%e=!(%V&J#|X4@@#q |P %q= (H&&J#|X4@@#u H&u= (&2'J#|X4@@#i &i= (&]'J#|X4@@#r &r= (#''J#|X4@@#e #'e=!(' (J#|X4@@#d |P 'd=!(CV#|X4@@#( |P CV(= (V#|X4@@#c Vc= (Vd#|X4@@#o Vo= (VV#|X4@@#n VVn= (V?#|X4@@#t Vt= (Vv#|X4@@#r Vr= (<V#|X4@@#o <Vo= (V&#|X4@@#l Vl= (VQ#|X4@@#l Vl= (V}#|X4@@#e Ve=!(oV#|X4@@#d |P oVd= (VY#|X4@@# V = (V#|X4@@#e Ve=!(V#|X4@@#n |P Vn= (Vk#|X4@@#v Vv= (QV#|X4@@#i QVi= (}V#|X4@@#r }Vr= (V;#|X4@@#o Vo= (-V#|X4@@#n -Vn= (V#|X4@@#m Vm= (?V#|X4@@#e ?Ve=!(V)#|X4@@#n |P Vn= (V#|X4@@#t Vt= (QV#|X4@@#) QV)0*]N= '3,,4?+*))++  )-- $))---- $ V I$I$V---V-- V } V} qVqV1V1=V=%V%V]V]VVV V !V!"V"#V#-.> Arial\- 2 F2 xr2 e D-> Arial\- 2 %q2 u2 e-> Arial\- 2 in2 c2 6y2  2 (2 M2 H2 ;z2 )-- I$--1  11I$I$--  } } qq11==%%]]  !!""##-> Arial\--> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 "02 ".-> Arial\- 2 "$1-> Arial\--> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 ""12 ".-> Arial\- 2 "0-> Arial\--> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 "#12 "#02 "d$.-> Arial\- 2 "$0--V VI$-- V } V} qVqV1V1=V=%V%V]V]VVV V !V!"V"#V#-- I$ I$x xI$ I$7 7I$ I$ I$-- I$L LI$ I$? ?I$2 2I$ I$% %I$ I$ I$  I$ I$ I$ I$k kI$ I$^ ^I$Q QI$ I$D DI$ I$ I$* *I$ I$ I$ I$ I$ I$} }I$p pI$ I$c cI$ I$-.>  Arial\- 2 M2 da2 x2 0i2 [m2 u2 im2  2 AV2 /2 m-- V --  xx  77   VV -- ;L L; ;? ?;2 2; ;% %; ; ;  ; ; ; ;k k; ;^ ^;Q Q; ;D D; ; ;* *; ; ; ; ; ;} };p p; ;c c; ;-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 v0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 l52 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 612 6l02 60-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 12 l52 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 22 l02 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 U22 Ul52 U0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 32 l02 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 32 l52 0--I$VI$--{$I$L{$LI${$I$?{$?I$2{$2I${$I$%{$%I${$I${$I$ {$ I${$I${$I${$I$k{$kI${$I$^{$^I$Q{$QI${$I$D{$DI${$I${$I$*{$*I${$I${$I${$I${$I${$I$}{$}I$p{$pI${$I$c{$cI${$I$--=2]W "^I$---'.> Arial\- 2 |MP2 |r2 |o2 |{p2 |o2 |Ss2 |e> Arial\- 2 | d2 | 2 |m2 |da2 |x2 |0 i2 |[ m2 | u2 |i m2 |  2 |A e> Arial\-> Arial\- 2 | l2 | e-> Arial\-  2 |D c2 | t2 | r2 | i2 |G c2 |  2 | f2 |i2 |?e> Arial\-  > Arial\-  2 |l2 |d2 |B 2 |xe- > Arial\-  2 |x2 |Dp2 |o2 |s2 |}u2 |r2 |*e> Arial\-  > Arial\-  2 | 2 |b2 |8e- > Arial\-  2 |l2 |o2 |;w2 | 2 |w2 |h2 |i2 | c2 |h2 | 2 |#n2 |o2 | 2 |1i2 |\n2 |d2 |4u2 |c2 |e> Arial\- > Arial\-  2 |md2 | 2 |c2 |pu2 |r2 |r2 |^e- > Arial\- 2 |n2 |6t2 |l 2 |m2 |De> Arial\-> Arial\- 2 |a2 |s2 |}u2 |r2 |* e-> Arial\- 2 | m2 |8!e> Arial\-> Arial\- 2 |!n2 |"t2 |F"s2 |" 2 |"a2 |I#r2 |#e-> Arial\- 2 |# 2 |,$r2 |m$e> Arial\-> Arial\- 2 |$q2 |E%u2 |%i2 |%r2 |&e-> Arial\- 2 |&d> Arial\-.> Arial\- 2 8(2 8u2 8tn2 8c2 8Ao2 8n2 8t2 8Or2 8o2 8l2 8'l2 8Re-> Arial\- 2 8d2 8* 2 8`e> Arial\-> Arial\- 2 8n2 88v2 8i2 8r2 8o2 8qn2 8m2 8e-> Arial\- 2 8n2 8Wt2 8)> Arial\-]0*0*]$$    $$eett__--rrll4!4!D"D".#.###=!(4J#|X4@ @#F |P 4F= ()J#|X4@ @#r r= (jJ#|X4@ @#e e=!(\J#|X4@ @#q |P \q= (EJ#|X4@ @#u u= (6J#|X4@ @#e 6e=!( J#|X4@ @#n |P n= (J#|X4@ @#c c= (sJ#|X4@ @#y sy= (PJ#|X4@ @#  = ( J#|X4@ @#(  (= (MJ#|X4@ @#M MM= (mJ#|X4@ @#H H= (~J#|X4@ @#z ~z= (\J#|X4@ @#) )$EE$E$    $$eett__--rrll4!4!D"D".#.###=!(3 #|X4@ @#0 |P 30= (3y#|X4@ @#. 3.=!(33#|X4@ @#1 |P 331=!(_3#|X4@ @#1 |P _31= (3H#|X4@ @#. 3.=!(3#|X4@ @#0 |P 30=!(#3t$#|X4@ @#1 |P #31= (e$3$#|X4@ @#0 e$30= ($3N%#|X4@ @#. $3.=!( %3%#|X4@ @#0 |P  %30$    $$eett__--rrll4!4!D"D".#.###$; $;  $  $ p$p$>$>$d$d$Z$ZO$O$E$E$ $ 1 $1  $ ' $'  $  $  $  $ $$z$z$$f$f$]$]R$R$H$H$$4$4$*$*=!(  #|X4@ @#M |P  M= ( < #|X4@ @#a  a= (  #|X4@ @#x  x= (]  #|X4@ @#i ] i= ( 6 #|X4@ @#m  m= (,  #|X4@ @#u , u= ( G#|X4@ @#m  m= (=#|X4@ @# = = (t"#|X4@ @#V tV= (#|X4@ @#/ /= (-#|X4@ @#m -m; ;     pp>>JdJdJZJZOJOJEJEJ J 1 J1  J ' J'  J  J  J  J JJzJzJJfJfJ]J]RJRJHJHJJ4J4J*J*=!(_?#|X4@ @#0 |P 0=!(v #|X4@ @#5 |P v5= (_ #|X4@ @#0 0=!( `  #|X4@ @#1 |P  ` 1= (v`  #|X4@ @#0 v` 0= (` _ #|X4@ @#0 ` 0=!(  u#|X4@ @#1 |P   1= (v u#|X4@ @#5 v 5= ( _u#|X4@ @#0  0=!( -#|X4@ @#2 |P  -2= (v-#|X4@ @#0 v-0= (-_#|X4@ @#0 -0=!( B#|X4@ @#2 |P  2= (vB#|X4@ @#5 v5= (_B#|X4@ @#0 0=!( #|X4@ @#3 |P  3= (v#|X4@ @#0 v0= (_#|X4@ @#0 0=!( b#|X4@ @#3 |P  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e=!(v7#|X4@ @#d |P d= (g7#|X4@ @# g = (7#|X4@ @#e e=!( 7#|X4@ @#n |P  n= (x7#|X4@ @#v xv= (V7#|X4@ @#i i= (7#|X4@ @#r r= (H7#|X4@ @#o Ho= (17#|X4@ @#n n= ("7#|X4@ @#m "m= (B7#|X4@ @#e e=!(37#|X4@ @#n |P 3n= (7#|X4@ @#t t= (S7#|X4@ @#) )0*YN= '3,,4?4*..+4 ^  .-- $..---- $\f(f(\--.> Arial- 2 "P2 "pr2 "o2 "p2 "o2 "s2 "V e D-> Arial- 2 " d2 ".  2 "d m2 " a2 "r x2 " i2 " m2 " u2 " m2 "  2 " e-> Arial- 2 "Ol2 "ze-> Arial- 2 "c2 "Gt2 "}r2 "i2 "c2 "J 2 "f2 "i2 "e-> Arial- 2 "Ml2 "xd2 " 2 "e-> Arial- 2 "x2 "p2 "Ro2 "s2 "u2 "r2 "e-> Arial- 2 "8s2 " 2 "b2 ";e-> Arial- 2 "l2 "o2 ">w2 " 2 "w2 "h2 "i2 "#c2 "h2 " 2 "&n2 "o2 " 2 "4i2 "_n2 "d2 "7u2 "c2 "e-> Arial- 2 "pd2 " 2 "c2 "su2 "r2 " r2 "ae-> Arial- 2 "n2 "9 t2 "o  2 " m2 "G!e-> Arial- 2 "!a2 ""s2 ""u2 ""r2 "-#e-> Arial- 2 "#m2 ";$e-> Arial- 2 "$n2 "%t2 "I%s2 "% 2 "%a2 "L&r2 "&e-> Arial- 2 "& 2 "/'r2 "p'e-> Arial- 2 "'q2 "H(u2 "(i2 "(r2 " )e-> Arial- 2 ")d-- \ \c\cC\C#\#\\\"\"%\%--U \U  \ { \{  \ 5 \5  \ \ \\  \ \\<\<\\\\\\j\j\\\J\J\p\p\*\*\Q\Qw\w \ \1\1X \X  \ ~!\~!"\"8#\8##\#_$\_$$\$&\&&\&?'\?''\'-.> Arial- 2 1F2 15r2 1ve-> Arial- 2 1q2 1Nu2 1e-> Arial- 2 1&n2 1c2 1y2 1S 2 1(2 1M2 1lH2 1z2 1Y)--f(--jj  jjccjCCj##jjjj""j%%jf(f(--U U   { {   5 5   \ \   <<jjJJpp**QQww  11X X   ~!~!""8#8###_$_$$$&&&&?'?'''-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [6 12 [ 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [22 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [32 [c0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [42 [C0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [52 [#0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [62 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [x72 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [X82 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [9"92 ["0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [$12 [O%02 [%0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 ['12 [0(12 [(0--\\f(--  f(rrf(f(f(ggf(f(  f(--EEf(f(33f(f(f(f(f(f(f(__f(f(MMf(::f(f(((f(f(f(f(zzf(f(f(UUf(f(BBf(00f(f(f(f(f(f(oof(f(-.>  Arial- 2 M2 a2 x2 ti2 m2 Au2 m2 O 2 V2 /2 <m--\--^ ^ r^r^^g^g^ ^ \^\--EE33__MM::((zzUUBB00oo-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 5-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 0%12 00-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %12 5-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %22 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(_#nX4@@#  = (K_#nX4@@#e Ke=!(_#nX4@@#x nP x= (p_#nX4@@#p p= (d_#nX4@@#o do= (3_#nX4@@#s s= (_#nX4@@#u u= (}_#nX4@@#r }r= (&_#nX4@@#e e=!(_#nX4@@#s nP s= (p_#nX4@@# p = (_#nX4@@#b b= (p_#nX4@@#e e=!(c_#nX4@@#l nP cl= (_#nX4@@#o o= (Y_#nX4@@#w w= (i_#nX4@@# i = (_#nX4@@#w w= (_#nX4@@#h h= (y_#nX4@@#i yi= (_#nX4@@#c c= (e_#nX4@@#h h= (X_#nX4@@# X = (_#nX4@@#n n= (X_#nX4@@#o o= (L_#nX4@@# L = (|_#nX4@@#i |i= (_#nX4@@#n n= (r_#nX4@@#d d= (e_#nX4@@#u eu= (4_#nX4@@#c c= (_#nX4@@#e e=!(_#nX4@@#d nP d= (N_#nX4@@#  = (_#nX4@@#c c= (h_#nX4@@#u hu= (7_#nX4@@#r r= (r_#nX4@@#r r= (>_#nX4@@#e >e=!(_#nX4@@#n nP n= (o_#nX4@@#t t= (1_#nX4@@# 1 = (b_#nX4@@#m bm= (b_#nX4@@#e e=!(U_#nX4@@#a nP Ua= ($_#nX4@@#s s= (|_#nX4@@#u u= (o_#nX4@@#r or= ( _#nX4@@#e e=!( y _#nX4@@#m nP  m= (  !_#nX4@@#e  e=!( l!_#nX4@@#n nP  n= (_!!_#nX4@@#t _!t= (!!_#nX4@@#s !s= (!U"_#nX4@@# ! = (""_#nX4@@#a "a= (y""_#nX4@@#r y"r= ("!#_#nX4@@#e "e=!(##_#nX4@@# nP # = (E##_#nX4@@#r E#r= (##_#nX4@@#e #e=!(#O$_#nX4@@#q nP #q= (B$$_#nX4@@#u B$u= ($%_#nX4@@#i $i= ($8%_#nX4@@#r $r= (%r%_#nX4@@#e %e=!(e%%_#nX4@@#d nP e%d x xx + x +x+=x=+x+jxj+x+x+/x/+!x!+fxf+x+o xo + x + x + x + x + x + x +x+x+!x!+*x*+x+3x3+x+x+FxF+x+OxO+XxX+x+axa+x+x+sxs+x+}x}+x+ x +x+x+x+x+%x%+x+x+8 x8 + x +A!xA!+J"xJ"+"x"+S#xS#+#x#+=!(#nX4@@#F nP F= (k#nX4@@#r r= (7#nX4@@#e 7e=!(#nX4@@#q nP q= (h#nX4@@#u u= ([#nX4@@#e [e=!(*#nX4@@#n nP n= (#nX4@@#c c= (u#nX4@@#y uy= (9#nX4@@#  = (j#nX4@@#( (= (6#nX4@@#M 6M= (6#nX4@@#H H= (F#nX4@@#z Fz= ( #nX4@@#) )x]$xxx x x  xx==xxjjxxx//x!!x]$]$xfKfxKxo Ko x K x K x K x K x K x K xKxKx!K!x*K*xKx3K3xKxKxFKFxKxOKOxXKXxKxaKaxKxKxsKsxKx}K}xKx K xKxKxKxKx%K%xKxKx8 K8 x K xA!KA!xJ"KJ"x"K"xS#KS#x#K#x=!(*#nX4@@#0 nP *0=!( * #nX4@@#1 nP  *1= (x * #nX4@@#0 x *0=!( * #nX4@@#2 nP  *2= ( *} #nX4@@#0  *0=!(E*#nX4@@#3 nP E*3= (*#nX4@@#0 *0=!(*I#nX4@@#4 nP *4= (=*#nX4@@#0 =*0=!(r*#nX4@@#5 nP r*5= (*A#nX4@@#0 *0=!( *w#nX4@@#6 nP  *6= (j*#nX4@@#0 j*0=!(*#nX4@@#7 nP *7= (*o#nX4@@#0 *0=!(6*#nX4@@#8 nP 6*8= (*#nX4@@#0 *0=!(*<#nX4@@#9 nP *9= (/*#nX4@@#0 /*0=!(4!*!#nX4@@#1 nP 4!*1= (!*"#nX4@@#0 !*0= (!*d"#nX4@@#0 !*0=!(#*9$#nX4@@#1 nP #*1= (,$*$#nX4@@#1 ,$*1= ($*$#nX4@@#0 $*0+]$+ ]$]$ ]$  ]$ ]$]$]$]$N]$N]$#]$#]$d]$d]$:]$: ]$ z ]$z  ]$ P ]$P & ]$&  ]$  ]$ g ]$g < ]$<  ]$ ]$}]$}S]$S]$(]$(]$j]$j]$?]$?]$]$]$V]$V]$=!( k #nX4@@#M nP  M= ( k$ #nX4@@#a  a= ( k #nX4@@#x  x= (@ k #nX4@@#i @ i= (g k #nX4@@#m g m= ( k #nX4@@#u  u= (Z k #nX4@@#m Z m= ( k#nX4@@#  = (k#nX4@@#V V= (k,#nX4@@#/ /= (k\#nX4@@#m mx+xx    ++NN##dd::  z z   P P & &     g g < <   }}SS((jj??VV=!(<=#nX4@@#0 nP <0=!(S=#nX4@@#5 nP S5=!(ni #nX4@@#1 nP ni1= (i= #nX4@@#0 i0=!(n  #nX4@@#1 nP n 1= ( = #nX4@@#5  5=!(n 1 #nX4@@#2 nP n 2= ( =1 #nX4@@#0  0=!(nH#nX4@@#2 nP n2= (=H#nX4@@#5 5=!(n^#nX4@@#3 nP n3= (=^#nX4@@#0 0=!(nu#nX4@@#3 nP n3= (=u#nX4@@#5 5=!(n#nX4@@#4 nP n4= (=#nX4@@#0 0]$x]$+]$0$]$N0$N]$0$]$#0$#]$0$]$d0$d]$0$]$:0$:]$ 0$ ]$z 0$z ]$ 0$ ]$P 0$P ]$& 0$& ]$ 0$ ]$ 0$ ]$g 0$g ]$< 0$< ]$ 0$ ]$0$]$}0$}]$S0$S]$0$]$(0$(]$0$]$j0$j]$0$]$?0$?]$0$]$0$]$0$]$V0$V]$0$o o  x % x % E E O OZZYY99=D=DNNYY//z  z  !E !E " " # # ]$ =!(n#nX4@@#( nP (= (6n#nX4@@#u u= ()n#nX4@@#n )n= (n#nX4@@#c c= (On#nX4@@#o o= (Cn#nX4@@#n Cn= (n#nX4@@#t t= (Bn#nX4@@#r r= (}n#nX4@@#o o= (pn#nX4@@#l pl= (n#nX4@@#l l= (+n#nX4@@#e e=!(n#nX4@@#d nP d= (n#nX4@@#  = (n#nX4@@#e e=!(n#nX4@@#n nP n= (sn#nX4@@#v sv= (8n#nX4@@#i i= (_n#nX4@@#r r= (+n#nX4@@#o +o= (n#nX4@@#n n= (\n#nX4@@#m m= (n#nX4@@#e e=!(On#nX4@@#n nP n= (Bn#nX4@@#t Bt= (sn#nX4@@#) s)0*N= '3,,4?**''+* M '-- $''---- $1p=$p=$1---p1--p 1 pq 1q pe1ep1p%1%p111p1p1pQ1Qp1p1p1p 1 p!1!p"1"p#1#-.> Arial- 2 xF2 xr2 xe D-> Arial- 2 xBq2 xu2 xe-> Arial- 2 xn2 xc2 xSy2 x 2 x(2 x*M2 xH2 xXz2 x)--pp=$-- p p =$p=$--p  pq q peepp%%p11pppQQpppp  p!!p""p##-> Arial--> Arial--.> Arial- 2 v02 .-> Arial- 2 1-> Arial--> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 .-> Arial- 2 0-> Arial--> Arial--.> Arial- 2 #12 #02 X$.-> Arial- 2 $0--11=$--c 1 cq 1q ce1ec1c%1%c111c1c1cQ1Qc1c1c1c 1 c!1!c"1"c#1#--=$=$zz=$((=$=$=$--=$=$  =$=$=$11=$=$CC=$UU=$=$hh=$=$=$=$=$=$=$::=$=$MM=$__=$=$qq=$=$  =$=$=$=$-.>  Arial- 2 wM2 fwa2 wx2 2wi2 ]wm2 wu2 kwm2 w 2 CwV2 w/2 wm--p1--ppzz((11--//  ///11//CC/UU//hh///////:://MM/__//qq//  ////-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 .0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 `02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 22 `02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 832 8`02 80-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 42 `02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 52 `02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 B62 B`02 B0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 72 `02 0--p=$1=$--o$=$o$=$ o$ =$o$=$o$=$1o$1=$o$=$Co$C=$Uo$U=$o$=$ho$h=$o$=$o$=$o$=$o$=$o$=$o$=$:o$:=$o$=$Mo$M=$_o$_=$o$=$qo$q=$o$=$ o$ =$o$=$o$=$o$=$--1Q%x s"@=$---'.> Arial- 2 aP2 r2 #o2 p2 o2 gs2 e> Arial- 2 4d2  2 m2 xa2 x2 Di2 om2  u2 } m2   2 U e> Arial-> Arial- 2 l2 e-> Arial-  2 X c2 t2 r2 0 i2 [ c2  2 f2 ( i2 S e> Arial-  > Arial-  2 l2 d2 V 2 e- > Arial-  2 x2 Xp2 o2 0s2 u2 r2 >e> Arial-  > Arial-  2  2 b2 Le- > Arial-  2 l2 o2 Ow2  2 w2 h2 i2 4c2 h2  2 7n2 o2  2 Ei2 pn2 d2 Hu2 c2 e> Arial- > Arial-  2 d2  2 #c2 u2 r2 1r2 re- > Arial- 2 n2 Jt2  2 m2 Xe> Arial-> Arial- 2 a2 0s2 u2 r2 >e-> Arial- 2 m2 L e> Arial-> Arial- 2 n2 $!t2 Z!s2 ! 2 !a2 ]"r2 "e-> Arial- 2 # 2 @#r2 #e> Arial-> Arial- 2 #q2 Y$u2 $i2 $r2 1%e-> Arial- 2 %d> Arial-.> Arial- 2 ,(2 ,c2 ,]o2 ,n2 ,5t2 ,kr2 ,o2 ,l2 ,Cl2 ,ne-> Arial- 2 ,d2 ,F 2 ,|e> Arial-> Arial- 2 ,n2 ,Tv2 ,i2 ,r2 ,!o2 ,n2 ,m2 ,e-> Arial- 2 ,n2 ,st2 ,)> Arial-0*0*MM&&M M 9 9 MM99VVMM&&!!""##$$%%=!(2j# X4@)@#F P 2F= (2j# X4@)@#r r= (xj# X4@)@#e e=!(hj# X4@)@#q P hq= (]j# X4@)@#u u= (Nj# X4@)@#e Ne=!(Cj# X4@)@#n P n= (4j# X4@)@#c 4c= (j# X4@)@#y y= (j# X4@)@#  = (:j# X4@)@#( :(= (j# X4@)@#M M= (,j# X4@)@#H ,H= (Bj# X4@)@#z z= ((j# X4@)@#) ()M&MpMp&p&M M 9 9 MM99VVMM&&!!""##$$%%=!(P@# X4@)@#0 P P0= (0P# X4@)@#. 0P.=!(jP# X4@)@#1 P jP1=!(ZP# X4@)@#1 P ZP1= (PO# X4@)@#. P.=!(P# X4@)@#0 P P0=!(%P?&# X4@)@#1 P %P1= (0&P&# X4@)@#0 0&P0= (&P%'# X4@)@#. &P.=!(&P^'# X4@)@#0 P &P0M&M M 9 9 MM99VVMM&&!!""##$$%%M&M & Mf &f M?&?M&M&Mm&mM&M&M"&"MF&FM&Mi &i M & M & M & MC &C M & M & M&M&M&M&Mb&bM&M&M&M<&<M&M_&_M&M&M&M8&8=!( L # X4@)@#M P  M= (A  # X4@)@#a A a= ( k # X4@)@#x  x= (  # X4@)@#i  i= (G  # X4@)@#m G m= ( # X4@)@#u  u= (f # X4@)@#m fm= ( # X4@)@#  = (L # X4@)@#V LV= ( # X4@)@#/ /= ( # X4@)@#m mMMMM M f Mf ?M?MMMMmmMMM""MFFMMi i M  M  M  MC C M  M  MMMMMbbMMMM<<MM__MMMM88=!( L# X4@)@#0 P  0=!(#m%# X4@)@#1 P #m1= (m%# X4@)@#0 m0= ( m%# X4@)@#0  m0=!(#G  # X4@)@#2 P #G 2= (G  # X4@)@#0 G 0= ( G  # X4@)@#0  G 0=!(#  # X4@)@#3 P # 3= (  # X4@)@#0  0= (   # X4@)@#0   0=!(## X4@)@#4 P #4= (# X4@)@#0 0= ( # X4@)@#0  0=!(## X4@)@#5 P #5= (# X4@)@#0 0= ( # X4@)@#0  0=!(#d# X4@)@#6 P #6= (d# X4@)@#0 0= ( d# X4@)@#0  0=!(#<# X4@)@#7 P #7= (<# X4@)@#0 0= ( <# X4@)@#0  0&&&m&m&&&&&"&"&F&F&&&i &i & & & & & & &C &C & & & & &&&&&&&&&b&b&&&&&&&<&<&&&_&_&&&&&&&8&8&X| | S S , , "I"I$$&=!(G# X4@)@#P P GP= ( G# X4@)@#r  Gr= (eG# X4@)@#o eGo= (GZ# X4@)@#p Gp= (KG# X4@)@#o KGo= (G@# X4@)@#s Gs= (%G# X4@)@#e %Ge=!(G# X4@)@#d P Gd= ( G# X4@)@#  G = (DG# X4@)@#m DGm= (Gr# X4@)@#a Ga= (cG# X4@)@#x cGx= (GK # X4@)@#i Gi= (Gy # X4@)@#m Gm= ( G% # X4@)@#u  Gu= ( G # X4@)@#m  Gm= ( GD # X4@)@#  G = ( G} # X4@)@#e  Ge=!(n G # X4@)@#l P n Gl= ( G # X4@)@#e  Ge=!( G # X4@)@#c P  Gc= (v G # X4@)@#t v Gt= ( G1 # X4@)@#r  Gr= ( Gv # X4@)@#i  Gi= (" G # X4@)@#c " Gc= ( G # X4@)@#  G = ( GE# X4@)@#f  Gf= ( G~# X4@)@#i  Gi= (*G# X4@)@#e *Ge=!(G# X4@)@#l P Gl= (GL# X4@)@#d Gd= (=G# X4@)@# =G = (vG# X4@)@#e vGe=!(Gk# X4@)@#x P Gx= (OG# X4@)@#p OGp= (GD# X4@)@#o Go= (5G# X4@)@#s 5Gs= (G# X4@)@#u Gu= (G# X4@)@#r Gr= (TG# X4@)@#e TGe=!(GI# X4@)@# P G = (G# X4@)@#b Gb= (sG# X4@)@#e sGe=!(Gh# X4@)@#l P Gl= (G# X4@)@#o Go= (G# X4@)@#w Gw= (G# X4@)@# G = (UG# X4@)@#w UGw= (Gk# X4@)@#h Gh= (\G# X4@)@#i \Gi= (G # X4@)@#c Gc= (Gs# X4@)@#h Gh= (dG# X4@)@# dG = (G# X4@)@#n Gn= (G# X4@)@#o Go= (G# X4@)@# G = (G># X4@)@#i Gi= (Gl# X4@)@#n Gn= (]G# X4@)@#d ]Gd= (GR# X4@)@#u Gu= (CG# X4@)@#c CGc= (G,# X4@)@#e Ge=!(G# X4@)@#d P Gd= (G# X4@)@# G = (GK# X4@)@#c Gc= (0G# X4@)@#u 0Gu= (G%# X4@)@#r Gr= (Gj# X4@)@#r Gr= (-G# X4@)@#e -Ge=!(G"# X4@)@#n P Gn= (G# X4@)@#t Gt= (LG# X4@)@# LG = (G# X4@)@#m Gm= (1G# X4@)@#e 1Ge=!(G& # X4@)@#a P Ga= ( G # X4@)@#s  Gs= (~ G!# X4@)@#u ~ Gu= ( Gs!# X4@)@#r  Gr= (6!G!# X4@)@#e 6!Ge=!(!G+"# X4@)@#m P !Gm= (U"G"# X4@)@#e U"Ge=!("GJ## X4@)@#n P "Gn= (;#G## X4@)@#t ;#Gt= (t#G## X4@)@#s t#Gs= (#G]$# X4@)@# #G = ($G$# X4@)@#a $Ga= ($G %# X4@)@#r $Gr= ($GO%# X4@)@#e $Ge=!(?%G%# X4@)@# P ?%G = (y%G%# X4@)@#r y%Gr= (%G@&# X4@)@#e %Ge=!(1&G&# X4@)@#q P 1&Gq= (&G&'# X4@)@#u &Gu= ('G'# X4@)@#i 'Gi= (D'G'# X4@)@#r D'Gr= ('G (# X4@)@#e 'Ge=!('G~(# X4@)@#d P 'Gd=!(;# X4@)@#( P (= (# X4@)@#c c= (e# X4@)@#o eo= (Z# X4@)@#n n= (J# X4@)@#t Jt= (# X4@)@#r r= (K# X4@)@#o o= (<# X4@)@#l <l= (i# X4@)@#l il= (# X4@)@#e e=!( # X4@)@#d P  d= (}# X4@)@# } = (8# X4@)@#e e=!()# X4@)@#n P )n= (# X4@)@#v v= (# X4@)@#i i= (1# X4@)@#r 1r= (v# X4@)@#o vo= (k# X4@)@#n n= ([# X4@)@#m [m= (# X4@)@#e e=!(z# X4@)@#n P zn= (o# X4@)@#t t= ('# X4@)@#) ')G%xN= '3,,4?~Y***+dY ,, *-- $**---- $r` '` 'r--. Arial- 2  F2  i2  g2 m u2  r2 K e D- Arial- 2   2  52  .- Arial- 2   - Arial- 2 0 P2  r2 8o2 j2 e- Arial- 2 c2 ,t2 e- Arial- 2  d2  2 A2 M2 m 2 B2 gr2 o2 aa2 d2 c2 a2 s2 &t2 y 2 P2 eo2 w2 e- Arial- 2 Kr2  2 L2 i2 m2 i2 t2 Es2  2 t2 ho2   2 F M2 !e- Arial- 2 !e- Arial- 2 ,"t2 " -. Arial- 2 VF2 VHr2 Ve- Arial- 2 V&q2 Vu2 V<e- Arial- 2 Vn2 VRc2 Vy2 VL 2 V(2 Vk2 VaH2 Vz2 V)--`` '--` `  ` `?`?a`a`` ` #`# '` '-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 62 02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 8 72 02  0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 Y 82 02 10-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 {92 02 S0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 g12 02 ?02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 12 a02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 22 02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 932 02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 [ 42 02 3!0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 #12 }#52 #02 U$0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 3&12 &62 '02 w'0--rr '-.  Arial- 2 P2 r2 o2 j2 e-  Arial- 2 _c2 t2 !e-  Arial- 2 d2 7 2 |A2 #M2  2 8P2 o2 jw2 e-  Arial- 2 r2  2 BL2 i2 m2 i2 t2 R 2 (2 w2 a2 *t2 ot2 s2 1)--`r--`s`ss+s+s\s\ss&s&-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 22 :02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 P42 P:02 P0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 62 :02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 82 :02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 b12 02 :02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 b12 22 :02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 Kb12 K42 K:02 K0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 b12 62 :02 0--` 'r '--F:_- p{{    " 7  <    Y g  |   y<oh;h;ep_[ RHMFkFk@?7/?6/?("Qo   x 3CCp1ss}/C    _!!_"##'###$3%3%}%%D& 'D& '--#_ip U  " H <  HY  | W <y4p vM=??]Q<x3p1zm}bCW M C!:_"1'#(#$}% D& ' D& '--_phcc<6-- ;  "  ]< Nk Nk 0 !   Y   | }PCC#<[wwp oI3I3BM"g??`2Q*o*ox|3UUO4_-{-{! p177jg``@k<}C    '!C!C!!x!W_")'####$$$$3%}%qD&B 'pD&B '--_\ pn f f 4 " 7  < R Y  |   UQ"<p wjjQM-+ ? ?Qqxnc3VLBp==:121,'}"C G G  _!!_"'## $ $ $ }%%D& 'D& '--dd[^qq0&dyolzlz8q#y t t     @ ,! $( $(   | | 4 ; L L H , , X d ~ ~     ~{ Q 6 6 Rnn_<|ddPJffpjU TTuBnMb^b^??O#O#??2[2[i7_Q^S^S-##/KKx3lffRF'@C@C*#pw1;;o33}wCsgooa ` ]+ ]+ N L K K =_!:{!:{!8!-"*#"*#"%_""""'#W# s# s###$$$$$$O%k%k%}%%&&D& '&&c&G&G&D& '----- $~~---- $gwgw---- $&&C'C'---- $\\---- $? ---- $ 'KL'&---- $??---- $?o---- $ '&gL'g---- $"---- $?7?---- $ 'KV' '&----$_=_----$?w`w?`----$ 'C'C' 'j&&--'. ArialF- 2 (2 "2 .o2 n2 D-2 t2 o2 gw2 e ArialF- 2 r2 "2 S 2 e Arial- ArialF- 2 #x2 p2 +o2 s2 3u2 r2 e- ArialF-  2  2 o2 ln2 l2 /y2 ) Arial-  .> ArialF-  2 Y02 .- > ArialF-  2 22 g52 02 ? 2 uw2 a2 mv2 e> Arial-  > ArialF-  2 :l2 ee- > ArialF-  2 n2 =g2 t2 h> Arial- - ;;-- $B- --- $`- -- .> ArialF-  2 U 02 .- > ArialF- 2 52 c!02 !02 ;" 2 q"w2 "a2 i#v2 #e> Arial-> ArialF- 2 6$l2 a$e-> ArialF- 2 $n2 9%g2 %t2 %h> Arial---- $>CC---- $\CC---.> ArialF- 2 L 02 .-> ArialF- 2 62 Z!22 !52 2" 2 h"w2 "a2 `#v2 #e> Arial-> ArialF- 2 -$l2 X$e-> ArialF- 2 $n2 0%g2 %t2 %h> Arial--v-- $v^v+---- $^I---.> ArialF- 2 T2 &e-> ArialF- 2 l2 l2  2 S2 t2 u2 Ad2 y2   2 C02 .> Arial-> ArialF- 2 22 Q52 -2 02 j.-> ArialF- 2 62  22 x52  2   2 P w2  a2 H!v2 !e> Arial-> ArialF- 2 "l2 @"e-> ArialF- 2 "n2 #g2 #t2 #h> Arial----$rPr----$//rPr---. ArialF- 2 K A2 N2 S2 \ I2 /2 I2 + E- ArialF- 2 E Arial- ArialF- 2 yE- ArialF- 2  2 e"2 C2 o2 *n2 t2 r2 wo2 l2 Ul2 e Arial-  ArialF- 2 %d2 "2 5 2 zL2 i2 Xm2 6i2 {t2 s2 Y 2 f2 o2 r2  2 0R2 F2 ~ 2 I2 n2 d2 :u2 c2 ^e- ArialF-! 2 d2  2 C2 | u2 !r2 v!r2 !e Arial-"! ArialF-! 2 b"n2 "t2 N#*-!.> ArialF-# 2 b02 .> Arial-$#> ArialF-# 2 12 p52 02 H 2 ~w2 a2 vv2 e-#> ArialF-% 2 Cl2 ne> Arial-&%> ArialF-% 2 n2 Fg2 t2 h-%-'**-(-) $UUbb-'--(-) $ssbb-'-()-'.> ArialF-' 2 -52 42 0-(^-(.> ArialF-( 2 F2 C2 C2 /2 E> Arial-)(> ArialF-( 2 cP2 A2 e 2 S2 t2 Ru2 d2 * y-(. 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E=!(#  #+X4`H# P #  = (_  #+X4`H#" _ "= ( P#+X4`H#C  C= (c#+X4`H#o co= (r#+X4`H#n n= (m#+X4`H#t mt= (?#+X4`H#r r= ( #+X4`H#o  o= (#+X4`H#l l= (T#+X4`H#l l= (#+X4`H#e e=!( #+X4`H#d P d= (#+X4`H#" "= (k#+X4`H# k = (1#+X4`H#L L= (,#+X4`H#i ,i= (h#+X4`H#m hm= ()#+X4`H#i )i= (d#+X4`H#t dt= (7#+X4`H#s s= (%#+X4`H# % = (a#+X4`H#f af= (3#+X4`H#o o= (.#+X4`H#r .r= ( #+X4`H#  = (H#+X4`H#R R= (\#+X4`H#F \F= (k#+X4`H#  = (#+X4`H#I I= (X#+X4`H#n Xn= (g#+X4`H#d d= (b#+X4`H#u bu= (q#+X4`H#c c= (`#+X4`H#e `e=!(c#+X4`H#d P d= (]#+X4`H# ] = (##+X4`H#C C= (7#+X4`H#u 7u= (E#+X4`H#r r= (#+X4`H#r r= (d#+X4`H#e de=!(g#+X4`H#n P n= (b#+X4`H#t bt= (4#+X4`H#* *=!(O#jX4@@#0 jP O0= (#jX4@@#. .=!(E#jX4@@#1 jP 1= (9#jX4@@#5 95= (#jX4@@#0 0= (_#jX4@@#  = ($#jX4@@#w $w= (#jX4@@#a a= (e#jX4@@#v v= (O#jX4@@#e Oe=!(#jX4@@#l jP l= (=#jX4@@#e e=!(0#jX4@@#n jP 0n= (#jX4@@#g g= (V#jX4@@#t t= (#jX4@@#h h=!(~M#jX4@@#5 jP ~M5= (MF#jX4@@#4 M4= (:M#jX4@@#0 :M0G=!(f#jX4@@#F jP fF= (f^#jX4@@#C fC= (mf#jX4@@#C mfC= (fQ#jX4@@#/ f/= (f#jX4@@#E fE=!(f#jX4@@#P jP fP= (f`#jX4@@#A fA= (ff#jX4@@# ff = (f#jX4@@#S fS= (fo#jX4@@#t ft= (4f#jX4@@#u 4fu= (f#jX4@@#d fd= (fY#jX4@@#y fy=!(Zt#+X4@H@#* P *= ($t#+X4@H@# $ = (`t#+X4@H@#P `P= ({t#+X4@H@#l l= ("t#+X4@H@#o "o= (%t#+X4@H@#t t= (at#+X4@H@#  = (t#+X4@H@#o o= (t#+X4@H@#f f= (Qt#+X4@H@#  = (t#+X4@H@#d d= (| t#+X4@H@#a |a= ( t#+X4@H@#t t= (0  t#+X4@H@#a 0 a= ( 3 t#+X4@H@#   = ( o t#+X4@H@#f  f= (!  t#+X4@H@#r ! r= (i  t#+X4@H@#o i o= ( l t#+X4@H@#m  m= ( ! t#+X4@H@#   = ( \ t#+X4@H@#T  T= (W  t#+X4@H@#a W a= ( Z t#+X4@H@#b  b= (I  t#+X4@H@#l I l= (y t#+X4@H@#e y e=!( |t#+X4@H@# P   = (.t#+X4@H@#3 .3= (1t#+X4@H@#. .0*'N= '3,,4?v5*M)M)+\5  M)-- $M)M)---- $ & &---    ##--55mm@@w w   J J       UU((__22ii==ttGG~~QQ%%\\  /!/!!!f"f"##9$9$$$q%q%-.> Arial- 2 F2 "r2 ce D-> Arial- 2 q2 ;u2 e-> Arial- 2 n2 c2 y2 @ 2 v(2 M2 YH2 z2 F)-- &--    ## & &--55mm@@w w   J J       UU((__22ii==ttGG~~QQ%%\\  /!/!!!f"f"##9$9$$$q%q%-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 td0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 t812 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tB 22 t 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tM 32 t 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tW42 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tb52 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tl62 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tw72 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 t82 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 t92 t0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 t`"12 t"02 t8#0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 tk%12 t%12 tC&0-- &--^^ & &JJ & &77 & &## &--ff & &bb & & &ZZ & &VV &RR & &NN & & &FF & &BB &?? & &;; & & &33 & &// &++ & &'' & & & & & &-.>  Arial- 2 M2 0a2 x2 i2 'm2 u2 5m2  2 V2 /2 m----6^6^6J6J67676#6#6--fhfhbhbhhZhZhVhVRhRhNhNhhFhFhBhB?h?h;h;hh3h3h/h/+h+h'h'hhhhh-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 22 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 32 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 ~42 ~i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 52 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 k62 ki0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 72 i0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 W82 Wi0-- & &--f &f% &%b &b% &% &%Z &Z% &%V &V%R &R% &%N &N% &% &%F &F% &%B &B%? &?% &%; &;% &% &%3 &3% &%/ &/%+ &+% &%' &'% &% &% &% &% &%--Cm0W)  4 ^ +>8KIWTk}!5# 9$ $ &---'.> Arial_`- 2 P2 9r2 zo2 p2 Ro2 s2 e> Arial_`- 2 d2  2 -m2 a2 ; x2  i2  m2 h u2  m2 v  2  e> Arial^-> Arial_`- 2  l2 C e-> Arial_`-  2  c2  t2 F r2  i2  c2  2 If2 i2 e> Arial^-  > Arial_`-  2 l2 Ad2  2 e- > Arial_`-  2 Ox2 p2 o2 s2 u2 Tr2 e> Arial;_-  > Arial_`-  2  2 7b2 e- > Arial_`-  2 l2 :o2 w2 2 2 hw2 h2 `i2 c2 h2 X 2 n2 o2 f 2 i2 n2 3d2 u2  c2 le> Arial;_- > Arial_`-  2 d2 D 2 zc2 u2 Gr2 r2 e- > Arial_`- 2 5n2 t2  2  m2 e> Arial;_-> Arial_`- 2 a2 s2 u2 T r2  e-> Arial_`- 2 !m2 !e> Arial;_-> Arial_`- 2 "n2 {"t2 "s2 # 2 H#a2 #r2 #e-> Arial_`- 2 a$ 2 $r2 $e> Arial;_-> Arial_`- 2 D%q2 %u2 &i2 G&r2 &e-> Arial_`- 2 &d> Arial;_-.> Arial_`- 2 ?(2 ?@c2 ?o2 ? n2 ?yt2 ?r2 ?o2 ?\l2 ?l2 ?e-> Arial_`- 2 ?d2 ? 2 ?e> Arial;_-> Arial_`- 2 ?,n2 ?v2 ?i2 ?$r2 ?eo2 ?n2 ?=m2 ?e-> Arial_`- 2 ?Kn2 ?t2 ?)> Arial;_-'0*0*'&&    44KKbby y ##JJ$$aa  ; ; w w     R R ,,iiCCZZqq&&<<!!!!S"S""".$.$$$i%i%&&=!(nL#|X4@@#F |P F= (kL#|X4@@#r kr= ()L#|X4@@#e e=!(L#|X4@@#q |P q= (L#|X4@@#u u= (rL#|X4@@#e e=!(dL#|X4@@#n |P dn= (ML#|X4@@#c c= (4L#|X4@@#y 4y= (L#|X4@@#  = (HL#|X4@@#( (= (L#|X4@@#M M= (/L#|X4@@#H H= (AL#|X4@@#z Az= ( L#|X4@@#) )&GG G  G GG4G4KGKbGby Gy #G#&G&JyJyy$y$ayay y ; y; w yw  y  y R yR y,y,yiyiyCyCyyyZyZyyyqyqyyyy&y&yyy<y<y!y!!y!S"yS""y".$y.$$y$i%yi%&y&=!(u3#|X4@@#0 |P u30=!(U3#|X4@@#1 |P U31= (3>#|X4@@#0 30=!(k 3 #|X4@@#2 |P k 32= ( 3U #|X4@@#0  30=!( 3 #|X4@@#3 |P  33= ( 3l#|X4@@#0  30=!(3#|X4@@#4 |P 34= (3#|X4@@#0 30=!(3,#|X4@@#5 |P 35= (3#|X4@@#0 30=!(3B#|X4@@#6 |P 36= (43#|X4@@#0 430=!(3Z#|X4@@#7 |P 37= (K3#|X4@@#0 K30=!(3p#|X4@@#8 |P 38= (b3#|X4@@#0 b30=!( 3 #|X4@@#9 |P  39= (y 3 #|X4@@#0 y 30=!("3g##|X4@@#1 |P "31= (X#3##|X4@@#0 X#30= (#3B$#|X4@@#0 #30=!(&3~&#|X4@@#1 |P &31= (p&3&#|X4@@#1 p&31= (&3Y'#|X4@@#0 &30&-&- & - &- &.&.&.&.-&-&-&-&&-&-&- &- - &-  & - &-  &  & - &-  & -&-.&.&.&.&&.&.&.&..&.&.&.&&.&.&.&.=!(n  #|X4@@#M |P n M= (  #|X4@@#a  a= ( / #|X4@@#x  x= (  #|X4@@#i  i= (  #|X4@@#m  m= ( a#|X4@@#u  u= ( #|X4@@#m  m= (s#|X4@@#  = (#|X4@@#V V= (~-#|X4@@#/ ~/= (d#|X4@@#m mGG--G  G- - GG..GG..Gy--yy--yyy--yy- - y- - y  y- - y  y  y- - y  y--y..yy..yyy..yy..y..yy..yyy..yy..=!(vi#|X4@@#0 |P vi0=!( #|X4@@#1 |P  1= (v#|X4@@#0 v0=!( j  #|X4@@#2 |P  j 2= (vj  #|X4@@#0 vj 0=!(   #|X4@@#3 |P   3= (v  #|X4@@#0 v 0=!( j#|X4@@#4 |P  j4= (vj#|X4@@#0 vj0=!( #|X4@@#5 |P  5= (v#|X4@@#0 v0=!( k#|X4@@#6 |P  k6= (vk#|X4@@#0 vk0=!( #|X4@@#7 |P  7= (v#|X4@@#0 v0=!( k#|X4@@#8 |P  k8= (vk#|X4@@#0 vk0&&&-t&-&t&&-t&-&t&&t&&-t&-&t&&- t&- &- t&- & t& &- t&- & t& & t& &- t&- & t& &-t&-&.t&.&t&&.t&.&t&&t&&.t&.&t&&.t&.&.t&.&t&&.t&.&t&&t&&.t&.&t&&.t&.::$$: : N N s se e  - -{{&&K'K'y F y F " " # # $ $ % % & =!(GJ#|X4@@#P |P P= (NJ#|X4@@#r Nr= ( J#|X4@@#o o= (yJ#|X4@@#p p= (kJ#|X4@@#o ko= (UJ#|X4@@#s s= (;J#|X4@@#e ;e=!(%J#|X4@@#d |P d= (J#|X4@@#  = (NJ#|X4@@#m Nm= (n J#|X4@@#a a= (`  J#|X4@@#x ` x= ( = J#|X4@@#i  i= ( i J#|X4@@#m  m= (  J#|X4@@#u  u= ( { J#|X4@@#m  m= (  J#|X4@@#   = ( W J#|X4@@#e  e=!(H  J#|X4@@#l |P H l= (t  J#|X4@@#e t e=!( ^ J#|X4@@#c |P  c= (D  J#|X4@@#t D t= ({  J#|X4@@#r { r= ( 9J#|X4@@#i  i= ( eJ#|X4@@#c  c= (KJ#|X4@@# K = (J#|X4@@#f f= (5J#|X4@@#i i= (aJ#|X4@@#e e=!(SJ#|X4@@#l |P Sl= (~J#|X4@@#d ~d= (hJ#|X4@@#  = (#J#|X4@@#e #e=!( J#|X4@@#x |P x= (nJ#|X4@@#p p= (`J#|X4@@#o `o= (IJ#|X4@@#s s= (0J#|X4@@#u 0u= (J#|X4@@#r r= (\J#|X4@@#e e=!(MJ#|X4@@# |P M = (J#|X4@@#b b= (nJ#|X4@@#e e=!(`J#|X4@@#l |P `l= (J#|X4@@#o o= (uJ#|X4@@#w w= (J#|X4@@#  = (:J#|X4@@#w w= (LJ#|X4@@#h Lh= (6J#|X4@@#i i= (bJ#|X4@@#c c= (HJ#|X4@@#h Hh= (2J#|X4@@#  = (iJ#|X4@@#n n= (ZJ#|X4@@#o Zo= (DJ#|X4@@#  = ({J#|X4@@#i i= (+J#|X4@@#n +n= (J#|X4@@#d d= (J#|X4@@#u u= (tJ#|X4@@#c tc= (RJ#|X4@@#e e=!(DJ#|X4@@#d |P Dd= (.J#|X4@@#  = (eJ#|X4@@#c c= (KJ#|X4@@#u Ku= (5J#|X4@@#r r= (wJ#|X4@@#r r= (=J#|X4@@#e =e=!('J#|X4@@#n |P n= (J#|X4@@#t t= (OJ#|X4@@# O = (J#|X4@@#m m= (+J#|X4@@#e +e=!( J#|X4@@#a |P a= (  J#|X4@@#s  s= (i  J#|X4@@#u i u= ( R!J#|X4@@#r  r= (!!J#|X4@@#e !e=!(!"J#|X4@@#m |P !m= (+""J#|X4@@#e +"e=!("#J#|X4@@#n |P "n= (##J#|X4@@#t #t= (=##J#|X4@@#s =#s= (#$J#|X4@@# # = (#R$J#|X4@@#a #a= (D$$J#|X4@@#r D$r= ($%J#|X4@@#e $e=!($p%J#|X4@@# |P $ = (+%%J#|X4@@#r +%r= (m%%J#|X4@@#e m%e=!(%V&J#|X4@@#q |P %q= (H&&J#|X4@@#u H&u= (&2'J#|X4@@#i &i= (&]'J#|X4@@#r &r= (#''J#|X4@@#e #'e=!(' (J#|X4@@#d |P 'd=!(CV#|X4@@#( |P CV(= (V#|X4@@#c Vc= (Vd#|X4@@#o Vo= (VV#|X4@@#n VVn= (V?#|X4@@#t Vt= (Vv#|X4@@#r Vr= (<V#|X4@@#o <Vo= (V&#|X4@@#l Vl= (VQ#|X4@@#l Vl= (V}#|X4@@#e Ve=!(oV#|X4@@#d |P oVd= (VY#|X4@@# V = (V#|X4@@#e Ve=!(V#|X4@@#n |P Vn= (Vk#|X4@@#v Vv= (QV#|X4@@#i QVi= (}V#|X4@@#r }Vr= (V;#|X4@@#o Vo= (-V#|X4@@#n -Vn= (V#|X4@@#m Vm= (?V#|X4@@#e ?Ve=!(V)#|X4@@#n |P Vn= (V#|X4@@#t Vt= (QV#|X4@@#) QV)0*]N= '3,,4?+*))++  )-- $))---- $ V I$I$V---V-- V } V} qVqV1V1=V=%V%V]V]VVV V !V!"V"#V#-.> Arial\- 2 F2 xr2 e D-> Arial\- 2 %q2 u2 e-> Arial\- 2 in2 c2 6y2  2 (2 M2 H2 ;z2 )-- I$--1  11I$I$--  } } qq11==%%]]  !!""##-> Arial\--> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 "02 ".-> Arial\- 2 "$1-> Arial\--> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 ""12 ".-> Arial\- 2 "0-> Arial\--> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 "#12 "#02 "d$.-> Arial\- 2 "$0--V VI$-- V } V} qVqV1V1=V=%V%V]V]VVV V !V!"V"#V#-- I$ I$x xI$ I$7 7I$ I$ I$-- I$L LI$ I$? ?I$2 2I$ I$% %I$ I$ I$  I$ I$ I$ I$k kI$ I$^ ^I$Q QI$ I$D DI$ I$ I$* *I$ I$ I$ I$ I$ I$} }I$p pI$ I$c cI$ I$-.>  Arial\- 2 M2 da2 x2 0i2 [m2 u2 im2  2 AV2 /2 m-- V --  xx  77   VV -- ;L L; ;? ?;2 2; ;% %; ; ;  ; ; ; ;k k; ;^ ^;Q Q; ;D D; ; ;* *; ; ; ; ; ;} };p p; ;c c; ;-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 v0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 l52 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 612 6l02 60-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 12 l52 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 22 l02 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 U22 Ul52 U0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 32 l02 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 32 l52 0--I$VI$--{$I$L{$LI${$I$?{$?I$2{$2I${$I$%{$%I${$I${$I$ {$ I${$I${$I${$I$k{$kI${$I$^{$^I$Q{$QI${$I$D{$DI${$I${$I$*{$*I${$I${$I${$I${$I${$I$}{$}I$p{$pI${$I$c{$cI${$I$--=2]W "^I$---'.> Arial\- 2 |MP2 |r2 |o2 |{p2 |o2 |Ss2 |e> Arial\- 2 | d2 | 2 |m2 |da2 |x2 |0 i2 |[ m2 | u2 |i m2 |  2 |A e> Arial\-> Arial\- 2 | l2 | e-> Arial\-  2 |D c2 | t2 | r2 | i2 |G c2 |  2 | f2 |i2 |?e> Arial\-  > Arial\-  2 |l2 |d2 |B 2 |xe- > Arial\-  2 |x2 |Dp2 |o2 |s2 |}u2 |r2 |*e> Arial\-  > Arial\-  2 | 2 |b2 |8e- > Arial\-  2 |l2 |o2 |;w2 | 2 |w2 |h2 |i2 | c2 |h2 | 2 |#n2 |o2 | 2 |1i2 |\n2 |d2 |4u2 |c2 |e> Arial\- > Arial\-  2 |md2 | 2 |c2 |pu2 |r2 |r2 |^e- > Arial\- 2 |n2 |6t2 |l 2 |m2 |De> Arial\-> Arial\- 2 |a2 |s2 |}u2 |r2 |* e-> Arial\- 2 | m2 |8!e> Arial\-> Arial\- 2 |!n2 |"t2 |F"s2 |" 2 |"a2 |I#r2 |#e-> Arial\- 2 |# 2 |,$r2 |m$e> Arial\-> Arial\- 2 |$q2 |E%u2 |%i2 |%r2 |&e-> Arial\- 2 |&d> Arial\-.> Arial\- 2 8(2 8u2 8tn2 8c2 8Ao2 8n2 8t2 8Or2 8o2 8l2 8'l2 8Re-> Arial\- 2 8d2 8* 2 8`e> Arial\-> Arial\- 2 8n2 88v2 8i2 8r2 8o2 8qn2 8m2 8e-> Arial\- 2 8n2 8Wt2 8)> Arial\-]0*0*]$$    $$eett__--rrll4!4!D"D".#.###=!(4J#|X4@ @#F |P 4F= ()J#|X4@ @#r r= (jJ#|X4@ @#e e=!(\J#|X4@ @#q |P \q= (EJ#|X4@ @#u u= (6J#|X4@ @#e 6e=!( J#|X4@ @#n |P n= (J#|X4@ @#c c= (sJ#|X4@ @#y sy= (PJ#|X4@ @#  = ( J#|X4@ @#(  (= (MJ#|X4@ @#M MM= (mJ#|X4@ @#H H= (~J#|X4@ @#z ~z= (\J#|X4@ @#) )$EE$E$    $$eett__--rrll4!4!D"D".#.###=!(3 #|X4@ @#0 |P 30= (3y#|X4@ @#. 3.=!(33#|X4@ @#1 |P 331=!(_3#|X4@ @#1 |P _31= (3H#|X4@ @#. 3.=!(3#|X4@ @#0 |P 30=!(#3t$#|X4@ @#1 |P #31= (e$3$#|X4@ @#0 e$30= ($3N%#|X4@ @#. $3.=!( %3%#|X4@ @#0 |P  %30$    $$eett__--rrll4!4!D"D".#.###$; $;  $  $ p$p$>$>$d$d$Z$ZO$O$E$E$ $ 1 $1  $ ' $'  $  $  $  $ $$z$z$$f$f$]$]R$R$H$H$$4$4$*$*=!(  #|X4@ @#M |P  M= ( < #|X4@ @#a  a= (  #|X4@ @#x  x= (]  #|X4@ @#i ] i= ( 6 #|X4@ @#m  m= (,  #|X4@ @#u , u= ( G#|X4@ @#m  m= (=#|X4@ @# = = (t"#|X4@ @#V tV= (#|X4@ @#/ /= (-#|X4@ @#m -m; ;     pp>>JdJdJZJZOJOJEJEJ J 1 J1  J ' J'  J  J  J  J JJzJzJJfJfJ]J]RJRJHJHJJ4J4J*J*=!(_?#|X4@ @#0 |P 0=!(v #|X4@ @#5 |P v5= (_ #|X4@ @#0 0=!( `  #|X4@ @#1 |P  ` 1= (v`  #|X4@ @#0 v` 0= (` _ #|X4@ @#0 ` 0=!(  u#|X4@ @#1 |P   1= (v u#|X4@ @#5 v 5= ( _u#|X4@ @#0  0=!( -#|X4@ @#2 |P  -2= (v-#|X4@ @#0 v-0= (-_#|X4@ @#0 -0=!( B#|X4@ @#2 |P  2= (vB#|X4@ @#5 v5= (_B#|X4@ @#0 0=!( #|X4@ @#3 |P  3= (v#|X4@ @#0 v0= (_#|X4@ @#0 0=!( b#|X4@ @#3 |P  b3= (vb#|X4@ @#5 vb5= (b_#|X4@ @#0 b0$$$$$d$d$$$Z$Z$O$O$$$E$E$$$ $ $1 $1 $ $ $' $' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$$$$z$z$$$$$f$f$$$]$]$R$R$$$H$H$$$$$4$4$$$*$*k>b b     r r lxlx4!4!.#.#$|=!(Z#|X4@ @#P |P ZP= (X#|X4@ @#r r= (#|X4@ @#o o= (#|X4@ @#p p= (t#|X4@ @#o o= (f#|X4@ @#s fs= (D#|X4@ @#e e=!(5#|X4@ @#d |P 5d= (#|X4@ @#  = (U#|X4@ @#m m= (}#|X4@ @#a }a= (f #|X4@ @#x x= (K  #|X4@ @#i K i= (w  #|X4@ @#m w m= (  #|X4@ @#u  u= (  #|X4@ @#m  m= (,  #|X4@ @# ,  = (c  #|X4@ @#e c e=!( L #|X4@ @#l |P  l= ( x #|X4@ @#e  e=!(i  #|X4@ @#c |P i c= ( G #|X4@ @#t  t= ( ~ #|X4@ @#r  r= (C  #|X4@ @#i C i= (o  #|X4@ @#c o c= ( M#|X4@ @#   = (#|X4@ @#f f= (>#|X4@ @#i >i= (j#|X4@ @#e je=!(S#|X4@ @#l |P l= (#|X4@ @#d d= (p#|X4@ @# p = (##|X4@ @#e e=!(#|X4@ @#x |P x= (u#|X4@ @#p up= (^#|X4@ @#o o= (P#|X4@ @#s Ps= (.#|X4@ @#u u= (#|X4@ @#r r= (a#|X4@ @#e ae=!(J#|X4@ @# |P  = (#|X4@ @#b b= (r#|X4@ @#e re=!([#|X4@ @#l |P l= ( #|X4@ @#o  o= (x#|X4@ @#w xw= (#|X4@ @#  = (<#|X4@ @#w <w= (F#|X4@ @#h h= (7#|X4@ @#i 7i= (c#|X4@ @#c cc= (A#|X4@ @#h h= (2#|X4@ @# 2 = (i#|X4@ @#n in= (R#|X4@ @#o o= (D#|X4@ @# D = (z#|X4@ @#i zi= ("#|X4@ @#n n= (#|X4@ @#d d= (#|X4@ @#u u= (j#|X4@ @#c c= (P#|X4@ @#e Pe=!(9#|X4@ @#d |P d= (*#|X4@ @# * = (a#|X4@ @#c ac= (?#|X4@ @#u u= (0#|X4@ @#r 0r= (r#|X4@ @#r rr= (0#|X4@ @#e e=!(!#|X4@ @#n |P !n= ( #|X4@ @#t t= (A#|X4@ @#  = (x#|X4@ @#m m= (#|X4@ @#e e=!( #|X4@ @#a |P  a= (z#|X4@ @#s zs= (X #|X4@ @#u u= (J  #|X4@ @#r J r= ( !#|X4@ @#e  e=!( u!#|X4@ @#m |P  m= (!"#|X4@ @#e !e=!( ""#|X4@ @#n |P  "n= (w""#|X4@ @#t w"t= ("*##|X4@ @#s "s= (###|X4@ @# # = (G###|X4@ @#a G#a= (#0$#|X4@ @#r #r= (#r$#|X4@ @#e #e=!(c$$#|X4@ @# |P c$ = ($%#|X4@ @#r $r= ($W%#|X4@ @#e $e=!(I%%#|X4@ @#q |P I%q= (%2&#|X4@ @#u %u= (#&&#|X4@ @#i #&i= (O&&#|X4@ @#r O&r= (& '#|X4@ @#e &e=!(&z'#|X4@ @#d |P &d=!(s7#|X4@ @#( |P (= (87#|X4@ @#u 8u= ("7#|X4@ @#n n= (7#|X4@ @#c c= (u7#|X4@ @#o uo= (^7#|X4@ @#n n= (P7#|X4@ @#t Pt= (7#|X4@ @#r r= (D7#|X4@ @#o o= (57#|X4@ @#l 5l= (a7#|X4@ @#l al= (7#|X4@ @#e e=!(v7#|X4@ @#d |P d= (g7#|X4@ @# g = (7#|X4@ @#e e=!( 7#|X4@ @#n |P  n= (x7#|X4@ @#v xv= (V7#|X4@ @#i i= (7#|X4@ @#r r= (H7#|X4@ @#o Ho= (17#|X4@ @#n n= ("7#|X4@ @#m "m= (B7#|X4@ @#e e=!(37#|X4@ @#n |P 3n= (7#|X4@ @#t t= (S7#|X4@ @#) )0*YN= '3,,4?4*..+4 ^  .-- $..---- $\f(f(\--.> Arial- 2 "P2 "pr2 "o2 "p2 "o2 "s2 "V e D-> Arial- 2 " d2 ".  2 "d m2 " a2 "r x2 " i2 " m2 " u2 " m2 "  2 " e-> Arial- 2 "Ol2 "ze-> Arial- 2 "c2 "Gt2 "}r2 "i2 "c2 "J 2 "f2 "i2 "e-> Arial- 2 "Ml2 "xd2 " 2 "e-> Arial- 2 "x2 "p2 "Ro2 "s2 "u2 "r2 "e-> Arial- 2 "8s2 " 2 "b2 ";e-> Arial- 2 "l2 "o2 ">w2 " 2 "w2 "h2 "i2 "#c2 "h2 " 2 "&n2 "o2 " 2 "4i2 "_n2 "d2 "7u2 "c2 "e-> Arial- 2 "pd2 " 2 "c2 "su2 "r2 " r2 "ae-> Arial- 2 "n2 "9 t2 "o  2 " m2 "G!e-> Arial- 2 "!a2 ""s2 ""u2 ""r2 "-#e-> Arial- 2 "#m2 ";$e-> Arial- 2 "$n2 "%t2 "I%s2 "% 2 "%a2 "L&r2 "&e-> Arial- 2 "& 2 "/'r2 "p'e-> Arial- 2 "'q2 "H(u2 "(i2 "(r2 " )e-> Arial- 2 ")d-- \ \c\cC\C#\#\\\"\"%\%--U \U  \ { \{  \ 5 \5  \ \ \\  \ \\<\<\\\\\\j\j\\\J\J\p\p\*\*\Q\Qw\w \ \1\1X \X  \ ~!\~!"\"8#\8##\#_$\_$$\$&\&&\&?'\?''\'-.> Arial- 2 1F2 15r2 1ve-> Arial- 2 1q2 1Nu2 1e-> Arial- 2 1&n2 1c2 1y2 1S 2 1(2 1M2 1lH2 1z2 1Y)--f(--jj  jjccjCCj##jjjj""j%%jf(f(--U U   { {   5 5   \ \   <<jjJJpp**QQww  11X X   ~!~!""8#8###_$_$$$&&&&?'?'''-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [6 12 [ 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [22 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [32 [c0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [42 [C0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [52 [#0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [62 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [x72 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [X82 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [9"92 ["0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [$12 [O%02 [%0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 ['12 [0(12 [(0--\\f(--  f(rrf(f(f(ggf(f(  f(--EEf(f(33f(f(f(f(f(f(f(__f(f(MMf(::f(f(((f(f(f(f(zzf(f(f(UUf(f(BBf(00f(f(f(f(f(f(oof(f(-.>  Arial- 2 M2 a2 x2 ti2 m2 Au2 m2 O 2 V2 /2 <m--\--^ ^ r^r^^g^g^ ^ \^\--EE33__MM::((zzUUBB00oo-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 5-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 0%12 00-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %12 5-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %22 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %%22 %5-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 w%32 w0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %32 5-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %42 0--f(\f(--Ef(E4(f(4(3f(34(f(4(f(4(f(4(f(4(f(4(f(4(_f(_4(f(4(Mf(M4(:f(:4(f(4((f((4(f(4(f(4(f(4(zf(z4(f(4(f(4(Uf(U4(f(4(Bf(B4(0f(04(f(4(f(4(f(4(f(4(f(4(of(o4(f(4(-- J{    PcC#~"$$%&&f(---'.> Arial- 2 (2 u2 -n2 c2 o2 fn2 t2 r2 Io2 l2 l2  e> Arial- 2 wd2  2 e> Arialc^-> Arial- 2 n2 v2 Ri2 }r2 o2 *n2 m2 8e-> Arial-  2 n2 t2 F)> Arialc^-  Y0*0*Y+x]$x]$+=!(=_#nX4@@#P nP =P= (_#nX4@@#r r= (Z_#nX4@@#o o= (M_#nX4@@#p Mp= (_#nX4@@#o o= (~_#nX4@@#s s= (g_#nX4@@#e ge=!(6 _#nX4@@#d nP d= ()  _#nX4@@# )  = (Z  _#nX4@@#m Z m= ( Z _#nX4@@#a  a= (M  _#nX4@@#x M x= (  _#nX4@@#i  i= ( 8 _#nX4@@#m  m= (\  _#nX4@@#u \ u= ( + _#nX4@@#m  m= (O  _#nX4@@# O  = (  _#nX4@@#e  e=!( O _#nX4@@#l nP  l= ( u _#nX4@@#e  e=!(i  _#nX4@@#c nP i c= ( ._#nX4@@#t  t= ( __#nX4@@#r  r= (+_#nX4@@#i +i= (R_#nX4@@#c Rc= (_#nX4@@#  = (H_#nX4@@#f f= ( x_#nX4@@#i  i= (1_#nX4@@#e 1e=!(_#nX4@@#l nP l= ('_#nX4@@#d d= (_#nX4@@#  = (K_#nX4@@#e Ke=!(_#nX4@@#x nP x= (p_#nX4@@#p p= (d_#nX4@@#o do= (3_#nX4@@#s s= (_#nX4@@#u u= (}_#nX4@@#r }r= (&_#nX4@@#e e=!(_#nX4@@#s nP s= (p_#nX4@@# p = (_#nX4@@#b b= (p_#nX4@@#e e=!(c_#nX4@@#l nP cl= (_#nX4@@#o o= (Y_#nX4@@#w w= (i_#nX4@@# i = (_#nX4@@#w w= (_#nX4@@#h h= (y_#nX4@@#i yi= (_#nX4@@#c c= (e_#nX4@@#h h= (X_#nX4@@# X = (_#nX4@@#n n= (X_#nX4@@#o o= (L_#nX4@@# L = (|_#nX4@@#i |i= (_#nX4@@#n n= (r_#nX4@@#d d= (e_#nX4@@#u eu= (4_#nX4@@#c c= (_#nX4@@#e e=!(_#nX4@@#d nP d= (N_#nX4@@#  = (_#nX4@@#c c= (h_#nX4@@#u hu= (7_#nX4@@#r r= (r_#nX4@@#r r= (>_#nX4@@#e >e=!(_#nX4@@#n nP n= (o_#nX4@@#t t= (1_#nX4@@# 1 = (b_#nX4@@#m bm= (b_#nX4@@#e e=!(U_#nX4@@#a nP Ua= ($_#nX4@@#s s= (|_#nX4@@#u u= (o_#nX4@@#r or= ( _#nX4@@#e e=!( y _#nX4@@#m nP  m= (  !_#nX4@@#e  e=!( l!_#nX4@@#n nP  n= (_!!_#nX4@@#t _!t= (!!_#nX4@@#s !s= (!U"_#nX4@@# ! = (""_#nX4@@#a "a= (y""_#nX4@@#r y"r= ("!#_#nX4@@#e "e=!(##_#nX4@@# nP # = (E##_#nX4@@#r E#r= (##_#nX4@@#e #e=!(#O$_#nX4@@#q nP #q= (B$$_#nX4@@#u B$u= ($%_#nX4@@#i $i= ($8%_#nX4@@#r $r= (%r%_#nX4@@#e %e=!(e%%_#nX4@@#d nP e%d x xx + x +x+=x=+x+jxj+x+x+/x/+!x!+fxf+x+o xo + x + x + x + x + x + x +x+x+!x!+*x*+x+3x3+x+x+FxF+x+OxO+XxX+x+axa+x+x+sxs+x+}x}+x+ x +x+x+x+x+%x%+x+x+8 x8 + x +A!xA!+J"xJ"+"x"+S#xS#+#x#+=!(#nX4@@#F nP F= (k#nX4@@#r r= (7#nX4@@#e 7e=!(#nX4@@#q nP q= (h#nX4@@#u u= ([#nX4@@#e [e=!(*#nX4@@#n nP n= (#nX4@@#c c= (u#nX4@@#y uy= (9#nX4@@#  = (j#nX4@@#( (= (6#nX4@@#M 6M= (6#nX4@@#H H= (F#nX4@@#z Fz= ( #nX4@@#) )x]$xxx x x  xx==xxjjxxx//x!!x]$]$xfKfxKxo Ko x K x K x K x K x K x K xKxKx!K!x*K*xKx3K3xKxKxFKFxKxOKOxXKXxKxaKaxKxKxsKsxKx}K}xKx K xKxKxKxKx%K%xKxKx8 K8 x K xA!KA!xJ"KJ"x"K"xS#KS#x#K#x=!(*#nX4@@#0 nP *0=!( * #nX4@@#1 nP  *1= (x * #nX4@@#0 x *0=!( * #nX4@@#2 nP  *2= ( *} #nX4@@#0  *0=!(E*#nX4@@#3 nP E*3= (*#nX4@@#0 *0=!(*I#nX4@@#4 nP *4= (=*#nX4@@#0 =*0=!(r*#nX4@@#5 nP r*5= (*A#nX4@@#0 *0=!( *w#nX4@@#6 nP  *6= (j*#nX4@@#0 j*0=!(*#nX4@@#7 nP *7= (*o#nX4@@#0 *0=!(6*#nX4@@#8 nP 6*8= (*#nX4@@#0 *0=!(*<#nX4@@#9 nP *9= (/*#nX4@@#0 /*0=!(4!*!#nX4@@#1 nP 4!*1= (!*"#nX4@@#0 !*0= (!*d"#nX4@@#0 !*0=!(#*9$#nX4@@#1 nP #*1= (,$*$#nX4@@#1 ,$*1= ($*$#nX4@@#0 $*0+]$+ ]$]$ ]$  ]$ ]$]$]$]$N]$N]$#]$#]$d]$d]$:]$: ]$ z ]$z  ]$ P ]$P & ]$&  ]$  ]$ g ]$g < ]$<  ]$ ]$}]$}S]$S]$(]$(]$j]$j]$?]$?]$]$]$V]$V]$=!( k #nX4@@#M nP  M= ( k$ #nX4@@#a  a= ( k #nX4@@#x  x= (@ k #nX4@@#i @ i= (g k #nX4@@#m g m= ( k #nX4@@#u  u= (Z k #nX4@@#m Z m= ( k#nX4@@#  = (k#nX4@@#V V= (k,#nX4@@#/ /= (k\#nX4@@#m mx+xx    ++NN##dd::  z z   P P & &     g g < <   }}SS((jj??VV=!(<=#nX4@@#0 nP <0=!(S=#nX4@@#5 nP S5=!(ni #nX4@@#1 nP ni1= (i= #nX4@@#0 i0=!(n  #nX4@@#1 nP n 1= ( = #nX4@@#5  5=!(n 1 #nX4@@#2 nP n 2= ( =1 #nX4@@#0  0=!(nH#nX4@@#2 nP n2= (=H#nX4@@#5 5=!(n^#nX4@@#3 nP n3= (=^#nX4@@#0 0=!(nu#nX4@@#3 nP n3= (=u#nX4@@#5 5=!(n#nX4@@#4 nP n4= (=#nX4@@#0 0]$x]$+]$0$]$N0$N]$0$]$#0$#]$0$]$d0$d]$0$]$:0$:]$ 0$ ]$z 0$z ]$ 0$ ]$P 0$P ]$& 0$& ]$ 0$ ]$ 0$ ]$g 0$g ]$< 0$< ]$ 0$ ]$0$]$}0$}]$S0$S]$0$]$(0$(]$0$]$j0$j]$0$]$?0$?]$0$]$0$]$0$]$V0$V]$0$o o  x % x % E E O OZZYY99=D=DNNYY//z  z  !E !E " " # # ]$ =!(n#nX4@@#( nP (= (6n#nX4@@#u u= ()n#nX4@@#n )n= (n#nX4@@#c c= (On#nX4@@#o o= (Cn#nX4@@#n Cn= (n#nX4@@#t t= (Bn#nX4@@#r r= (}n#nX4@@#o o= (pn#nX4@@#l pl= (n#nX4@@#l l= (+n#nX4@@#e e=!(n#nX4@@#d nP d= (n#nX4@@#  = (n#nX4@@#e e=!(n#nX4@@#n nP n= (sn#nX4@@#v sv= (8n#nX4@@#i i= (_n#nX4@@#r r= (+n#nX4@@#o +o= (n#nX4@@#n n= (\n#nX4@@#m m= (n#nX4@@#e e=!(On#nX4@@#n nP n= (Bn#nX4@@#t Bt= (sn#nX4@@#) s)0*N= '3,,4?**''+* M '-- $''---- $1p=$p=$1---p1--p 1 pq 1q pe1ep1p%1%p111p1p1pQ1Qp1p1p1p 1 p!1!p"1"p#1#-.> Arial- 2 xF2 xr2 xe D-> Arial- 2 xBq2 xu2 xe-> Arial- 2 xn2 xc2 xSy2 x 2 x(2 x*M2 xH2 xXz2 x)--pp=$-- p p =$p=$--p  pq q peepp%%p11pppQQpppp  p!!p""p##-> Arial--> Arial--.> Arial- 2 v02 .-> Arial- 2 1-> Arial--> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 .-> Arial- 2 0-> Arial--> Arial--.> Arial- 2 #12 #02 X$.-> Arial- 2 $0--11=$--c 1 cq 1q ce1ec1c%1%c111c1c1cQ1Qc1c1c1c 1 c!1!c"1"c#1#--=$=$zz=$((=$=$=$--=$=$  =$=$=$11=$=$CC=$UU=$=$hh=$=$=$=$=$=$=$::=$=$MM=$__=$=$qq=$=$  =$=$=$=$-.>  Arial- 2 wM2 fwa2 wx2 2wi2 ]wm2 wu2 kwm2 w 2 CwV2 w/2 wm--p1--ppzz((11--//  ///11//CC/UU//hh///////:://MM/__//qq//  ////-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 .0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 `02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 22 `02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 832 8`02 80-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 42 `02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 52 `02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 B62 B`02 B0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 72 `02 0--p=$1=$--o$=$o$=$ o$ =$o$=$o$=$1o$1=$o$=$Co$C=$Uo$U=$o$=$ho$h=$o$=$o$=$o$=$o$=$o$=$o$=$:o$:=$o$=$Mo$M=$_o$_=$o$=$qo$q=$o$=$ o$ =$o$=$o$=$o$=$--1Q%x s"@=$---'.> Arial- 2 aP2 r2 #o2 p2 o2 gs2 e> Arial- 2 4d2  2 m2 xa2 x2 Di2 om2  u2 } m2   2 U e> Arial-> Arial- 2 l2 e-> Arial-  2 X c2 t2 r2 0 i2 [ c2  2 f2 ( i2 S e> Arial-  > Arial-  2 l2 d2 V 2 e- > Arial-  2 x2 Xp2 o2 0s2 u2 r2 >e> Arial-  > Arial-  2  2 b2 Le- > Arial-  2 l2 o2 Ow2  2 w2 h2 i2 4c2 h2  2 7n2 o2  2 Ei2 pn2 d2 Hu2 c2 e> Arial- > Arial-  2 d2  2 #c2 u2 r2 1r2 re- > Arial- 2 n2 Jt2  2 m2 Xe> Arial-> Arial- 2 a2 0s2 u2 r2 >e-> Arial- 2 m2 L e> Arial-> Arial- 2 n2 $!t2 Z!s2 ! 2 !a2 ]"r2 "e-> Arial- 2 # 2 @#r2 #e> Arial-> Arial- 2 #q2 Y$u2 $i2 $r2 1%e-> Arial- 2 %d> Arial-.> Arial- 2 ,(2 ,c2 ,]o2 ,n2 ,5t2 ,kr2 ,o2 ,l2 ,Cl2 ,ne-> Arial- 2 ,d2 ,F 2 ,|e> Arial-> Arial- 2 ,n2 ,Tv2 ,i2 ,r2 ,!o2 ,n2 ,m2 ,e-> Arial- 2 ,n2 ,st2 ,)> Arial-0*0*MM&&M M 9 9 MM99VVMM&&!!""##$$%%=!(2j# X4@)@#F P 2F= (2j# X4@)@#r r= (xj# X4@)@#e e=!(hj# X4@)@#q P hq= (]j# X4@)@#u u= (Nj# X4@)@#e Ne=!(Cj# X4@)@#n P n= (4j# X4@)@#c 4c= (j# X4@)@#y y= (j# X4@)@#  = (:j# X4@)@#( :(= (j# X4@)@#M M= (,j# X4@)@#H ,H= (Bj# X4@)@#z z= ((j# X4@)@#) ()M&MpMp&p&M M 9 9 MM99VVMM&&!!""##$$%%=!(P@# X4@)@#0 P P0= (0P# X4@)@#. 0P.=!(jP# X4@)@#1 P jP1=!(ZP# X4@)@#1 P ZP1= (PO# X4@)@#. P.=!(P# X4@)@#0 P P0=!(%P?&# X4@)@#1 P %P1= (0&P&# X4@)@#0 0&P0= (&P%'# X4@)@#. &P.=!(&P^'# X4@)@#0 P &P0M&M M 9 9 MM99VVMM&&!!""##$$%%M&M & Mf &f M?&?M&M&Mm&mM&M&M"&"MF&FM&Mi &i M & M & M & MC &C M & M & M&M&M&M&Mb&bM&M&M&M<&<M&M_&_M&M&M&M8&8=!( L # X4@)@#M P  M= (A  # X4@)@#a A a= ( k # X4@)@#x  x= (  # X4@)@#i  i= (G  # X4@)@#m G m= ( # X4@)@#u  u= (f # X4@)@#m fm= ( # X4@)@#  = (L # X4@)@#V LV= ( # X4@)@#/ /= ( # X4@)@#m mMMMM M f Mf ?M?MMMMmmMMM""MFFMMi i M  M  M  MC C M  M  MMMMMbbMMMM<<MM__MMMM88=!( L# X4@)@#0 P  0=!(#m%# X4@)@#1 P #m1= (m%# X4@)@#0 m0= ( m%# X4@)@#0  m0=!(#G  # X4@)@#2 P #G 2= (G  # X4@)@#0 G 0= ( G  # X4@)@#0  G 0=!(#  # X4@)@#3 P # 3= (  # X4@)@#0  0= (   # X4@)@#0   0=!(## X4@)@#4 P #4= (# X4@)@#0 0= ( # X4@)@#0  0=!(## X4@)@#5 P #5= (# X4@)@#0 0= ( # X4@)@#0  0=!(#d# X4@)@#6 P #6= (d# X4@)@#0 0= ( d# X4@)@#0  0=!(#<# X4@)@#7 P #7= (<# X4@)@#0 0= ( <# X4@)@#0  0&&&m&m&&&&&"&"&F&F&&&i &i & & & & & & &C &C & & & & &&&&&&&&&b&b&&&&&&&<&<&&&_&_&&&&&&&8&8&X| | S S , , "I"I$$&=!(G# X4@)@#P P GP= ( G# X4@)@#r  Gr= (eG# X4@)@#o eGo= (GZ# X4@)@#p Gp= (KG# X4@)@#o KGo= (G@# X4@)@#s Gs= (%G# X4@)@#e %Ge=!(G# X4@)@#d P Gd= ( G# X4@)@#  G = (DG# X4@)@#m DGm= (Gr# X4@)@#a Ga= (cG# X4@)@#x cGx= (GK # X4@)@#i Gi= (Gy # X4@)@#m Gm= ( G% # X4@)@#u  Gu= ( G # X4@)@#m  Gm= ( GD # X4@)@#  G = ( G} # X4@)@#e  Ge=!(n G # X4@)@#l P n Gl= ( G # X4@)@#e  Ge=!( G # X4@)@#c P  Gc= (v G # X4@)@#t v Gt= ( G1 # X4@)@#r  Gr= ( Gv # X4@)@#i  Gi= (" G # X4@)@#c " Gc= ( G # X4@)@#  G = ( GE# X4@)@#f  Gf= ( G~# X4@)@#i  Gi= (*G# X4@)@#e *Ge=!(G# X4@)@#l P Gl= (GL# X4@)@#d Gd= (=G# X4@)@# =G = (vG# X4@)@#e vGe=!(Gk# X4@)@#x P Gx= (OG# X4@)@#p OGp= (GD# X4@)@#o Go= (5G# X4@)@#s 5Gs= (G# X4@)@#u Gu= (G# X4@)@#r Gr= (TG# X4@)@#e TGe=!(GI# X4@)@# P G = (G# X4@)@#b Gb= (sG# X4@)@#e sGe=!(Gh# X4@)@#l P Gl= (G# X4@)@#o Go= (G# X4@)@#w Gw= (G# X4@)@# G = (UG# X4@)@#w UGw= (Gk# X4@)@#h Gh= (\G# X4@)@#i \Gi= (G # X4@)@#c Gc= (Gs# X4@)@#h Gh= (dG# X4@)@# dG = (G# X4@)@#n Gn= (G# X4@)@#o Go= (G# X4@)@# G = (G># X4@)@#i Gi= (Gl# X4@)@#n Gn= (]G# X4@)@#d ]Gd= (GR# X4@)@#u Gu= (CG# X4@)@#c CGc= (G,# X4@)@#e Ge=!(G# X4@)@#d P Gd= (G# X4@)@# G = (GK# X4@)@#c Gc= (0G# X4@)@#u 0Gu= (G%# X4@)@#r Gr= (Gj# X4@)@#r Gr= (-G# X4@)@#e -Ge=!(G"# X4@)@#n P Gn= (G# X4@)@#t Gt= (LG# X4@)@# LG = (G# X4@)@#m Gm= (1G# X4@)@#e 1Ge=!(G& # X4@)@#a P Ga= ( G # X4@)@#s  Gs= (~ G!# X4@)@#u ~ Gu= ( Gs!# X4@)@#r  Gr= (6!G!# X4@)@#e 6!Ge=!(!G+"# X4@)@#m P !Gm= (U"G"# X4@)@#e U"Ge=!("GJ## X4@)@#n P "Gn= (;#G## X4@)@#t ;#Gt= (t#G## X4@)@#s t#Gs= (#G]$# X4@)@# #G = ($G$# X4@)@#a $Ga= ($G %# X4@)@#r $Gr= ($GO%# X4@)@#e $Ge=!(?%G%# X4@)@# P ?%G = (y%G%# X4@)@#r y%Gr= (%G@&# X4@)@#e %Ge=!(1&G&# X4@)@#q P 1&Gq= (&G&'# X4@)@#u &Gu= ('G'# X4@)@#i 'Gi= (D'G'# X4@)@#r D'Gr= ('G (# X4@)@#e 'Ge=!('G~(# X4@)@#d P 'Gd=!(;# X4@)@#( P (= (# X4@)@#c c= (e# X4@)@#o eo= (Z# X4@)@#n n= (J# X4@)@#t Jt= (# X4@)@#r r= (K# X4@)@#o o= (<# X4@)@#l <l= (i# X4@)@#l il= (# X4@)@#e e=!( # X4@)@#d P  d= (}# X4@)@# } = (8# X4@)@#e e=!()# X4@)@#n P )n= (# X4@)@#v v= (# X4@)@#i i= (1# X4@)@#r 1r= (v# X4@)@#o vo= (k# X4@)@#n n= ([# X4@)@#m [m= (# X4@)@#e e=!(z# X4@)@#n P zn= (o# X4@)@#t t= ('# X4@)@#) ')G%xN= '3,,4?~Y***+dY ,, *-- $**---- $r` '` 'r--. Arial- 2  F2  i2  g2 m u2  r2 K e D- Arial- 2   2  52  .- Arial- 2   - Arial- 2 0 P2  r2 8o2 j2 e- Arial- 2 c2 ,t2 e- Arial- 2  d2  2 A2 M2 m 2 B2 gr2 o2 aa2 d2 c2 a2 s2 &t2 y 2 P2 eo2 w2 e- Arial- 2 Kr2  2 L2 i2 m2 i2 t2 Es2  2 t2 ho2   2 F M2 !e- Arial- 2 !e- Arial- 2 ,"t2 " -. Arial- 2 VF2 VHr2 Ve- Arial- 2 V&q2 Vu2 V<e- Arial- 2 Vn2 VRc2 Vy2 VL 2 V(2 Vk2 VaH2 Vz2 V)--`` '--` `  ` `?`?a`a`` ` #`# '` '-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 62 02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 8 72 02  0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 Y 82 02 10-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 {92 02 S0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 g12 02 ?02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 12 a02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 22 02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 932 02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 [ 42 02 3!0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 #12 }#52 #02 U$0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 3&12 &62 '02 w'0--rr '-.  Arial- 2 P2 r2 o2 j2 e-  Arial- 2 _c2 t2 !e-  Arial- 2 d2 7 2 |A2 #M2  2 8P2 o2 jw2 e-  Arial- 2 r2  2 BL2 i2 m2 i2 t2 R 2 (2 w2 a2 *t2 ot2 s2 1)--`r--`s`ss+s+s\s\ss&s&-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 22 :02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 P42 P:02 P0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 62 :02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 82 :02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 b12 02 :02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 b12 22 :02 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 Kb12 K42 K:02 K0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 b12 62 :02 0--` 'r '--F:_- p{{    " 7  <    Y g  |   y<oh;h;ep_[ RHMFkFk@?7/?6/?("Qo   x 3CCp1ss}/C    _!!_"##'###$3%3%}%%D& 'D& '--#_ip U  " H <  HY  | W <y4p vM=??]Q<x3p1zm}bCW M C!:_"1'#(#$}% D& ' D& '--_phcc<6-- ;  "  ]< Nk Nk 0 !   Y   | }PCC#<[wwp oI3I3BM"g??`2Q*o*ox|3UUO4_-{-{! p177jg``@k<}C    '!C!C!!x!W_")'####$$$$3%}%qD&B 'pD&B '--_\ pn f f 4 " 7  < R Y  |   UQ"<p wjjQM-+ ? ?Qqxnc3VLBp==:121,'}"C G G  _!!_"'## $ $ $ }%%D& 'D& '--dd[^qq0&dyolzlz8q#y t t     @ ,! $( $(   | | 4 ; L L H , , X d ~ ~     ~{ Q 6 6 Rnn_<|ddPJffpjU TTuBnMb^b^??O#O#??2[2[i7_Q^S^S-##/KKx3lffRF'@C@C*#pw1;;o33}wCsgooa ` ]+ ]+ N L K K =_!:{!:{!8!-"*#"*#"%_""""'#W# s# s###$$$$$$O%k%k%}%%&&D& '&&c&G&G&D& '----- $~~---- $gwgw---- $&&C'C'---- $\\---- $? ---- $ 'KL'&---- $??---- $?o---- $ '&gL'g---- $"---- $?7?---- $ 'KV' '&----$_=_----$?w`w?`----$ 'C'C' 'j&&--'. ArialF- 2 (2 "2 .o2 n2 D-2 t2 o2 gw2 e ArialF- 2 r2 "2 S 2 e Arial- ArialF- 2 #x2 p2 +o2 s2 3u2 r2 e- ArialF-  2  2 o2 ln2 l2 /y2 ) Arial-  .> ArialF-  2 Y02 .- > ArialF-  2 22 g52 02 ? 2 uw2 a2 mv2 e> Arial-  > ArialF-  2 :l2 ee- > ArialF-  2 n2 =g2 t2 h> Arial- - ;;-- $B- --- $`- -- .> ArialF-  2 U 02 .- > ArialF- 2 52 c!02 !02 ;" 2 q"w2 "a2 i#v2 #e> Arial-> ArialF- 2 6$l2 a$e-> ArialF- 2 $n2 9%g2 %t2 %h> Arial---- $>CC---- $\CC---.> ArialF- 2 L 02 .-> ArialF- 2 62 Z!22 !52 2" 2 h"w2 "a2 `#v2 #e> Arial-> ArialF- 2 -$l2 X$e-> ArialF- 2 $n2 0%g2 %t2 %h> Arial--v-- $v^v+---- $^I---.> ArialF- 2 T2 &e-> ArialF- 2 l2 l2  2 S2 t2 u2 Ad2 y2   2 C02 .> Arial-> ArialF- 2 22 Q52 -2 02 j.-> ArialF- 2 62  22 x52  2   2 P w2  a2 H!v2 !e> Arial-> ArialF- 2 "l2 @"e-> ArialF- 2 "n2 #g2 #t2 #h> Arial----$rPr----$//rPr---. ArialF- 2 K A2 N2 S2 \ I2 /2 I2 + E- ArialF- 2 E Arial- ArialF- 2 yE- ArialF- 2  2 e"2 C2 o2 *n2 t2 r2 wo2 l2 Ul2 e Arial-  ArialF- 2 %d2 "2 5 2 zL2 i2 Xm2 6i2 {t2 s2 Y 2 f2 o2 r2  2 0R2 F2 ~ 2 I2 n2 d2 :u2 c2 ^e- ArialF-! 2 d2  2 C2 | u2 !r2 v!r2 !e Arial-"! ArialF-! 2 b"n2 "t2 N#*-!.> ArialF-# 2 b02 .> Arial-$#> ArialF-# 2 12 p52 02 H 2 ~w2 a2 vv2 e-#> ArialF-% 2 Cl2 ne> Arial-&%> ArialF-% 2 n2 Fg2 t2 h-%-'**-(-) $UUbb-'--(-) $ssbb-'-()-'.> ArialF-' 2 -52 42 0-(^-(.> ArialF-( 2 F2 C2 C2 /2 E> Arial-)(> ArialF-( 2 cP2 A2 e 2 S2 t2 Ru2 d2 * y-(. 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(#R$J#|X4@@#a #a= (D$$J#|X4@@#r D$r= ($%J#|X4@@#e $e=!($p%J#|X4@@# |P $ = (+%%J#|X4@@#r +%r= (m%%J#|X4@@#e m%e=!(%V&J#|X4@@#q |P %q= (H&&J#|X4@@#u H&u= (&2'J#|X4@@#i &i= (&]'J#|X4@@#r &r= (#''J#|X4@@#e #'e=!(' (J#|X4@@#d |P 'd=!(CV#|X4@@#( |P CV(= (V#|X4@@#c Vc= (Vd#|X4@@#o Vo= (VV#|X4@@#n VVn= (V?#|X4@@#t Vt= (Vv#|X4@@#r Vr= (<V#|X4@@#o <Vo= (V&#|X4@@#l Vl= (VQ#|X4@@#l Vl= (V}#|X4@@#e Ve=!(oV#|X4@@#d |P oVd= (VY#|X4@@# V = (V#|X4@@#e Ve=!(V#|X4@@#n |P Vn= (Vk#|X4@@#v Vv= (QV#|X4@@#i QVi= (}V#|X4@@#r }Vr= (V;#|X4@@#o Vo= (-V#|X4@@#n -Vn= (V#|X4@@#m Vm= (?V#|X4@@#e ?Ve=!(V)#|X4@@#n |P Vn= (V#|X4@@#t Vt= (QV#|X4@@#) QV)0*]N= '3,,4?+*))++  )-- $))---- $ V I$I$V---V-- V } V} qVqV1V1=V=%V%V]V]VVV V !V!"V"#V#-.> Arial\- 2 F2 xr2 e D-> Arial\- 2 %q2 u2 e-> Arial\- 2 in2 c2 6y2  2 (2 M2 H2 ;z2 )-- I$--1  11I$I$--  } } qq11==%%]]  !!""##-> Arial\--> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 "02 ".-> Arial\- 2 "$1-> Arial\--> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 ""12 ".-> Arial\- 2 "0-> Arial\--> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 "#12 "#02 "d$.-> Arial\- 2 "$0--V VI$-- V } V} qVqV1V1=V=%V%V]V]VVV V !V!"V"#V#-- I$ I$x xI$ I$7 7I$ I$ I$-- I$L LI$ I$? ?I$2 2I$ I$% %I$ I$ I$  I$ I$ I$ I$k kI$ I$^ ^I$Q QI$ I$D DI$ I$ I$* *I$ I$ I$ I$ I$ I$} }I$p pI$ I$c cI$ I$-.>  Arial\- 2 M2 da2 x2 0i2 [m2 u2 im2  2 AV2 /2 m-- V --  xx  77   VV -- ;L L; ;? ?;2 2; ;% %; ; ;  ; ; ; ;k k; ;^ ^;Q Q; ;D D; ; ;* *; ; ; ; ; ;} };p p; ;c c; ;-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 v0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 l52 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 612 6l02 60-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 12 l52 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 22 l02 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 U22 Ul52 U0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 32 l02 0-> Arial\--.> Arial\- 2 32 l52 0--I$VI$--{$I$L{$LI${$I$?{$?I$2{$2I${$I$%{$%I${$I${$I$ {$ I${$I${$I${$I$k{$kI${$I$^{$^I$Q{$QI${$I$D{$DI${$I${$I$*{$*I${$I${$I${$I${$I${$I$}{$}I$p{$pI${$I$c{$cI${$I$--=2]W "^I$---'.> Arial\- 2 |MP2 |r2 |o2 |{p2 |o2 |Ss2 |e> Arial\- 2 | d2 | 2 |m2 |da2 |x2 |0 i2 |[ m2 | u2 |i m2 |  2 |A e> Arial\-> Arial\- 2 | l2 | e-> Arial\-  2 |D c2 | t2 | r2 | i2 |G c2 |  2 | f2 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e=!(v7#|X4@ @#d |P d= (g7#|X4@ @# g = (7#|X4@ @#e e=!( 7#|X4@ @#n |P  n= (x7#|X4@ @#v xv= (V7#|X4@ @#i i= (7#|X4@ @#r r= (H7#|X4@ @#o Ho= (17#|X4@ @#n n= ("7#|X4@ @#m "m= (B7#|X4@ @#e e=!(37#|X4@ @#n |P 3n= (7#|X4@ @#t t= (S7#|X4@ @#) )0*YN= '3,,4?4*..+4 ^  .-- $..---- $\f(f(\--.> Arial- 2 "P2 "pr2 "o2 "p2 "o2 "s2 "V e D-> Arial- 2 " d2 ".  2 "d m2 " a2 "r x2 " i2 " m2 " u2 " m2 "  2 " e-> Arial- 2 "Ol2 "ze-> Arial- 2 "c2 "Gt2 "}r2 "i2 "c2 "J 2 "f2 "i2 "e-> Arial- 2 "Ml2 "xd2 " 2 "e-> Arial- 2 "x2 "p2 "Ro2 "s2 "u2 "r2 "e-> Arial- 2 "8s2 " 2 "b2 ";e-> Arial- 2 "l2 "o2 ">w2 " 2 "w2 "h2 "i2 "#c2 "h2 " 2 "&n2 "o2 " 2 "4i2 "_n2 "d2 "7u2 "c2 "e-> Arial- 2 "pd2 " 2 "c2 "su2 "r2 " r2 "ae-> Arial- 2 "n2 "9 t2 "o  2 " m2 "G!e-> Arial- 2 "!a2 ""s2 ""u2 ""r2 "-#e-> Arial- 2 "#m2 ";$e-> Arial- 2 "$n2 "%t2 "I%s2 "% 2 "%a2 "L&r2 "&e-> Arial- 2 "& 2 "/'r2 "p'e-> Arial- 2 "'q2 "H(u2 "(i2 "(r2 " )e-> Arial- 2 ")d-- \ \c\cC\C#\#\\\"\"%\%--U \U  \ { \{  \ 5 \5  \ \ \\  \ \\<\<\\\\\\j\j\\\J\J\p\p\*\*\Q\Qw\w \ \1\1X \X  \ ~!\~!"\"8#\8##\#_$\_$$\$&\&&\&?'\?''\'-.> Arial- 2 1F2 15r2 1ve-> Arial- 2 1q2 1Nu2 1e-> Arial- 2 1&n2 1c2 1y2 1S 2 1(2 1M2 1lH2 1z2 1Y)--f(--jj  jjccjCCj##jjjj""j%%jf(f(--U U   { {   5 5   \ \   <<jjJJpp**QQww  11X X   ~!~!""8#8###_$_$$$&&&&?'?'''-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [6 12 [ 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [22 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [32 [c0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [42 [C0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [52 [#0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [62 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [x72 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [X82 [0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [9"92 ["0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 [$12 [O%02 [%0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 ['12 [0(12 [(0--\\f(--  f(rrf(f(f(ggf(f(  f(--EEf(f(33f(f(f(f(f(f(f(__f(f(MMf(::f(f(((f(f(f(f(zzf(f(f(UUf(f(BBf(00f(f(f(f(f(f(oof(f(-.>  Arial- 2 M2 a2 x2 ti2 m2 Au2 m2 O 2 V2 /2 <m--\--^ ^ r^r^^g^g^ ^ \^\--EE33__MM::((zzUUBB00oo-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 5-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 0%12 00-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %12 5-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %22 0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %%22 %5-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 w%32 w0-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %32 5-> Arial--.> Arial- 2 %42 0--f(\f(--Ef(E4(f(4(3f(34(f(4(f(4(f(4(f(4(f(4(f(4(_f(_4(f(4(Mf(M4(:f(:4(f(4((f((4(f(4(f(4(f(4(zf(z4(f(4(f(4(Uf(U4(f(4(Bf(B4(0f(04(f(4(f(4(f(4(f(4(f(4(of(o4(f(4(-- J{    PcC#~"$$%&&f(---'.> Arial- 2 (2 u2 -n2 c2 o2 fn2 t2 r2 Io2 l2 l2  e> Arial- 2 wd2  2 e> Arialc^-> Arial- 2 n2 v2 Ri2 }r2 o2 *n2 m2 8e-> Arial-  2 n2 t2 F)> Arialc^-  Y0*0*Y+x]$x]$+=!(=_#nX4@@#P nP =P= (_#nX4@@#r r= (Z_#nX4@@#o o= (M_#nX4@@#p Mp= (_#nX4@@#o o= (~_#nX4@@#s s= (g_#nX4@@#e ge=!(6 _#nX4@@#d nP d= ()  _#nX4@@# )  = (Z  _#nX4@@#m Z m= ( Z _#nX4@@#a  a= (M  _#nX4@@#x M x= (  _#nX4@@#i  i= ( 8 _#nX4@@#m  m= (\  _#nX4@@#u \ u= ( + _#nX4@@#m  m= (O  _#nX4@@# O  = (  _#nX4@@#e  e=!( O _#nX4@@#l nP  l= ( u _#nX4@@#e  e=!(i  _#nX4@@#c nP i c= ( ._#nX4@@#t  t= ( __#nX4@@#r  r= (+_#nX4@@#i +i= (R_#nX4@@#c Rc= (_#nX4@@#  = (H_#nX4@@#f f= ( x_#nX4@@#i  i= (1_#nX4@@#e 1e=!(_#nX4@@#l nP l= ('_#nX4@@#d d= (_#nX4@@#  = (K_#nX4@@#e Ke=!(_#nX4@@#x nP x= (p_#nX4@@#p p= (d_#nX4@@#o do= (3_#nX4@@#s s= (_#nX4@@#u u= (}_#nX4@@#r }r= (&_#nX4@@#e e=!(_#nX4@@#s nP s= (p_#nX4@@# p = (_#nX4@@#b b= (p_#nX4@@#e e=!(c_#nX4@@#l nP cl= (_#nX4@@#o o= (Y_#nX4@@#w w= (i_#nX4@@# i = (_#nX4@@#w w= (_#nX4@@#h h= (y_#nX4@@#i yi= (_#nX4@@#c c= (e_#nX4@@#h h= (X_#nX4@@# X = (_#nX4@@#n n= (X_#nX4@@#o o= (L_#nX4@@# L = (|_#nX4@@#i |i= (_#nX4@@#n n= (r_#nX4@@#d d= (e_#nX4@@#u eu= (4_#nX4@@#c c= (_#nX4@@#e e=!(_#nX4@@#d nP d= (N_#nX4@@#  = (_#nX4@@#c c= (h_#nX4@@#u hu= (7_#nX4@@#r r= (r_#nX4@@#r r= (>_#nX4@@#e >e=!(_#nX4@@#n nP n= (o_#nX4@@#t t= (1_#nX4@@# 1 = (b_#nX4@@#m bm= (b_#nX4@@#e e=!(U_#nX4@@#a nP Ua= ($_#nX4@@#s s= (|_#nX4@@#u u= (o_#nX4@@#r or= ( _#nX4@@#e e=!( y _#nX4@@#m nP  m= (  !_#nX4@@#e  e=!( l!_#nX4@@#n nP  n= (_!!_#nX4@@#t _!t= (!!_#nX4@@#s !s= (!U"_#nX4@@# ! = (""_#nX4@@#a "a= (y""_#nX4@@#r y"r= ("!#_#nX4@@#e "e=!(##_#nX4@@# nP # = (E##_#nX4@@#r E#r= (##_#nX4@@#e #e=!(#O$_#nX4@@#q nP #q= (B$$_#nX4@@#u B$u= ($%_#nX4@@#i $i= ($8%_#nX4@@#r $r= (%r%_#nX4@@#e %e=!(e%%_#nX4@@#d nP e%d x xx + x +x+=x=+x+jxj+x+x+/x/+!x!+fxf+x+o xo + x + x + x + x + x + x +x+x+!x!+*x*+x+3x3+x+x+FxF+x+OxO+XxX+x+axa+x+x+sxs+x+}x}+x+ x +x+x+x+x+%x%+x+x+8 x8 + x +A!xA!+J"xJ"+"x"+S#xS#+#x#+=!(#nX4@@#F nP F= (k#nX4@@#r r= (7#nX4@@#e 7e=!(#nX4@@#q nP q= (h#nX4@@#u u= ([#nX4@@#e [e=!(*#nX4@@#n nP n= (#nX4@@#c c= (u#nX4@@#y uy= (9#nX4@@#  = (j#nX4@@#( (= (6#nX4@@#M 6M= (6#nX4@@#H H= (F#nX4@@#z Fz= ( #nX4@@#) )x]$xxx x x  xx==xxjjxxx//x!!x]$]$xfKfxKxo Ko x K x K x K x K x K x K xKxKx!K!x*K*xKx3K3xKxKxFKFxKxOKOxXKXxKxaKaxKxKxsKsxKx}K}xKx K xKxKxKxKx%K%xKxKx8 K8 x K xA!KA!xJ"KJ"x"K"xS#KS#x#K#x=!(*#nX4@@#0 nP *0=!( * #nX4@@#1 nP  *1= (x * #nX4@@#0 x *0=!( * #nX4@@#2 nP  *2= ( *} #nX4@@#0  *0=!(E*#nX4@@#3 nP E*3= (*#nX4@@#0 *0=!(*I#nX4@@#4 nP *4= (=*#nX4@@#0 =*0=!(r*#nX4@@#5 nP r*5= (*A#nX4@@#0 *0=!( *w#nX4@@#6 nP  *6= (j*#nX4@@#0 j*0=!(*#nX4@@#7 nP *7= (*o#nX4@@#0 *0=!(6*#nX4@@#8 nP 6*8= (*#nX4@@#0 *0=!(*<#nX4@@#9 nP *9= (/*#nX4@@#0 /*0=!(4!*!#nX4@@#1 nP 4!*1= (!*"#nX4@@#0 !*0= (!*d"#nX4@@#0 !*0=!(#*9$#nX4@@#1 nP #*1= (,$*$#nX4@@#1 ,$*1= ($*$#nX4@@#0 $*0+]$+ ]$]$ ]$  ]$ ]$]$]$]$N]$N]$#]$#]$d]$d]$:]$: ]$ z ]$z  ]$ P ]$P & ]$&  ]$  ]$ g ]$g < ]$<  ]$ ]$}]$}S]$S]$(]$(]$j]$j]$?]$?]$]$]$V]$V]$=!( k #nX4@@#M nP  M= ( k$ #nX4@@#a  a= ( k #nX4@@#x  x= (@ k #nX4@@#i @ i= (g k #nX4@@#m g m= ( k #nX4@@#u  u= (Z k #nX4@@#m Z m= ( k#nX4@@#  = (k#nX4@@#V V= (k,#nX4@@#/ /= (k\#nX4@@#m mx+xx    ++NN##dd::  z z   P P & &     g g < <   }}SS((jj??VV=!(<=#nX4@@#0 nP <0=!(S=#nX4@@#5 nP S5=!(ni #nX4@@#1 nP ni1= (i= #nX4@@#0 i0=!(n  #nX4@@#1 nP n 1= ( = #nX4@@#5  5=!(n 1 #nX4@@#2 nP n 2= ( =1 #nX4@@#0  0=!(nH#nX4@@#2 nP n2= (=H#nX4@@#5 5=!(n^#nX4@@#3 nP n3= (=^#nX4@@#0 0=!(nu#nX4@@#3 nP n3= (=u#nX4@@#5 5=!(n#nX4@@#4 nP n4= (=#nX4@@#0 0]$x]$+]$0$]$N0$N]$0$]$#0$#]$0$]$d0$d]$0$]$:0$:]$ 0$ ]$z 0$z ]$ 0$ ]$P 0$P ]$& 0$& ]$ 0$ ]$ 0$ ]$g 0$g ]$< 0$< ]$ 0$ ]$0$]$}0$}]$S0$S]$0$]$(0$(]$0$]$j0$j]$0$]$?0$?]$0$]$0$]$0$]$V0$V]$0$o o  x % x % E E O OZZYY99=D=DNNYY//z  z  !E !E " " # # ]$ =!(n#nX4@@#( nP (= (6n#nX4@@#u u= ()n#nX4@@#n )n= (n#nX4@@#c c= (On#nX4@@#o o= (Cn#nX4@@#n Cn= (n#nX4@@#t t= (Bn#nX4@@#r r= (}n#nX4@@#o o= (pn#nX4@@#l pl= (n#nX4@@#l l= (+n#nX4@@#e e=!(n#nX4@@#d nP d= (n#nX4@@#  = (n#nX4@@#e e=!(n#nX4@@#n nP n= (sn#nX4@@#v sv= (8n#nX4@@#i i= (_n#nX4@@#r r= (+n#nX4@@#o +o= (n#nX4@@#n n= (\n#nX4@@#m m= (n#nX4@@#e e=!(On#nX4@@#n nP n= (Bn#nX4@@#t Bt= (sn#nX4@@#) s)0*N= '3,,4?**''+* M '-- $''---- $1p=$p=$1---p1--p 1 pq 1q pe1ep1p%1%p111p1p1pQ1Qp1p1p1p 1 p!1!p"1"p#1#-.> Arial- 2 xF2 xr2 xe D-> Arial- 2 xBq2 xu2 xe-> Arial- 2 xn2 xc2 xSy2 x 2 x(2 x*M2 xH2 xXz2 x)--pp=$-- p p =$p=$--p  pq q peepp%%p11pppQQpppp  p!!p""p##-> Arial--> Arial--.> Arial- 2 v02 .-> Arial- 2 1-> Arial--> Arial--.> Arial- 2 12 .-> Arial- 2 0-> Arial--> Arial--.> Arial- 2 #12 #02 X$.-> Arial- 2 $0--11=$--c 1 cq 1q ce1ec1c%1%c111c1c1cQ1Qc1c1c1c 1 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The major issues addressed  X- xyin the Notice were: 1) the selection of the appropriate RF exposure standard; 2) use of the 1992  xiANSI/IEEE definitions for "controlled" and "uncontrolled" environments to determine application  x?of exposure criteria; 3) implementation of new limits on induced and contact currents; 4)  x\evaluation of lowpower devices such as cellular telephones; 5) categorical exclusions from  xenvironmental evaluation for certain transmitters; 6) compliance and measurement issues; and 7) administrative procedures and effective dates for implementation. "7 ,J&J&= = {"Ԍ X-  x 11. More than 100 parties, including telecommunications organizations, other Federal  xGovernment agencies, local and state authorities, and individuals, submitted comments in response  X- xto the Notice. Many of these parties filed extensive comments addressing the various issues  xdiscussed above. In addition, a significant number of parties addressed the issue of Federal  xpreemption of state and local regulations for RF exposure. A list of commenting parties is provided in Appendix D.  XH- III. DISCUSSION ă  X -A. New RF Exposure Guidelines  X -  x 12. In the Notice, we noted that the 1992 ANSI/IEEE standard reflects recent scientific  xstudies of the biological effects of RF radiation and that use of this standard would thus ensure  X - xthat FCCregulated facilities comply with the latest safety guidelines for RF exposure.;X v yO7- xЍ The ANSI/IEEE standard was developed by the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 28 on NonIonizing  xYRadiation Hazards (IEEE SCC28) and subsequently adopted by the IEEE Standards Board and the American National Standards Institute.; We also  xznoted that other RF exposure criteria are available, such as those of the National Council on  xRadiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) and those of the International Radiation  Xy- x.Protection Association (IRPA).B yv yO- xJЍ Notice at para. 23. The NCRP is a nonprofit corporation chartered by Congress to develop information and  xrecommendations concerning radiation protection. NCRP consists of the members and participants who serve on its  xivarious scientific committees. Several government agencies and nongovernment organizations have established  yOj-relationships with NCRP as "Collaborating Organizations." The FCC is one of these Collaborating Organizations. B We requested comment on whether the differences between  xthese other guidelines and the 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines are significant, and whether it would  x be appropriate to adopt limits for RF exposure that differ from those in the 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines.  X-  $x 13. The comments filed in this proceeding have focused primarily on the 1992  x=ANSI/IEEE and NCRP exposure criteria. In many ways, these two sets of exposure guidelines  xkare similar. Both organizations identify the same threshold level at which harmful biological  xeffects may occur, and the MPE limits recommended for electric and magnetic field strength and  X- xpower density in both documents are based on this threshold level.v yO+!- xЍ Both the ANSI/IEEE and NCRP exposure criteria are based on a determination that potentially harmful  xJbiological effects can occur at an SAR level of 4 W/kg as averaged over the wholebody. Appropriate safety factors  xwere then added to arrive at limits for both wholebody exposure (0.4 W/kg for "controlled" or "occupational"  xKexposure and 0.08 W/kg for "uncontrolled" or "general population" exposure, respectively) and for partialbody (localized SAR), such as might occur in the head of the user of a handheld cellular telephone. Both the 1992 ANSI/IEEE  x[and NCRP guidelines also are frequency dependent, based on knowledge of how wholebody" ,J&J&= = "ԫ xlaveraged human exposure is a function of the frequency of the RF signal. Further, both  xANSI/IEEE and NCRP recommend two exposure tiers, one for "controlled environments"  x^(ANSI/IEEE) or "occupational exposure" (NCRP) and another, more stringent, tier for  x"uncontrolled environments" (ANSI/IEEE) or "general population" exposure (NCRP). Tables 1,  x2 and 3 in Appendix B show the MPE limits for the 1982 ANSI, 1992 ANSI/IEEE and NCRP exposure criteria, respectively.  X_-  mx 14. The two sets of guidelines, however, do differ in some respects. The NCRP MPE  xlimits are generally more stringent than the ANSI/IEEE limits for magnetic field strength at  X1- xfrequencies below 3 MHz and for power density at frequencies above 1500 MHz.{1v yO - xЍ For example, in uncontrolled environments the 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines recommend a safe power density  yOr - xlevel of 1 mW/cm2 at 1500 MHz increasing to a maximum of 10 mW/cm2 at 15 GHz to 300 GHz, a significant  yO: - x,change from the 1982 ANSI standard. The NCRP guidelines specify a fixed level of 1 mW/cm2 for exposure of the  xZgeneral public at frequencies above 1500 MHz. NCRP limits for magnetic field exposure are also generally more stringent for frequencies below 100 MHz. { The NCRP  x/guidelines also include a unique provision (that we are not adopting here) that reduces the  X - xexposure limit for workers with respect to certain forms of modulated RF carrier frequencies.X xv yO,- xЍ This provision recommends that the stricter public exposure limits apply where workers are exposed to  xelectromagnetic fields with carrier frequencies that are modulated at a depth of 50 percent or greater at frequencies  yO-between 3 and 100 hertz. See NCRP, supra, Section 17.4.7.  xL The NCRP guidelines specify that the general population MPE limits at higher frequencies are  xto be averaged over longer periods of time than those recommended by the ANSI/IEEE  X - xyguidelines.X v yO- xЍ For measuring MPE levels, the NCRP guidelines use an averaging time of 6 minutes for occupational  xexposure and 30 minutes for public exposure. For frequencies above 15 GHz, the ANSI/IEEE guidelines reduce this averaging time in a manner that is inversely proportional to the frequency raised to the 1.2 power. The NCRP, unlike ANSI/IEEE, only specifies MPE limits for frequencies up to 100  xGHz. With respect to evaluating lowpower devices, although both ANSI/IEEE and NCRP  xgenerally recommend the same localized SAR limits, ANSI/IEEE also includes an exclusion  xNclause based on radiated power that is not a part of the NCRP guidelines. Although the  xyANSI/IEEE and NCRP guidelines differ at higher and lower frequencies, at frequencies used by  x>the majority of FCC licensees the MPE limits are essentially the same regardless of whether  xANSI/IEEE or NCRP guidelines are used. Therefore, the overall impact on most of our licensees  xfrom our adoption of new guidelines should not be significantly different regardless of which limits we choose.  X-  }x15. Several federal agencies filed comments in this proceeding expressing varying  X- xviewpoints on whether we should adopt the ANSI/IEEE guidelines or some alternative.  Within  xthe Federal Government, the EPA is generally responsible for investigating and making  xrecommendations with regard to environmental issues. In its comments, the EPA states that the  xnew ANSI/IEEE guidelines are a significant revision of the 1982 ANSI guidelines and notes that"| ,J&J&= = "  X- xicertain aspects of the new guidelines are improvements with regard to protection.Fv yOy-Ѝ EPA Comments at 1.F However, the  xLEPA submits that some of the provisions of the new ANSI/IEEE guidelines are not acceptable.  x>For example, EPA does not support the relaxation in MPE limits for power density at higher  xmicrowave frequencies, and it opposes the application of the same exposure limits to both  xcontrolled and uncontrolled environments for frequencies from 15 GHz to 300 GHz. The EPA  xstates that the ANSI/IEEE exposure limits for these frequencies are not sufficiently protective for  xpublic exposure. The EPA also argues that the terms controlled and uncontrolled environments  xzused in the ANSI/IEEE guidelines are not well defined and are not directly applicable to any specific population group.  X -  @x16. The EPA recommends that we adopt the NCRP's recommended MPE limits along  xwith sections of the 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines dealing with localized exposure and induced and  xjcontact body currents. In terms of MPEs for power density and field strength, the EPA argues  xjthat the NCRP guidelines would better protect the public from potential long term effects of RF  xzexposure at higher microwave frequencies where the two sets of guidelines differ. The EPA  xmaintains that, "[t]here are no substantive differences in the literature base supporting 1986 NCRP  xand 1992 ANSI/IEEE except for the literature on RF shocks and burns." In addition, the EPA  xnotes that NCRP is chartered by the U.S. Congress to develop radiation protection recommendations.  X4-  x17. The EPA generally supports the use of the ANSI/IEEE limits for dealing with  xinduced and contact currents to protect against shock and burn hazards. EPA states that those  x[guidelines are not included in the NCRP exposure criteria, and they are a result of research and  xknowledge acquired since development of the NCRP recommendations. The EPA also supports  xthe FCC proposal to use ANSI/IEEE SAR limits that apply to lowpower devices such as cellular telephones (see discussion below). These values are similar to those recommended by the NCRP.  X-  x18. The FDA has general jurisdiction for protecting the public from potentially harmful  x<radiation from consumer and industrial devices and in that capacity is expert in RF exposures that  Xe- xwould result from consumer or industrial use of handheld devices such as cellular telephones.SeXv yOn-ԍ See 21 CFR  1000 et seq. S  xThe FDA generally supports our proposed use of the 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines, although it  xdoes express some reservations. It states that these guidelines will provide a greater level of  xKprotection to the general public, and it particularly supports use of the values for SAR that would  xapply to consumer and industrial devices. As discussed below, however, the FDA expresses  xsignificant concern about the radiated power exclusion clause included in the ANSI/IEEE standard  X-that would apply to some handheld devices.<v yOt%-ԍ FDA Comments at 1.<"x,J&J&= = "Ԍx  X-  x19. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), an agency of the  x\U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, is responsible for performing research and  xanalysis with respect to worker safety and health. In its comments, NIOSH expresses general  xzsupport for our efforts to update our RF exposure regulations and notes that the MPE limits  xydefined in the 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines are similar to those contained in recommendations of  Xv- xxthe NCRP and the International Radiation Protection Association.Evv yO-ԍxNIOSH Comments at 1.E NIOSH states that we should  xktake a more conservative approach when uncertainty exists with respect to applying certain  xLfeatures of the exposure guidelines. In particular, NIOSH agrees with the EPA that it would be  xmore appropriate to use the MPE limits recommended by NCRP guidelines at higher frequencies. NIOSH also supports the use of the ANSI/IEEE limits on induced RF currents.  X -  x20. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has jurisdiction over  xFederal regulations dealing with worker safety and health. In its comments, OSHA generally  xendorses our proposal to update our RF exposure guidelines by adopting the new ANSI/IEEE  X - xguidelines.J Xv yO-ԍxOSHA Reply Comments at 1.J OSHA also urges us to require applicants to implement a written RF exposure  xKprotection program which appropriately addresses traditional safety and health program elements  x.including training, medical monitoring, protective procedures and engineering controls, signs,  x{hazard assessments, employee involvement, and designated responsibilities for program  xLimplementation. It notes that the exposure limits in the ANSI/IEEE guidelines may be useful in  xdetermining when specific elements of an RF safety program should be implemented. However,  xOSHA objects to the two categories of exposure environments contained in the new ANSI/IEEE  xstandard, finding it unacceptable that employees may be subjected to a higher level of risk than  xthe general public simply because they "are aware of the potential for exposure as a concomitant  x=of employment." Rather, OSHA proposes that we adopt the uncontrolled environment criteria  x[as an "action limit" which determines when an RF protection program will be required. That is,  xunder OSHA's proposal, persons who are exposed in excess of the limits specified for  xuncontrolled environments would be protected by a program designed to mitigate any potential increase in risk.  XN-  $x21. The majority of industry comments favor adoption of the 1992 ANSI/IEEE  x[guidelines. For example, American Personal Communications (APC), American Telephone and  x0Telegraph Company (AT&T), Electromagnetic Energy Policy Alliance (EEPA), Ericsson  xLCorporation (Ericsson), McCaw Cellular Communications, Inc. (McCaw), National Association  xxof Broadcasters (NAB), Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), and others urge that we  xadopt the new ANSI/IEEE guidelines, arguing that they represent the most uptodate standard  x<available. Telocator (now the Personal Communications Industry Association, PCIA) agrees that" ,J&J&= = "  xithe ANSI/IEEE standard is the most recent and comprehensive RF exposure guideline, noting that  xkan international committee of over 120 scientists and engineers was involved in its drafting.  xyHowever, Telocator submits that the actual impact of the ANSI/IEEE, NCRP or IRPA standards  xwould be about the same on Personal Communications Service (PCS) operations, since all three  xistandards are based on the same specific absorption rates, and the power densities each provides  X-for the PCS band are essentially the same.Lv yO-Ѝ Telocator Comments at 3.L  X_-  x22. AT&T submits that the new ANSI/IEEE standard agrees with the latest proposals for  xlcontrolled environments issued by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial  X1- xHygienists.G1Xv yO: -Ѝ AT&T Comments at 6.G AT&T also states that the members of the IEEE committee that developed the new  xiguidelines represent a larger and more complete group of experts than those who developed other  xMguidelines, such as the NCRP and the IRPA guidelines. TIA notes that the IEEE committee  xrepresents the most competent and expert scientists and specialists in the world in the area of RF  X - x.biological effects.G v yOn-Ѝ TIA Comments at 27.G McCaw also states that the ANSI/IEEE standard incorporates substantial  X -safety factors and addresses all of the environmentally significant aspects of RF exposure.H xv yO-Ѝ McCaw Comments at 3.H  X-  x23. NAB recommends that we adopt the new ANSI/IEEE guidelines and provide  x.procedures and guidance for its application. NAB submits that there is substantial agreement  Xb- x.among the available standards with respect to exposure limits in the 30 to 300 MHz range.bv yO- xЍ NAB compared the ANSI/IEEE standard to standards of NCRP, IRPA, and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). NAB Comments at 3233. It  xialso states that where the standards differ at extreme frequencies, the ANSI/IEEE standard should  xbe followed, since it is based on more recent scientific information. For example, NAB notes  xthat while there are differences between the ANSI/IEEE standard and the NCRP guidelines at  xlower frequencies, these differences lie in the MPE limits for the magnetic field. It states that  x.in developing the NCRP guidelines, the magnetic field strength limit was merely made equal to  xthe electric field strength limit and that the electric field strength was capped at a value of 614  xvolts per meter because of shock and burn considerations. NAB contends that such a value  xxshould not apply to the magnetic field strength, since high magnetic fields are not associated with  xshock or burn. Consequently, NAB argues that the limits contained in the ANSI/IEEE standard, which are based on limiting the SAR of the magnetic field, are more scientifically correct. "e ` ,J&J&= = "Ԍ X-  x24. Jules Cohen & Associates (JC&A) argues that although the ANSI/IEEE exposure  x[limits are at some points less restrictive than the NCRP limits, the averaging times must also be  X- xtaken into consideration.Gv yOK-Ѝ JC&A Comments at 8.G JC&A states that skin burning is the applicable consideration at higher  xmicrowave frequencies. JC&A, therefore, submits that the new ANSI/IEEE limits represent a  xbetter standard because at frequencies above 3 GHz the lower averaging times recommended  xallow much less energy absorption than the NCRP guidelines. EEPA argues that the ANSI/IEEE  xlimits for higher frequencies above 15 GHz are appropriate and consistent with "wellestablished  X_- xbiologically based" national and international limits for infrared lasers.m_Xv yOh -Ѝ EEPA Comments at 8. See also, NAB Comments at 34.m EEPA and NAB note  xthat at 300 GHz the MPE limits contained in the 1992 ANSI/IEEE standard are the same as the  xMPE limits in ANSI Z136.11993 and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) laser  X - xistandard, and that all three standards use the same 10second averaging time. X v yO- xJЍ (1) American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers, ANSI Z136.11993, American National Standards  xInstitute, New York, N.Y. (1993). (2) Radiation Safety of Laser Products, Equipment Classification, Requirements and User's Guide, Publication 825, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland (1993).  EEPA also states  xthat the sixminute averaging time recommended by the NCRP guidelines is not sufficiently short  xto protect against skin burning for exposure to short pulses at higher frequencies where most of the energy is deposited in surface layers of tissue.  X -  x25. JC&A, EEPA, Ericsson, Motorola, Raytheon Company (Raytheon), and TIA argue  xthat there is no scientific evidence to support the modulation provisions contained in the NCRP  Xy- xguidelines.=!Xyv yO2- xЍ As noted above, the NCRP guidelines require use of the general population exposure limits, even for the  xworkplace, if the exposure is to carrier waves modulated at a depth of 50 percent or greater at frequencies between 3 and 100 Hz.= JC&A contends that this requirement has no practical application because broadcast  xtransmitters are not modulated at these frequencies at a depth of 50 percent or greater except for  xvery short intervals. Therefore, JC&A concludes that circumstances would not arise that would  X4- x.call for application of this stricter standard in a controlled environment.G"4( v yO -Ѝ JC&A Comments at 9.G EEPA notes that no  xother standardsetting organization in the United States or in other countries regards modulation  xconsiderations as a meaningful issue. Ericsson claims that the IEEE committee looked at the  xissue of modulation effects at frequencies between 3 and 100 Hz and concluded that there is no  X- xscientific data to support the modulation provisions in NCRP's guidelines.L# v yOA#-Ѝ Ericsson Comments at 12.L Similarly, Motorola  xzstates that there is insufficient scientific data upon which to base regulations for amplitude xmodulated radio signals. Motorola recommends that we monitor any relevant biological research" H #,J&J&= = "  X- x=on this type of modulation and take appropriate regulatory action as warranted in the future.O$v yOy-Ѝ Motorola Comments at 2122.O  xRaytheon and TIA point out that studies over the last several years observed that within the  x?recommended safe exposure levels, no reliable scientific data exists which indicates that  X-modulation of the electromagnetic fields is a factor meaningfully related to human health.K%Xv yO-Ѝ Raytheon Comments at 2.K  X-  x26. The IEEE's Standards Coordinating Committee 28 (IEEE/SCC28), which developed  xthe ANSI/IEEE guidelines, took issue with several of the points made by the EPA. IEEE/SCC28  xstates that the new guidelines and the NCRP recommendations are actually quite similar, with the  xexception of the MPEs at higher microwave frequencies. In addition, it points out that both the  xANSI/IEEE and the NCRP guidelines are based on the use of SAR as the fundamental dosimetric  xparameter, the same criterion for biological effect (behavioral disruption), and the same safety  X -factors to define the two tiers of exposure.U& v yO-Ѝ IEEE/SCC28 Reply Comments at 17.U  X -  @x27. In comments filed late in this proceeding, Dr. Arthur W. Guy, former Chairman of  xboth ANSI/IEEE and NCRP committees on RF exposure expresses his view that, "it would be  xa mistake for the FCC to adopt the older 1986 NCRP standard at this time considering the fact  xithat newer and more advanced standards have been developed since the publication of the NCRP  Xy- xjstandard."+'yxv yO-ԍxSee "Reply Comments of Arthur W. Guy, Ph.D.," March 9, 1996, and letter of A. W. Guy to Reed E.  yOj-Hundt, Chairman, FCC, dated March 14, 1996. Both placed in the record of this proceeding as ex parte filings.+ Similar views are expressed in letters submitted to the Commission by Dr. Eleanor  x{Adair and Dr. C.K. Chou, both of whom have been involved in ANSI/IEEE and NCRP RF  XK- xcommittees.(Kv yO-ԍxSee, letter from Eleanor R. Adair, Ph.D., to Reed E. Hundt, Chairman, FCC, dated March 14, 1996, and letter from C.K. Chou, Ph.D., to Thomas P. Stanley, Chief Engineer, FCC, dated March 20, 1996. All of these individuals urge that we adopt the ANSI/IEEE standard instead of the NCRP exposure criteria.  X-  /x28. Decision. Although most commenting parties generally support our proposal to adopt  x1the 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines, some of the Federal agencies filing comments in this  xZproceeding, principally those with responsibility for oversight regarding health and safety issues,  xKobject to the use of certain aspects of these guidelines. In the past, the Commission has stressed  xrepeatedly that it is not a health and safety agency and would defer to the judgment of these" ( (,J&J&= = p"  X- x[expert agencies with respect to determining appropriate levels of safe exposure to RF energy.b)v yOy- xЍ See, e.g., Report and Order, GEN Docket 79144, at para. 26 note 6 supra. See also, letter from Mark S.  xFowler, Chairman, FCC, to Anne M. Burford, Administrator, EPA, February 22, 1983; letter from Dennis R. Patrick,  x,Chairman, FCC, to Lee M. Thomas, Administrator, EPA, November 29, 1988; and letter from Thomas P. Stanley,  xiChief Engineer, FCC, to Ken Sexton, Director, Office of Health Research, Office of Research and Development, EPA, October 24, 1990.b  xWe continue to believe that we must place special emphasis on the recommendations and  xcomments of Federal health and safety agencies because of their expertise and their  xyresponsibilities with regard to health and safety matters. Accordingly, as recommended by the  xEPA, we are adopting exposure limits for field strength and power density based on those  x recommended by the NCRP for frequencies from 300 kHz to 100 GHz (see Appendix C). As  xKnoted previously, over a wide frequency range these limits are also based on those recommended  X_- xin the ANSI/IEEE 1992 standard.X*_xv yO -Ѝ See note 1, supra.X We believe that the exposure criteria we are adopting will  xprotect workers and the general public from potentially harmful RF emissions due to FCCregulated transmitters. x  X -  x29. We recognize that the NCRP guidelines do not address exposure at frequencies below  x300 kHz or above 100 GHz, as do the ANSI/IEEE guidelines. However, the FCCregulated  xtransmitters of concern operate at frequencies between 300 kHz and 100 GHz. Therefore, we see  xno need at this time to adopt guidelines for frequencies outside of the range of the NCRP recommendations.  Xy-  x30. We appreciate the concerns raised by NAB with respect to NCRP guidelines for low xfrequency magneticfield exposure, and we recognize that the NCRP guidelines may be  xkconservative for frequencies below 100 MHz. However, compliance with these limits would  X4- xappear to be an issue only in occupational situations, e.g., in the immediate vicinity of an AM  xbroadcast transmitter; and, there is nothing in the record to indicate that significant problems exist with respect to compliance with these magnetic field limits in the workplace.  X-  Ox31. We also recognize the merit of arguments as to whether, at the higher microwave  xfrequencies, incorporating different timeaveraging values, such as those specified by the  xANSI/IEEE guidelines may be desirable. As discussed by JC&A, IEEE/SCC28 and others, the  xlevel of energy density allowed by the 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines can actually be more  x=restrictive at higher frequencies than the NCRP guidelines when timeaveraging is considered.  xFor frequencies above 3 GHz (uncontrolled) and 15 GHz (controlled) the ANSI/IEEE time xaveraging values are less than those of NCRP, and they continue to decrease at higher  X7- xfrequencies. Because of the lengthier NCRP averaging times at these frequencies, very short  xexposures at very high power densities might comply with NCRP limits as long as they are  x-followed by insignificant exposures for the duration of the timeaveraging interval. In that sense,"  *,J&J&= = ="  xANSI/IEEE could be viewed as affording a greater degree of protection from skin burning at the  xhigher microwave frequencies. However, we are not aware of any practical situations involving  xFCCregulated transmitting facilities where such exposures are likely to occur. Of far greater  xxsignificance, we believe, is the case of a consumerproduct without any identifiable usage pattern, where continuous exposure would have to be assumed and timeaveraging would not be relevant.  Xv-  Nx32. We agree with those commenters who maintain that there is insufficient evidence to  xZgive special consideration to modulation effects at this time. Since we have no specific indication  x.of exposure hazards related to modulation caused by FCCregulated transmitters, we believe it would be premature at this time to adopt the NCRP modulation criteria.  X -  x 33. We believe that OSHA's suggestion that we use the uncontrolled exposure tier of the  xANSI/IEEE standard as the basis for an "action limit" for establishment of an RF safety program  xis beyond the scope of our jurisdiction. Our NEPA responsibilities do not appear to encompass  x.the issuance of specific rules on workplace practices and procedures. If such a policy were to  x>be instituted by the Federal Government it would seem more appropriate for OSHA itself to promulgate this type of rule.  Xb-  0x!34. Both the IEEE and the NCRP have committees that are working on revisions of their  xrespective exposure guidelines. We encourage these organizations and other similar groups  xdeveloping exposure criteria to work together, along with the relevant federal agencies, to develop  xconsistent, harmonized guidelines that will address the concerns and issues raised in this  xproceeding. We will consider amending our rules at any appropriate time if these groups conclude that such action is desirable.  X-B. Definitions of Controlled and Uncontrolled Environments  X-  1x"35. The 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines specify two sets of exposure limits based on the  X|- x"environment" in which the exposure takes place.+|v yO- xЍ The 1982 ANSI guidelines contain a single level of MPE limits and do not differentiate based on environment. These environments are classified as either  x"controlled" or "uncontrolled." Controlled environments are defined as locations where "there  xis exposure that may be incurred by persons who are aware of the potential for exposure as a  xconcomitant of employment, by other cognizant persons, or as the incidental result of transient  xpassage through areas where analysis shows the exposure levels may be above [the exposure and  xinduced current levels permitted for uncontrolled environment but not those permitted for  xcontrolled environments]." Uncontrolled environments are defined as "locations where there is  xthe exposure of individuals who have no knowledge or control of their exposure. The exposures  xmay occur in living quarters or workplaces where there are no expectations that the exposure  xlevels may exceed [the exposure and induced current levels permitted for uncontrolled"! +,J&J&= = "  xenvironments]." The NCRP designates exposure limits in terms of "occupational" and "general  xpopulation" exposure. However, the NCRP report does not provide specific definitions of these terms.  X-  ]x#36. In the Notice, we requested comment on the criteria to be used in determining which  x"set of exposure limits would apply to the various situations that would be subject to  xenvironmental analysis and whether the definitions of controlled and uncontrolled environments  x-used in the ANSI/IEEE guidelines were practical and supportable for the Commission's purposes.  xWe stated that because matters of possible health and safety are involved, a conservative approach  xwould be appropriate. Accordingly, we proposed to provide that where there is any question of  xpossible exposure of the general public, the more stringent guidelines for uncontrolled  xkenvironments would apply. We also specifically stated that the guidelines for uncontrolled  xenvironments would apply to any transmitter or facility located in a residential area where  x>proximity to the transmitter is unrestricted. On the other hand, we indicated that controlled  xKenvironment limits would apply to situations where exposure is incidental and transitory or where exposure is incurred when individuals are aware of the exposure potential.  Xy-  ]x$37. Most parties support the use of a twotier RF exposure standard and the ANSI/IEEE  xdefinitions for "controlled environment" and "uncontrolled environment." In general, these parties  xLsupport applying the ANSI/IEEE definition for uncontrolled environment to those transmitters  xand facilities in residential areas or locations with unrestricted access. They suggest that the  xcontrolled environment should apply to incidental and transitory exposure and in areas where  xipeople are aware of potential exposure through warning signs and instructions. The Land Mobile  xCommunication Council (LMCC), NAB, and others propose that the distinction between the two  x environments be based on the context of the equipment's use and types of communication  xoperations being performed. They argue that the controlled standards should be applied when  x<the equipment is used in a commercial or business setting where the operator is "knowledgeable"  xyin the use of his/her equipment. They state that the uncontrolled standard should apply to the  xgeneral public where the user or party exposed is not considered "knowledgeable" about the  Xe-transmitting device and the use of those devices is incidental or personal in nature.\,ev yO-Ѝ LMCC Comments at 4. NAB Comments at 2. \  X7-  @x%38. JC&A and EEPA state that the ANSI/IEEE uncontrolled/controlled environment  xdesignations are less ambiguous than the terms occupational and general population used by  X - xNCRP.k- Xv yO"-Ѝ JC&A Reply Comments at 23, EEPA Reply Comments at 23.k IEEE/SCC28 states that during consideration of its standard, it explicitly rejected  xNCRP's occupational and general population categories on the grounds that there is no reliable  X- xscientific data indicating that certain subgroups of the population are more at risk than others.M.v yOt%-Ѝ IEEE/SCC28 Comments at 2.M "x.,J&J&= = "  xOn the contrary, IEEE/SCC28 maintains, the important distinction is not population type, but the  X-nature of the exposure environment./v yOb-Ѝ See also Raytheon Comments at 1, IEEE Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR) Comments at 1.  X-  #x&39. A number of parties, such as Broadcast Signal Lab (BSL), Du Treil, Lundin &  xRackley, Inc. (DLR), Ericsson and Sprint Cellular Company (Sprint), urge that we define these  xterms more completely and clearly to minimize any ambiguity in the application of these  xdefinitions. These parties argue that without clear definitions of controlled and uncontrolled  xenvironments and related terms, such as incidental or transient exposure, many locations could  xunnecessarily end up subject to the more stringent uncontrolled environment category. AMSC  xSubsidiary Corporation (AMSC), the Department of Defense (DoD), the Utilities  x[Telecommunications Council (UTC), and others are similarly concerned that applying the more  xconservative uncontrolled guidelines where there is "any question of possible exposure" of the  X - x=general public would frustrate the purpose of a twotiered standard.I0 Xv yO-Ѝ UTC Comments at 34. I DLR argues that better  xYdefinitions are needed to avoid confusion and inconsistent application of the standard and suggests  xdefining a controlled environment as "an area which is restricted from access by all except  X - xauthorized personnel . . . ."F1 v yO@-Ѝ DLR Comments at 2.F Alternatively, DLR submits that we should adopt a single exposure  xlimit based on the uncontrolled environment. E.F. Johnson Company (E.F. Johnson) states that  xthe controlled/uncontrolled dichotomy may lead some to conclude that exposure levels appropriate  xin the controlled environment are dangerous and that we should specify measures to ensure that  XK-those that are expected to be aware of their environment are, in fact, aware.R2Kxv yOt-Ѝ E..F. Johnson Comments at 45.R  X-  x'40. The EPA opposes use of the terms controlled and uncontrolled environments and  xrecommends that we define exposure environments using the traditional terms of "occupational"  xiand "general population or public" contained in the NCRP guidelines. EPA contends that its own  x>1984 report on the biological effects of RF radiation and the NCRP have concluded that the  xgeneral population has groups of individuals particularly susceptible to heat, including the elderly,  X- xinfants, pregnant women and others.F3v yOc -Ѝ EPA Comments at 3.F EPA argues that the ANSI/IEEE terms are not directly  X- x-applicable to any population group and are not well defined.H4v yO"-Ѝ EPA Comments at 34.H OSHA and NIOSH do not oppose  xthe use of the ANSI/IEEE definitions but raise questions about their application. OSHA, for  x.example, states that employees should not be subjected to a higher level of risk as a condition"e( 4,J&J&= = 1"  X- x=of their employment just because they are made aware of the potential for exposure.O5v yOy-Ѝ OSHA Reply Comments at 12.O NIOSH  x?states that where there is any question about exposure category, the more conservative  X-uncontrolled criteria should be applied.H6Xv yO-Ѝ NIOSH Comments at 2.H  X-  ]x(41. The American Radio Relay League, Inc. (ARRL) also opposes use of the ANSI/IEEE  xdefinitions, arguing that under these definitions amateur operations would unjustly be categorized  x/as operating in an uncontrolled environment. It suggests that there is no reason to require  xamateurs to meet the high safety factor below the threshold for adverse health effects that is the  xbasis for the uncontrolled MPE limits. The ARRL indicates that the controlled environment MPE  X1-limits "should be safe for all."K71v yO -Ѝ ARRL Comments at 1112.K  X -  x)42. Decision. We find it appropriate to use the terms "occupational" and "general  xpopulation" contained in the NCRP report. We note, however, that the NCRP report does not  xprovide explicit definitions of these terms, and we agree with the commenting parties that we  x?need to define these terms more completely and clearly to minimize any ambiguity in the  xapplication of the exposure limits. We believe that the ANSI/IEEE definitions for controlled and  xuncontrolled environments can be used as a basis for applying our use of the two exposure tiers  xwe are adopting, while at the same time accomplishing the intent of the NCRP criteria to protect workers and the public.  X4-  x*43. Accordingly, "occupational/controlled" exposure, as used by the Commission, will  xyapply to situations in which persons are exposed as a consequence of their employment and in  xwhich those persons who are exposed have been made fully aware of the potential for exposure  xand can exercise control over the their exposure. Occupational/controlled exposure will also  xapply where exposure is of a transient nature as a result of incidental passage through a location  xwhere exposure levels may be above general population/uncontrolled limits (see below), as long  xas the exposed person has been made fully aware of the potential for exposure and can exercise  xcontrol over his or her exposure by leaving the area or by some other appropriate means. We  x=will apply the occupational/controlled exposure limits to amateur radio operators and members  Xe-of their immediate household, as discussed later (see para. 162, infra).  X7-  Nx+44. "General population/uncontrolled" exposure, as used by the Commission, will apply  x[to situations in which the general public may be exposed or in which persons who are exposed  xas a consequence of their employment may not be made fully aware of the potential for exposure  xor can not exercise control over their exposure. Therefore, members of the general public always  xfall under this category when exposure is not employmentrelated, as in the case of residents in"x7,J&J&= = "  xan area near a broadcast tower. We believe that these definitions will clarify the ambiguities  x.pointed out by many of the commenting parties and will thus ensure that the appropriate level  xof protection is applied in each situation. We do not agree with those parties that support  xapplying the general population or uncontrolled limits to all situations. This approach would  ximpose significant and unnecessary economic and technical burdens for which adequate justification has not been presented.  X_-  {x,45. For purposes of these definitions, awareness of the potential for RF exposure can be  xiprovided through specific training as part of an RF safety program. Warning signs and labels can  xalso be used to establish such awareness as long as they provide information, in a prominent  xmanner, on risk of potential exposure and instructions on methods to minimize such exposure  X - xNrisk.8 v yO| - xЍ For example, a sign warning of RF exposure risk and indicating that individuals should not remain in the area for more than a certain period of time could be acceptable. However, warning labels placed on lowpower consumer devices such as cellular  xtelephones will not be considered sufficient to achieve the awareness necessary to qualify these  xdevices as operating in a controlled environment. We plan to provide further instructions on the  x/application of these definitions in an upcoming revision of OST Bulletin No. 65 concerning  X -compliance with RF exposure guidelines.9 v yOx- xxЍ "Evaluating Compliance with FCCSpecified guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation," OST Bulletin No. 65, October 1985. OST Bulletin No. 65 will be renamed OET Bulletin No. 65 when it is released.  Xy-C. Evaluation of LowPower Devices  XK-  |x-46. The 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines permit lowpower devices designed to be used in  xthe immediate vicinity of the body, such as portable and handheld radios and telephones, to be  x]excluded from compliance with the prescribed limits for field strength and power density  xprovided that such devices comply with specific SAR limits or that the radiated power of the  X- x>device is below a certain level.t:Xxv yO- xKЍ See Notice at para. 14 ("LowPower Devices/Exclusions). The ANSI/IEEE lowpower exclusions are based  yO- xon consideration of either SAR or a device's radiated power ("radiated power exclusion"). See also ANSI/IEEE C95.11992, clauses 4.2.1.1 and 4.2.2.1. t "Lowpower" devices include mobile transmitters such as  xautomobile and marine radio transceivers, and handheld portable devices such as cellular  xxtelephones and "walkietalkie" type radios. These lowpower exclusions would eliminate the need  xLfor making MPE field strength measurements in areas extremely near to the transmitting device  x/where they may not be an appropriate measure of actual energy absorption. For lowpower  xdevices in controlled environments, SAR levels must be less than 0.4 W/kg as averaged over the  xwholebody, and the spatial peak SAR must be less than 8 W/kg as averaged over any 1 gram  xof tissue at frequencies between 100 kHz and 6 GHz. The corresponding limits for devices  xoperated in uncontrolled environments are 0.08 W/kg for wholebody average exposure and 1.6"7:,J&J&= = "  xW/kg for spatial peak SAR. These SAR limits are also essentially the same as those  X-recommended by the NCRP for occupational and general population exposure, respectively.;xv yOb- xjЍ See NCRP Report No. 86, Section 17.4.5. The NCRP guidelines specify that the criterion for general xpopulation, localized exposure "should allow no more than onefifth the levels of SAR allowed for occupational  yO- xexposures [8 W/kg]," i.e., 1.6 W/kg as also recommended by ANSI/IEEE. However, the NCRP also notes that  xexposure of individuals in the general population who use "radio emitters" such as handheld transceivers is  xpermitted, "as a personal decision by the individual, provided that the devices are designed and used as designed so  x;that the exposure of the individual does not exceed the occupational guidelines [8 W/kg] and provided that . . . . the individual does not expose other persons above the population guidelines."   X-  x.47. With regard to exclusions based on radiated power, the ANSI/IEEE guidelines permit  xan exclusion in controlled environments if the radiated power of a device is 7 watts or less at  xzfrequencies between 100 kHz and 450 MHz. At frequencies between 450 and 1500 MHz, the  xkradiated power is limited to 7(450/f) watts, where f is the frequency in MHz. In uncontrolled  xenvironments, the guidelines permit exclusion if the radiated power is 1.4 watts or less for  xfrequencies between 100 kHz and 450 MHz and 1.4(450/f) watts for frequencies between 450 and  X1- x1500 MHz. The ANSI/IEEE guidelines also state that exclusions based on radiated power do not  x/apply when the "radiating structure" of the device is within 2.5 cm of the body. The NCRP guidelines do not provide exclusions based on radiated power.  X -  x/48. In the Notice, we proposed to adopt the ANSI/IEEE SAR exclusion for lowpower  xidevices for both controlled and uncontrolled environments, depending on the actual environment  xZin which the device would be used. We also proposed to adopt the radiated power exclusion, but  x.only for those lowpower devices that meet the more conservative guidelines for uncontrolled  xenvironments. We also requested comment on whether proof of compliance should be required  xto be submitted as part of the equipment authorization process, and, if so, the form such a showing should take.  X-  x049. The various Federal health and safety agencies commenting in this proceeding,  xjincluding the EPA, FDA, NIOSH and OSHA, generally support the SAR limits contained in the  xANSI/IEEE guidelines. EPA states that these limits are similar to those recommended by the  xNCRP. FDA supports use of the SAR limits as they would apply to consumer and industrial  xMdevices. FDA, however, opposes the ANSI/IEEE radiated power exclusions. It argues that  xrecently published scientific studies indicate that some handheld radiotelephones that meet the  x=exclusion criteria for radiated power can be used in a manner that induces SARs exceeding the  X|- x1.6 W/kg limit for uncontrolled environments.I<|v yO5"- xЍ Letter from Elizabeth D. Jacobson, Ph.D., Deputy Director for Science, Center for Devices and Radiological  xLHealth, FDA, to Richard M. Smith, Chief, Office of Engineering and Technology, FCC, December 12, 1994.  xAccording to FDA staff, primary studies of concern are: (1) N. Kuster, T. Schmid and K. Meier, "Studies of  yO$- xAbsorption in the Extreme Near Field of Transmitters," Proceedings of VDE Meeting, Bad Nauheim, Germany,  xNovember 910, 1993, and (2) M. Jensen and Y. RahmatSamii, "EM Interaction of Handset Antennas and a Human"U%;,J&J&%"  yO-in Personal Communications," Proceedings of the IEEE, 83, pp. 717, January 1995.I Therefore, the FDA does not believe that the"|X<,J&J&= = "  xANSI/IEEE guidelines for radiated power are sufficient to guarantee compliance with SAR limits.  xThe FDA argues that all lowpower devices should be certified by their manufacturers as not exceeding the local SAR limits, as determined under "realistic worstcase conditions."  X-  x150. Most other commenting parties support both the SAR and radiated power exclusions  xfor lowpower devices contained in the ANSI/IEEE guidelines. Several parties disagree with our  xproposal that the exclusion should apply to only those lowpower devices that meet the more  xstringent uncontrolled radiated power guidelines. These parties generally argue that devices  xintended to be used in a commercial, business or public safety context should be permitted to  xcomply with the exclusion levels for controlled environments. EEPA, LMCC, Motorola, TIA and  xothers state that handheld devices such as those typically used in a number of the private land  xmobile services should be included under the controlled environment category because such users  xare aware of the potential for RF exposure. Motorola and TIA argue that the controlled limits  xMshould apply to Part 90 services except Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR) and also to certain  X - x\services under Parts 21, 74, 80, 94, and 95 of our rules.=X Xv yO- xЍ See also comments from the National Association of Business and Educational Radio, Inc. (NABER) at 34.  xNABER also urges that we consider casebycase classifications, since not all devices can be easily classified as being applicable to either controlled or uncontrolled environments.  E.F. Johnson similarly states that if  xworkers who use communications equipment as part of their employment are provided appropriate notification of their exposure, then standards for controlled environments should be used.  Xb-  ]x251. TRW, Inc. (TRW) states that application of the uncontrolled criteria to all handheld  x-devices would be unnecessarily restrictive. TRW maintains that the handsets to be used with its  xZmobile satellite service (MSS) system should be regulated under the controlled criteria, since only  x=the MSS user will be exposed to any significant level of RF energy and there will be no danger  xof exposure to nonusers or unaware individuals. It argues that any potential exposure could be  xmitigated through a combined program of consumer education and strategic design of the  X- xequipment.>xv yO- xЍ TIA recommends that we dismiss the petition from Ken Holladay, referenced in the Notice, note 21, which  xrequests the prohibition of all handheld telephones and radios pending evaluation of any health risk, since the  xpetition has met none of the Commission's clearlyenunciated requirements for petitions. To that end we are  xfollowing TIA's recommendation and dismissing the Holladay petition for this reason and, also, because the Commission's adoption of rules for evaluation of health risk negates the premise for the petition. UTC expresses the view that the ANSI/IEEE guidelines already include a wide margin of safety and that additional protective measures are not needed.  X-  x352. The Arizona Department of Public Safety (ADPS) argues that the controlled  xclassification is essential to state governmental agencies so that they can continue to operate their  xexisting 7 watt portable radios at frequencies below 450 MHz. ADPS states that undue hazards"e( >,J&J&= = "  x/of RF exposure from the operation of mobile and portable radio devices can be avoided by appropriate training of personnel.  X-  x453. GTE Service Corporation (GTE) maintains that Part 15 and Part 22 mobile  xtransmitters operate at power levels that should not raise concerns under the new ANSI/IEEE  xstandards. It points out that cellular telephones' use of "adaptive power control" provides an  Xv- xadditional margin of safety, i.e., the telephones normally operate at a power level less than the  x.0.6 watt maximum in a typical urban market. According to GTE, as carriers further increase cell  xdensity to accommodate growing consumer demand, average transmit power will continue to decline.  X -  lx554. The Electronic Industries Association/Consumer Electronics Group (EIA) notes that  X - xthe Notice did not specify whether products that are subject to the Part 15 regulations would be  x subject to evaluation for compliance with the ANSI/IEEE guidelines. EIA believes that the  xproposed rules should not apply to intentional and unintentional radiators authorized under Part  xK15, including wireless video and audio distribution equipment, remotecontrolled toys, and similar  xRF devices used by consumers. According to EIA and others, such devices are already subject  x<to emission limits for purposes of reducing electromagnetic interference and that compliance with  Xb- x these limits essentially precludes human exposure to harmful levels of RF energy.?bv yO- xЍ See also Linear Corporation (Linear) Comments at 34, Matsushita Communications Industrial Corporation of America (Matsushita) Comments at 12. Apple  xComputer, Inc. (Apple) also asks that if the radiated power exclusion limit for Part 15 devices  xoperating in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical ("ISM") frequency bands is lower than the  xpresently allowable 1 watt, a substantial period of time should be provided for industry to  xcomply. Apple also proposes that the duty cycle of devices be taken into account when setting  x-power exclusion limits due to the extreme variability in the operating characteristics of unlicensed PCS and other Part 15 devices.  X-  #x655. A number of parties request clarification of various aspects of the lowpower  xexclusion. In particular, several parties request that we specify the method to be used for  x\measuring radiated power for purposes of the exclusion. For example, Alcatel SEL (Alcatel)  xsuggests defining "radiated power" as the root mean square (RMS) value of the radiated power  xaveraged over a sixminute time interval, while Ericsson and TIA recommend the IEEE definition  X7- xzof radiated power.@X7 v yO!- xЍ Ericsson and TIA note that the IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms (5th Ed.)  xdefines radiated power output (transmitter performance) as "The average power output available at the antenna  xJterminals, less the losses of the antenna, for any combination of signals transmitted when averaged over the longest  xxrepetitive modulation cycle." In 1993, Ericsson requested an interpretation of the term "radiated power" used in  xdefining the lowpower exclusions from the IEEE. The IEEE response, which Ericsson forwarded to us on  xSeptember 12, 1994, was prepared by the Interpretations Working Group of IEEE/SCC28. The response indicates"$?,J&J&1%"  xthat the term "radiated power" as applied to lowpower devices means "the total power radiated into free space in  yOX- x-absence of objects that may cause scattering, e.g., 'radiated power' excludes effects caused by the presence of the user's hand or head."  Other parties request that we clarify the applicability of timeaveraging"7@,J&J&= = ]"  xcriteria to the lowpower exclusions and define the term "radiating structure." For example, GTE  xand TRW note that the exposure potential of a device can be considerably less when actual use  X- xZcharacteristics are taken into account.yAv yOk- xwЍ For example, TRW notes that during a threeminute telephone call a user would be both transmitting (talking)  xand not transmitting (listening). Assuming a conservative "voice activity factor" of 50%, TRW continues, a handset  xwould emit RF radiation for only 1.5 minutes of the call and those emissions would likely be random, short bursts,  yO - x<and not a continuous transmission. GTE notes that 71% of all cellular calls last less than 90 seconds. See TRW Comments at 1, GTE Comments at 1011. y Matsushita submits that parts of a device that radiate RF  x!energy at levels that are ten times below the ANSI recommended limits for uncontrolled  X-environments should not be considered as radiating structures.MB` v yO-Ѝ Matsushita Comments at 6.M  Xv-  x756. Several parties also recommend extending the range of applicability of the radiated  X_- xpower exclusion clause from its current upper limit of 1500 MHz to 2 GHz or above.2CX_ v yO- xЍ See Comments of Bell South Corporation, etc., (BellSouth) at 4, E.F. Johnson Comments at 67, LMCC at  x 8, Northern Telecom Comments at 34, PCIA Comments at 56, Sprint Comments at 8, TIA Comments at 1011 and others.2 Alcatel,  xfor example, maintains that the 1500 MHz limit of the ANSI/IEEE standard is arbitrary and  xjshould be extended to 2000 MHz. Alcatel believes that such an extension would make the U.S.  x/standards more consistent with those of Europe. According to BellSouth, extension of the  xradiated power exclusion criteria to include 2 GHz PCS frequencies would reduce the burden on  xmanufacturers of complying with the new RF exposure standards. Motorola urges that we request  xMANSI to develop the necessary experimental data to justify extension of the radiated power  x@exclusions up to 5 GHz to accommodate the PCS and other future technologies. TIA recommends extending the applicable range to 6 GHz.  Xy-  x857. A number of parties also address the ANSI/IEEE provision that the radiated power  xjexclusion clause does not apply to devices where the radiating structure is within 2.5 cm of the  xzbody. For example, Alcatel maintains that the 2.5 cm separation requirement is arbitrary and  xZrenders compliance with the lowpower exclusion clause unnecessarily complicated. Alcatel does  x@not believe that the 2.5 cm requirement is supported by the theory of the behavior of  xelectromagnetic fields. Ericsson submits that the IEEE did not intend that the radiated power  xexclusions not apply to lowpower devices where the radiating structure may be within 2.5 cm"C,J&J&= = "  X- xof the head some of the time.&D@v yOy- xЍ Ericsson states that it asked the IEEE to clarify the meaning of the requirement for a distance of 2.5 cm to  xbe maintained between the radiating structure of a device and the body of the user. In response, the Interpretations Working Group of IEEE/SCC28 stated that:  XxSubcommittee 4 did not intend to exempt from the exclusion clause handheld devices where the  |radiating structure may be within 2.5 cm of the head some of the time. The paragraphs in 4.2.1.1  and 4.2.2.1 that start with "This exclusion does not apply" .... was directed to the use of devices worn on the body with radiating structures maintained within 2.5 cm of the torso." & E.F. Johnson, LMCC, Motorola, Northern Telecom, TIA and  xZothers recommend that we develop a radiated power exclusion for devices with radiating elements within 2.5 cm of the body.  X-  x958. Most commenting parties agree that a demonstration of compliance with the RF  xiexposure standards for lowpower devices should be part of the equipment authorization process.  x>The Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA), EEPA, Motorola, Northern  xTelecom, Telocator, TIA, and others generally recommend that applications for type acceptance  x-include statements indicating that SAR measurements were performed by approved methods and  xthat the unit meets the appropriate SAR criteria. NABER (now merged with PCIA) states that  xall equipment authorized under the lowpower standards should carry a label certifying that the  X - xdevice complies with the Commission's RF exposure standards.fE v yO-Ѝ See also Comments of Northern Telecom at 5. f NABER also recommends that  xLequipment manufacturers be required to provide manuals and pamphlets with each device that  X -explain how the equipment should be installed and maintained to ensure safe operation.IF ` v yO-Ѝ NABER Comments at 5. I x  X -  |x:59. Telocator recommends that we amend Part 2 of our rules to require manufacturers  x{of portable radio units that do not fall under the lowpower exclusion to submit technical  xshowings that the radios are in compliance with the guidelines. Telocator submits that  xmanufacturers are better able to effect compliance because they control the design of the device;  xthat it would be less burdensome overall to monitor compliance through the equipment  x[authorization process than the licensing procedures of the various radio services; and that the  x public would be best served by preventing the sale of devices that do not comply with the  X-guidelines.NG v yO -Ѝ Telocator Comments at 11. N  X-  x;60. A number of parties support the development of standards for measurement of SAR.  x[Ericsson recommends that we designate an appropriate ANSIaccredited standards generating  xbody to develop standardized measurement and calibration procedures for facilities, phantom  x[(human) models, and antenna models to enable manufacturers and the Commission to measure" G,J&J&= = 3"  X- xwith certainty that RF devices meet appropriate standards.Hv yOy-Ѝ Ericsson Comments at 6. See also BellSouth Comments at 7, Comsat Reply Comments at 4. Ford Motor Company (Ford) submits  xthat the Commission, in cooperation with industry and with the guidance of ANSI and the IEEE,  x\should develop recommended modeling techniques for SAR measurement. Ford notes that  xjprocedures for measuring RF exposure potential were developed for the broadcast industry, as  x\illustrated in OST Bulletin No. 65, and submits that a similar approach would be appropriate  X- xhere.JIXv yO-Ѝ Ford Comments at 11. J Motorola supports the development of standards for measurement procedures and test site  x<construction. TIA states that measurement standards for lowpower devices could be developed  x=through an ANSIaccredited standardssetting process and that it is willing to serve as a focal  XH-point for such efforts.gJHv yO -Ѝ Motorola Comments at 23. TIA Reply Comments at 14.g  X -  ?x<61. Many respondents seek clarification regarding the use of analytic methods for SAR  xKevaluation. AT&T notes that the ANSI/IEEE standard does not require laboratory measurements  xfor showing SAR compliance, but rather permits establishing compliance "by appropriate  xtechniques." AT&T, Ericsson and others urge us to clarify that it is permissible to use numerical  xKmethods such as highresolution Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) techniques in evaluating  X - xZSAR compliance.cK xv yO- xЍ McCaw submits results of studies performed by Dr. Om Gandhi, of the University of Utah, that illustrate the  xuse of the computerbased FDTD model technique to determine compliance with the ANSI/IEEE guidelines for  xicellular telephones. Dr. Gandhi applied this model to ten cellular handsets from four different manufacturers and  xfound that the peak SAR averaged over one gram of tissue ranged from 0.09 to 0.29 W/kg, considerably less than  xthe 1.6 W/kg recommended by the standard. For the wholebody average SAR, Dr. Gandhi's results ranged from  x0.5 to 1.1 mW/kg, depending on the telephone and antenna used. These values are 70 to 160 times smaller than the  x,80 mW/kg ANSI/IEEE recommended level. Sprint cites studies reported by the CTIA indicating that the SAR from  xYa portable cellular telephone is approximately 0.45 W/kg (a value three and onehalf times lower than the 1.6 W/kg limit recommended by ANSI/IEEE). c Matsushita recommends that we approve certain analytic techniques, such as  xthose discussed in existing scientific and technical publications by Kuster, Balzano and others,  Xy-as alternatives to testing by laboratories for demonstrating compliance.~LyH v yOr-Ѝ See also Comments of EEPA at 4, Matsushita Comments at 1011. ~ x  XK-   x=62. Decision. Most commenting parties, including Federal health and safety agencies,  xsupport the use of the ANSI/IEEE SAR limits for localized (partial body) exposure for evaluating  xlowpower devices designed to be used in the immediate vicinity of the body. As mentioned  xabove, the SAR limits specified by the ANSI/IEEE guidelines for devices used in controlled and  xluncontrolled environments are essentially the same as those recommended by NCRP for  xKoccupational and general population exposure, respectively. Therefore, in view of the consensus"L,J&J&= = "  xand the scientific support in the record, we are adopting SAR limits for the determination of safe  xzexposure from lowpower devices designed to be used in the immediate vicinity of the body  xbased upon the 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines. We will apply the MPE limits we are adopting to  xcertain mobile and unlicensed devices that, although not normally used within the immediate  xvicinity of the body, can use higher power and may be relatively close to the body of the user and to nearby persons. Examples of the latter are cellular "bag phones."  X_-  x>63. The SAR limits we are adopting will generally apply to portable devices submitted  xZfor Commission authorization that are designed to be used with any part of the radiating structure  xyof the device in direct contact with the body of the user or within 20 cm of the body of the user  x=under normal conditions of use. For example, this definition would apply to handheld cellular  xtelephones. We believe that a threshold of 20 cm is appropriate, since the ANSI/IEEE standard  xspecifies 20 cm as the minimum separation distance where reliable MPE measurements can be  X - xmade.EMX v yON- xЍ Although ANSI/IEEE does not explicitly state a rule for determining when SAR measurements are preferable  yO- xto MPE measurements, we believe that the 20 cm distance is appropriate based on Sec. 4.3 (3) of ANSI/IEEE C95.11992. E At these closer distances, we believe an SAR determination is a more appropriate measure of exposure.  X-  x?64. In addition to SAR limits for portable devices, exposure criteria in terms of the MPE  x/limits will apply to certain mobile and unlicensed devices that would normally be used with  xradiating structures maintained 20 cm or more from the body of the user. Examples include  xZtransportable cellular telephones ("bag" phones), cellular telephones and other radio devices that  xLuse vehiclemounted antennas and certain other transportable transmitting devices. For these  xtypes of transmitters, evaluation of compliance with MPE limits rather than SAR limits is more appropriate because of the greater separation distance between radiator and user.  X-  x@65. We will require routine SAR evaluation, either by laboratory measurement techniques  x!or by computational modeling, prior to equipment authorization or use for the following  x-categories of portable devices: (1) portable telephones or portable telephone devices to be used  x/in the Cellular Radiotelephone Service under Part 22 Subpart H or to be used in the Private  X|- xLand Mobile Radio Services for certain "covered" SMR systems under Part 90 of our rules;N|v yO- xЍ "Covered SMR" systems include two classes of SMR licensees: geographic area SMR licensees in the 800  xMHz and 900 MHz SMR bands that offer realtime, twoway switched voice service that is interconnected with the  xpublic switched network; and Incumbent Wide Area SMR licensees, defined in Section 20.3 as "licensees who have  xobtained extended implementation authorizations in the 800 MHz or 900 MHz service, either by waiver or under  x,Section 90.629 of these rules, and who offer realtime, twoway voice service that is interconnected with the public switched network." (2)  xportable devices to be used for PCS under Part 24 of our rules; (3) mobile devices to be used for  xearthsatellite communication under Part 25 and Part 80 of our rules; and (4) portable unlicensed"N` N,J&J&= = "  xPCS and portable unlicensed millimeter wave devices authorized under Part 15 of our rules. In  xall cases the term "portable" means that the telephone or device is intended for use within 20 cm  xof the body of the user as defined previously. The applicable SAR limit will normally be the 1.6  xyW/kg as recommended by ANSI/IEEE for uncontrolled environments, such as those typical for  xconsumer use. However, devices intended solely for use in the workplace may be considered under the less restrictive occupational/controlled environment category.  X_-  xA66. We also will require routine evaluation prior to equipment authorization or use for  xthe following mobile transmitters if the effective radiated power (ERP) of the station, in its  X1- xnormal configuration, will be 1.5 watts or greaterO 1v yO -ԍ The effective radiated power (ERP) limit of 1.5 watts was determined by calculating the ERP that could result in the most restrictive power density limit for general public/uncontrolled exposure at the relevant frequencies of the devices to be evaluated at a distance of 20 cm from the radiating structure. For 800900 MHz  yO -transmitting devices this limit is in the range of 0.50.6 mW/cm2. : (1) mobile radio telephones to be used in  xthe Cellular Radiotelephone Service authorized under Part 22 Subpart H or in the Private Land  x[Mobile Radio Services for covered SMR systems under Part 90 or our rules; (2) mobile devices  xto be used for PCS under Part 24 of our rules; and (3) mobile devices to be used for earth xsatellite communication as authorized under Part 25 and Part 80 of our rules. For purposes of  x>this rule, "mobile devices" means devices for which radiating structures would normally be  xmaintained at least 20 cm from the body of the user or of nearby persons. We will also continue  x!to require routine evaluation of unlicensed PCS and unlicensed millimeter wave devices  xauthorized under Sections 15.253, 15.255, and Part 15 Subpart D of our rules unless these devices  Xb- xLare portable devices, as defined above.Pbv yO- xЍ These devices are already subject to such requirements, as specified in Sections 15.253(f), 15.255(g), and 15.319(i) of our existing rules. The general population/uncontrolled MPE limits will  xapply to such mobile and unlicensed devices. Mobile transmitters intended solely for use in the  xworkplace may be considered under the less restrictive occupational/controlled environment  xcategory. We recognize that it may not be possible for the manufacturer of the mobile or  xunlicensed transmitter to ensure that persons will not be located in areas in which the MPE limits  xcould be exceeded. Accordingly, manufacturers may address such concerns by the use of warning  xzlabels and instructional material provided to users and installers that advises as to minimum separation distances required between users and radiating antennas to meet the appropriate limits.  X-  xB67. Although our exposure criteria will apply to portable and mobile devices in general,  X|- x[at this time routine evaluation for compliance will not be required of devices such as "pushto xtalk" portable radios and "push to talk" mobile radios used in taxicabs, business, police and fire  xvehicles and used by amateur radio operators. These transmitting devices will be excluded from  xroutine evaluation because their duty factors (percentage of time during use when the device is  xitransmitting) are generally low and, for mobile radios, because the antennas are normally mounted  xon the body of a vehicle which provide some shielding and separation from the user. This" P,J&J&= = ="  xsignificantly reduces the likelihood of human exposure in excess of the RF safety guidelines due  xto emissions from these transmitters. Duty factors associated with transmitting devices that are  xnot "pushtotalk," such as transportable cellular telephones ("bag" phones) or cellular telephones  xthat use vehiclemounted antennas, would be generally higher, and we will require that these  xdevices be subject to routine evaluation for compliance with general population/uncontrolled MPE  x>limits. Although we are not requiring routine evaluation of all portable and mobile devices,  x!under Sections 1.1307(c) and 1.1307(d) of the FCC's Rules, 47 CFR 1.1307(c) and (d), the  xCommission reserves the right to require evaluation for environmental significance of any device (in this case with respect to SAR or compliance with MPE limits).  X -  lxC68. We are providing the following guidelines on the application of the exposure criteria  xto portable and mobile devices in general. First of all, devices other than those specified above  xnmay generally be evaluated based on whether they are designed to be used under  xLoccupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled conditions, as defined previously.  x<Devices that are designed specifically to be used in the workplace, such as many handheld, two xway portable radios, would be considered as operating in an occupational/controlled environment  x[and the applicable limits for controlled environments would apply. On the other hand, devices  xidesigned to be purchased and used primarily by consumers, such as cellular telephones and most  x^personal communications devices, would be considered to operate under the general  xpopulation/uncontrolled category as specified above, and limits for uncontrolled environments  x-would apply. Devices that can be used in either environment would normally be required to meet uncontrolled exposure criteria.  X-  xD69. For purposes of evaluating compliance with localized SAR guidelines, portable  xdevices shall be tested or evaluated based on "standard" operating positions or conditions. In  xksituations where higher exposure levels may result from unusual or inappropriate use of the  xZdevice, instructional material should be provided to the user to caution against such usage. With  xregard to devices that are not handheld, labels may be useful as when a minimum separation  xdistance is desired to be maintained. For example, in the case of a cellular "bag" phone a  xjprominent warning label as well as instructional information on minimum required distances for compliance would be an acceptable means of ensuring that the device is used safely. x  X -  xE70. We note that several publications are available that describe appropriate methods and  X - xZtechniques for determining SAR for compliance purposes.eQX v yO - xzЍ For example, see ANSI/IEEE C95.31992 and NCRP Report No. 119, discussed below in section on  x;measurements and compliance. Also, other organizations are providing information on SAR evaluation procedures, and SAR evaluation services and systems are commercially available. e In addition, many papers have been  X- xpublished in the scientific literature on this topic. Rv yO$- xЍ For example, see Balzano et al., "Electromagnetic Energy Exposure of Simulated Users of Portable Cellular Telephones," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 44, No. 3, page 390, August 1995.  We agree with the commenting parties that"@R,J&J&= = "  x the use of appropriate numerical and computational techniques, such as FDTD analysis, is  xjacceptable for demonstrating compliance with SAR values. Studies by O.P. Gandhi and others  xindicate that such techniques offer valid means to determine energy absorption characteristics in  x[exposed subjects. We also understand that the Electromagnetic Energy Association (formerly  X- xyEEPA) has initiated a project to develop product performance standards for SAR evaluation.WSXv yO- xЍ Letter from D. McElfresh, Executive Director, Electromagnetic Energy Association, to American National  xStandards Institute, August 15, 1994, submitting application for proposed committee on product performance relative to safe use of electromagnetic energy. W  xThis effort should be very helpful in facilitating the provision of compliance information and  xlservices to manufacturers and others. Also, the Wireless Technology Research (WTR)  xorganization plans to establish a certification program for wireless telephones that should be  XH-helpful in ensuring accurate and reliable SAR determination.THv yO - xЍ Risk Management Research Certification Program, presentation to the FCC by Wireless Technology Research, L.L.C., on October 24, 1995.  X -  0xF71. Based on the concerns expressed by the FDA, we are not adopting at this time low xpower device exclusions based on radiated power, as contained in the 1992 ANSI/IEEE  xguidelines. As discussed above, the FDA cites recent studies indicating that cellular telephones  x-and other handheld transmitters that meet ANSI/IEEE radiated power exclusion limits can exceed  xthe corresponding exclusion limits for SAR. In one of those studies, the highest SAR values  xwere measured when the antennas and cases of various handheld cellular telephones were placed  X- xin direct contact with a head model, i.e. less than 2.5 cm from the head.qU@v yO-Ѝ See note 60, supra., study by Kuster et al.q Of six telephone  xmodels tested in this study under these "worst case" conditions, the highest SAR obtained was  xapproximately 8.8 mW/gram (8.8 W/kg) for 1 watt of output power. This SAR exceeds the  xrecommended limit of 1.6 W/kg for an uncontrolled environment, suggesting that an appropriate  x.radiated power exclusion level for ensuring that the 1.6 W/kg SAR limit could not be exceeded  X- xunder "worst case" conditions would be on the order of 180 mW at 900 MHz.Vv yO-Ѝ This value is derived by dividing 8.8 by 1.6 and dividing that number into 1.0 watt. The ANSI/IEEE  xlowpower device exclusion clause allows for exclusions at a power level of 700 mW at 900 MHz  xyprovided a separation of 2.5 cm is maintained between the radiating structure of the device and  xthe body of the user, although, as discussed earlier, comments submitted in this proceeding maintain that the 2.5 cm distance was not meant to apply to the head.  X-  xG72. This study also reported SAR values measured when the telephones were positioned  xnormally against the head model (i.e., less than 2.5 cm from the head), but with the antenna at  xvarious angles and distances from the head. This was referred to as "standard" handling of the  xtelephone. For this "standard" operating situation, the highest SAR measured from the six models"N` V,J&J&= = "  xtested was approximately 2.8 W/kg for 1 watt of power. This implies that, for the "standard"  xexposure condition, an appropriate "worst case" radiated power level to meet the 1.6 W/kg SAR  xjlimit at 900 MHz should be on the order of about 570 mW, not 700 mW as recommended by the  xz1992 ANSI/IEEE standard. Similarly, recent data submitted to our laboratory analyzing SAR  xvalues for handheld PCS devices operating near 2 GHz shows that at 125 mW of average power  xmaximum, SAR values (averaged over 1 gram) can, in some cases, be up to 8090% of the 1.6  xW/kg limit. The 1992 ANSI/IEEE radiated power exclusion clause applies only to frequencies  xup to 1500 MHz. However, if this exclusion were extrapolated to PCS frequencies (18501990  xyMHz), the radiated power exclusion limit would be in the range of 300350 mW, more than twice  X1- xthe 125 mW used by the devices tested.zWX1v yO -ԍ An interpretation from the IEEE states that an extension of the current formula for the radiated power  yOr -exclusion clause to 2200 MHz would be conservative. See Letter to Thomas P. Stanley, FCC Chief Engineer, from Eleanor R. Adair, CoChairman, SC4, IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 28, October 11, 1993.z Therefore, it would appear that some devices that  xwould qualify for the radiated power exclusion in the 1992 ANSI/IEEE standard might exceed the SAR limit of 1.6 W/kg.  X -  !xH73. As noted by the FDA, these studies raise questions about the accuracy of the low xZpower device exclusions based on radiated power as contained in the 1992 ANSI/IEEE guidelines.  x<We acknowledge, however, that all of the transmitters in the devices in these studies were placed  xdirectly against the head and did not maintain the 2.5 cm separation distance required by ANSI.  xHowever, as discussed above, it is unclear whether that separation distance was meant to apply  xto the head. In light of these outstanding issues and questions, we do not feel that, at this time,  xjit is appropriate for us to adopt the low power exclusion. On the other hand, we also recognize  xthat to require SAR evaluation of every lowpower transmitting device subject to Commission  x>authorization would prove to be a costly and unnecessary burden for many manufacturers.  xjTherefore, at this time we will require only routine SAR evaluation for the devices noted above  xthat constitute the classes for which there appears to be the greatest potential for exposure because  xof their relatively higher duty factors. Based on additional scientific evidence that may be  xforthcoming, we may consider modifying or expanding this requirement, and we may also consider whether a modified exclusion clause based on radiated power can be adopted.  X|-   xI74. For evaluation of devices that are designed to be used only in occupational/controlled  xjenvironments, consideration of duty factors would be allowed in evaluating localized SAR and  xradiated power. The ANSI/IEEE and NCRP guidelines are based on timeaveraged exposures.  xTherefore, if sufficient data are available on typical and maximum duty factors for operation of  xcontrolled devices, such as twoway radios used in the workplace, it is reasonable that these be  xyapplied in determining compliance with the guidelines. However, this would not be allowed for  xevaluation of devices that are used in general population/uncontrolled environments, since there is no control over usage of consumer devices such as cellular telephones. " W,J&J&= = "Ԍ X-D. Categorical Exclusions  X-  ]xJ75. Our existing environmental rules regarding RF radiation exposure delineate particular  xcategories of existing and proposed transmitting facilities for which licensees and applicants are  X- xrequired to conduct an initial environmental evaluation  and prepare Environmental Assessments  xif their environmental evaluation indicates that their facilities exceed or will exceed the specified  Xv- xRF exposure guidelines. See 47 CFR  1.1307(b)(Note 1). As for transmitting facilities not  xyspecifically delineated under Section 1.1307(b)(Note 1), the Commission had determined, based  xon calculations, measurement data and other information, that such transmitters offered little  X1- xpotential for causing exposures in excess of the guidelines,X1v yO -Ѝ Second Report and Order, GEN Docket No. 79144, id.; Erratum, 2 FCC Rcd 2526 (1987). and thus "categorically excluded"  xthose transmitters from the initial environmental evaluation requirement. Categorical exclusions  x{from routine environmental evaluation are allowed under NEPA when actions are judged  xindividually and cumulatively to have no significant potential for effect on the human  X - xenvironment. See 47 CFR  1.1306(a); see also, Notice at para. 5, ET Docket No. 9362, 8 FCC  xMRcd 2849 (1993). However, the Commission, under  1.1307(c) and (d), retains the authority  xito request that a licensee or an applicant conduct an environmental evaluation and, if appropriate,  xfile environmental information pertaining to an otherwise categorically excluded application if  xit is determined that in that particular case there is a possibility for significant environmental  x[impact. All transmitting facilities and devices regulated by this Commission are expected to be  xin compliance with the RF radiation exposure guidelines, and, if not, to file an Environmental Assessment for review under our NEPA procedures.  X-  xK76. Examples of currently excluded transmitters are those used for land mobile, cellular  X- xradio and fixed microwave communications. In the Notice, we noted that some existing  xkcategorical exclusions may not be consistent with the more stringent provisions of the 1992  xANSI/IEEE guidelines or may not warrant automatic categorical exclusions because of new data  xor other information on exposure potential. We, therefore, requested comment, information and analysis relating to the existing categorical exclusions.  Xe-  OxL77. Comments submitted by the land mobile communications industry argue that the  XN- xZcategorical exclusions should be continued for transmitters operated under Parts 21, 22, and 99.\YNXv yOW-Ѝ Part 99 has been renumbered as Part 24.\  x.For example, AT&T comments that common carrier microwave facilities, cellular base stations,  x?and mobile cellular transmitters should remain excluded because RF exposures from this  X - x\equipment will be below the MPE limits contained in the proposed ANSI/IEEE guidelines.OZ v yO#-Ѝ AT&T Comments at 2, 10, 11.O  xGTE states that the use of controlled and uncontrolled environment criteria should not result in  xthe elimination of Part 21 and 22 categorical exclusions for base stations because the reasons for"xZ,J&J&= = "  X- xthe earlier Commission decisions are still valid.G[v yOy-Ѝ GTE Comments at 16.G Ericsson, Motorola, the Land Mobile  xCommunications Council (LMCC), and the American Mobile Telecommunications Association,  xInc. (AMTA) similarly state that the justification for categorically excluding most or all  xtransmitters under Parts 21, 22, 90 and 94 is valid and should be continued under the ANSI/IEEE  X- xguidelines.\Xv yO- xЍ Ericsson Comments at 17, LMCC Comments at 9, AMTA Reply Comments at 5, Motorola Comments at 1520. Motorola submits a technical analysis indicating that the distances required to meet  xthe ANSI/IEEE guidelines for the land mobile industry in the high frequency bands are much  Xv- xshorter than those reported in the Notice because the main beam of the antenna does not radiate directly downward where individuals are most likely to be located.  X1-  xM78. McCaw submits similar comments stating that the record and studies and operational  xLevidence confirm that existing landmobile transmitting facilities are unlikely to exceed the new  X - xKguidelines.N] v yOd-Ѝ McCaw Reply Comments at 8.N PacTel Corporation (PacTel) asserts that continuation of the Commission's existing  xycategorical exclusion for these facilities is appropriate given the minimal opportunity they pose  xfor overexposure and because of land mobile's "minute contribution to the ambient  X - xNelectromagnetic field emissions in the environment."^ @v yO-Ѝ PacTel Comments at 7. See also Personal Communications Industry Association Reply Comments at 5. TIA comments that "by the best  xinformation available, not a single case of human harm due to this radiofrequency energy has  X- xZbeen substantiated."G_v yO-Ѝ TIA Comments at 19.G The EEPA submits that both pointtopoint microwave radio stations and  xcellular base stations will typically result in public exposure levels below 1W/cm, and that  xRexposure from vehicular cellular radios, when timeaveraging is considered,  xwill fall well below the uncontrolled environment limits of the ANSI/IEEE  X-guidelines.J`` v yO.-Ѝ EEPA Comments at 58. J  X-  ?xN79. NABER encourages us to categorically exclude land mobile transmitters, expressing  xKconcern that if categorical exclusions for land mobile services are eliminated manufacturers would  X- xLhave to institute unnecessary and costly testing.Ja v yOb#-Ѝ NABER Comments at 56.J Northern Telecom believes that the proper  x.solution is the adoption of appropriate power limits for PCS, cellular radio, and Part 15 devices" a,J&J&= = "  xto ensure that higher power devices that may create unreasonable risk are restricted in those  X-services.Ybv yOb-Ѝ Northern Telecom Reply Comments at 6.Y  X-  xO80. Glenayre Electronics, Inc. (Glenayre) and Paging Network, Inc. (PageNet) respond  xthat paging system transmitting facilities are well within the ANSI/IEEE guidelines under normal  X- xKuse and should continue to qualify for a categorical exemption.dcXv yO-Ѝ Glenayre Comments at 2, PageNet Comments at 46.d Glenayre states that worstcase  xcalculations demonstrate that the controlled environment limits will not be exceeded outside a  X_- xKdistance of 34 meters from a transmitting antenna.Kd_v yO -Ѝ Glenayre Comments at 2.K Further, Glenayre maintains that, "exposure  xthreats" to personnel due to highpowered paging equipment can best be handled by "training and  xpersonnel awareness." Similarly, PageNet states that such risks to workers in controlled areas can be addressed by use of warning signs and appropriate work procedures.  X -  xP81. Other comments address services regulated under Parts 25 and 74. AMSC argues that  x[MSS mobile earth terminals should be categorically excluded because that equipment operates  X - xkwith low transmitter and radiated power levels.Ke xv yO-Ѝ AMSC Comments at 1011.K Similarly, COMSAT requests exclusion of  xportable or vehicular RF satellite devices, such as Inmarsat terminals, when such terminals operate  X-at a sufficiently lowpower and have a radiating structure that is separate from the handset.Ofv yOI-Ѝ COMSAT Reply Comments at 4.O  Xb-  {xQ82. The Association of Federal Communications Consulting Engineers (AFCCE), JC&A,  xand others, submit technical analyses of power levels and distances at which certain services  X4- xregulated under Part 74 and other rule parts would comply with the ANSI/IEEE guidelines.g4v yO}- xЍ For example, according to JC&A and AFCCE, assuming a 100watt basestation transmitter, a broad vertical  xbeam, unitygain, and a verticallypolarized dipole antenna, the proposed exposure guidelines will not be exceeded  xfor either controlled or uncontrolled environment if the antenna is located at least 3 meters above a surface upon  xwhich an individual may stand. For the case of aural STLs, AFCCE notes that, with transmitters using output  xpowers of 10 watts, ERPs may be from 100 to 1000 watts with typical antennas, resulting in safe exposure distances  xfrom 7 to 24 meters in the main beam. When the main beam is elevated well above ground level and access is only  xhpossible to the sidelobe patterns, this distance drops to approximately 0.5 to 2.5 meters. AFCCE Comments at 56.  yO!- xZSee also NAB Comments at 2026, JC&A Comments at 57, Assoc. of Maximum Service Television & National Broadcasting Company (MSTV/NBC) Comments at 57.   xThese entities argue that such analyses support the continuation of the categorical exclusion of  xicertain services such as those covered by Part 74. AFCCE recommends that categorical exclusion" hg,J&J&= = "  x=be allowed for those transmitters which pose little or no potential for exposure in excess of the  X-guidelines.Hhv yOb-Ѝ AFCCE Comments at 6.H  X-  xR83. Several parties address continuation of the categorical exclusion for the amateur radio  X- x-service. The ARRL and the ARRLBioeffects Committee support prudent avoidancesiXv yO-Ѝ ARRL Comments at 17, ARRL BioEffects Committee Comments at 4. s and state  xthat most of the amateur radio users do not possess the requisite equipment, technical skills,  Xv- xand/or financial resources to conduct an environmental analysis.Hjvv yO -Ѝ ARRL Comments at 14.H Both the ARRL and the  xARRL BioEffects Committee submit that we could raise an amateur radio applicant's awareness  XH- xconcerning RF energy by placing relevant questions on the amateur license examination.skHxv yOq-Ѝ ARRL Comments at 16, ARRL BioEffects Committee Comments at 5. s On  x/the other hand, Dr. Wayne Overbeck and the Amateur Radio Health Group comment that it  xwould be inappropriate for this Commission to exempt the amateur service automatically from  X - xyall requirements for compliance with radiation safety guidelines.l v yO-Ѝ Overbeck Comments at 2, Overbeck and Amateur Radio Health Group Reply Comments at 11. Overbeck and the Amateur  xyRadio Health Group state that education is not enough and suggest that we create a version of  xOST Bulletin No. 65 for radio amateur operations. They state this bulletin could supplement Part  X -97 rules and be used by amateurs to certify compliance with the RF exposure safety guidelines.qm v yO-Ѝ Overbeck and Amateur Radio Health Group Reply Comments at 13.q  X-  xS84. Several entities express concerns regarding the continuation of categorical exclusions.  x>Cohen, Dippell & Everist (CDE) and NIOSH comment that categorical exclusions should be  Xb- xNlimited to situations where there is no possibility of excessive worker exposure.^nb( v yO;-Ѝ NIOSH Comments at 2 and CDE Comments at 6.^ Louis  x/Williams, Jr. indicates that certain transmitters that are currently excluded can be located in  xzaccessible areas where they may constitute a potential risk. Williams states that categorical  xexclusions should be limited to situations where the applicant can certify that there is minimal  X-risk.Ko v yOo!-Ѝ Williams Comments at 1.K  X-  xT85. DotyMoore Tower Services (DotyMoore) submits measurement data for two  xmultipleemitter rooftop environments involving a combination of paging, cellular, and other  xxland mobile antennae. Based on these measurements, DotyMoore states that almost all locations"!H o,J&J&= = "  x.within the vicinity of the landmobile transmitters exhibit RF levels in excess of the ANSI/IEEE  xMPE limits. DotyMore argues that in such situations the landlord/manager should be responsible  x-for limiting access to the rooftop and to coordinate participation among owners to reduce or shut  X-off power.3p v yO4- xЍ DotyMoore's measurement data are at least partially supported by the results of measurements made in late  xx1994 by FCC and EPA staff. A study was undertaken in Atlanta, Georgia, to evaluate RF fields from a variety of  xsources, including multipleemitter paging and cellular operations at rooftop locations. The results showed that in  xYareas that are accessible to workers or maintenance personnel, highpower paging transmitters could create RF fields  xJthat exceed the NCRP or ANSI/IEEE guidelines when multiple emitters were present in close proximity. This study  x;also showed, in general, that RF fields measured from the roofmounted cellular basestation antennas did not create  xhigh fields in accessible areas. However, a recent study performed for the Commission by Richard Tell Associates,  xKInc., did indicate that under some circumstances relatively high RF fields could be created on rooftops by cellular  yOt - xibase stations. See "Measurement of Radiofrequency Fields and Potential Exposure from Landmobile Paging and  xjCellular Radio Base Station Antennas," R.F. Cleveland, et al. Presented at the Seventeenth Annual Meeting,  yO - xBioelectromagnetics Society, Boston, MA, June 1995 (final FCC report in preparation); see also "Engineering  xServices for Measurement and Analysis of Radiofrequency (RF) Fields," Richard Tell Associates, Inc., FCC Report  xNo. OET/RTA 9501, June 1995. Copies available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), (800) 5536847. NTIS Order No. PB 95253829.3  X-  ]xU86. Decision. We continue to believe that it is desirable and appropriate to categorically  xexclude from routine evaluation those transmitting facilities that offer little or no potential for  xexposure in excess of the specified guidelines. Requiring routine environmental evaluation of  xsuch facilities would place an unnecessary burden on licensees. However, we believe that some  x.alteration of our previous categorical exclusion policy is necessary. Several commenters have  xsubmitted technical documentation indicating the power levels and distances at which transmitting  X - xsources in various services will comply with the exposure guidelines.sq v yO4-Ѝ See comments of JC&A, AFCCE, Motorola, MSTV/NBC, and NAB.s Our staff has evaluated  xthis material and has performed analyses of its own. Based on these studies, we now believe  xthat in certain cases we should no longer exempt entire services from demonstrating compliance.  xExamples include highpower paging and cellular telephone sites on relatively short towers or  x[rooftops where access may not be restricted. There is also evidence that certain amateur radio facilities have the potential for exceeding our new limits.  Xb-  xV87. Our current rules require that environmental evaluation for RF exposure be performed  xfor facilities and operations authorized under Parts 5 (Experimental Radio Services); 15  x(millimeter wave and unlicensed PCS devices); 21, Subpart K, (Multipoint Distribution Service);  x/24 (Personal Communications Service); 25 (Satellite Communications); 73 (Radio Broadcast  x[Services); 74, Subparts A, G, I, and L (Experimental, Auxiliary, and Special Broadcast and other  X- xProgram Distributional Services) and 80 (ship earth stations in the Maritime Services).rv yO$- xiЍ See 47 CFR Parts 5, 15 (15.253, 15.255, and Subpart D), 21 (Subpart K), 24, 25, 73, 74 (Subparts A, G, I, and L) and 80 (ship earth stations). We""hr,J&J&= = s"  xbelieve it is appropriate to continue to subject these facilities and operations to routine  xenvironmental evaluation with certain modifications. With respect to transmitting facilities not  x]in these categories, there are certain cases where we no longer believe that an automatic  xcategorical exclusion is justified, and we will require evaluation of some transmitting facilities  xzthat were previously excluded. This expansion of the list of transmitting facilities subject to  xyroutine evaluation would be necessary regardless of whether our MPE guidelines are based on 1992 ANSI/IEEE or NCRP recommendations.  XH-  xW88. It is important to emphasize, however, that even if a transmitting source or facility  xis not automatically excluded from routine evaluation, no further environmental processing is  x<required once it has been determined that exposures are within the guidelines, as specified in Part  x1 of our rules. There are various ways to accomplish compliance, including restrictions on  xaccess, implementation of appropriate work procedures for personnel, incorporation of RF  x[shielding, mounting of appropriate warning signs, control of time of exposure and reduction of  xpower during periods when personnel or the public are present. The revised edition of the FCC's OST Bulletin 65 will include a detailed discussion of this topic.  Xy-  lxX89. Our new policy on categorical exclusion is designed to bring consistency in the way  xthat we decide what transmitters or facilities warrant an automatic exemption from evaluation.  xzThis policy is based on our own calculations and analyses, along with information and data  xNacquired in the record of this proceeding and from other sources. We believe that some  xztransmitting facilities, regardless of service, may offer the potential for causing exposures in  x=excess of MPE limits because of such factors as their relatively high operating power, location  xor relative accessibility. We believe that it is more reasonable to base our exclusions on such  xvariables since they apply generally to all transmitting facilities. In that regard, our new exclusion  xjpolicy will also eliminate the requirement for routine evaluation of some relatively lowpowered  x[transmitters in some of the services for which routine evaluation was previously required such as certain broadcast services.  Xe-  oxY90. Routine environmental evaluation for RF exposure will only be required for  x<transmitters, facilities or operations that are included in the categories listed in Table 1 of the new  xrule Section 1.1307(b)(1) that we are adopting, as shown in Appendix C. This includes some,  xibut not necessarily all, transmitters, facilities or operations that are authorized under the following  xParts of our rules: 5, 15, 21 Subpart K, 22 Subpart E, 22 Subpart H, 24, 25, 73, 74 (Subparts  x{A, G, I, and L), 80, 90, and 97. Within a specific service category, conditions are listed to  xdetermine which transmitters will be subject to evaluation. These conditions are generally based  xon one or more of the following variables: (1) operating power, (2) location, or (3) height above  xground. In the case of Part 15 devices, only devices that transmit on millimeter wave frequencies  xand unlicensed PCS devices are covered, as noted in Table 1. Transmitters and facilities not""#r,J&J&= = f!"  X- xincluded in these categories will continue to be categorically excluded from routine evaluation.sv yOy- xЍ However, as noted previously, Sections 1.1307(c) and (d) of our rules allow that, even though a transmitter may be categorically excluded, the Commission may still require environmental evaluation on a casebycase basis.  xSuch transmitting facilities generally pose little or no risk for causing exposures in excess of the  xguidelines. Our new policy will provide a clear, "bright line" standard for categorical exclusions that is administratively easy to apply and affords adequate protection from harmful RF exposure.  X-  xZ91. Relatively high operating power implies that a transmitter should be evaluated if  xycertain conditions apply. For example, if a transmitter operates using relatively high power and  xif there is a possibility that workers or the public could have access to the transmitter site, such  xas at a rooftop site, then routine evaluation is justified. In Table 1, an attempt has been made  xto identify situations in the various services where such conditions could prevail. In general, at  xrooftop transmitting sites evaluation will be required if power levels are above the values  x!indicated in Table 1. These power levels were chosen based on generally "worstcase"  x/assumptions where the most stringent uncontrolled/general population MPE limit might be  xexceeded within several meters of transmitting antennas at these power levels. In the case of  x-paging antennas, the likelihood that duty factors, although high, would not normally be expected  xto be 100% was also considered. Of course, if procedures are in place at a site to limit  xaccessibility or otherwise control exposure so that the safety guidelines are met, then the site is in compliance and no further environmental processing is necessary under our rules.  XK-  0x[92. Towermounted ("nonrooftop") antennas that are used for cellular telephone, PCS,  xand covered SMR operations warrant a somewhat different approach for evaluation. While there  xis no evidence that typical installations in these services cause groundlevel exposures in excess  xof our limits, construction of these towers has been a topic of ongoing public controversy on  xkenvironmental grounds, and we believe it necessary to ensure that there is no possibility of  xexcessive exposures from these antennas. Although we believe there is no need to require routine  xevaluation of towers where antennas are mounted high above the ground, out of an abundance  xxof caution we are requiring that towermounted installations be evaluated if antennas are mounted  x[lower than 10 meters above ground and the total power of all channels being used is over 1000  xwatts ERP. This height and power combination was chosen as a threshold recognizing that a  xtheoretically "worst case" site could use many channels and several thousand watts of power. At  xsuch power levels a height of 10 meters above ground is not an unreasonable distance for which  xan evaluation generally would be advisable. For antennas mounted higher than 10 meters,  x\measurement data for cellular facilities have indicated that groundlevel power densities are  X - xjtypically hundreds to thousands of times below the new MPE limits.t   v yO"-ԍxSee, for example, R. Petersen and P. Testagrossa, "RadioFrequency Electromagnetic Fields Associated  yO#-with CellularRadio CellSite Antennas." Bioelectromagnetics, 13:527 (1992). Data collected independently by  yOj$-the Commission also confirms this (see study by R. Cleveland, et al., note 112, supra, and study by Richard Tell,  yO2%-note 165, infra).  In view of the expected" $t,J&J&= = "  xproliferation of these towers in the future and possible use of multiple channels and power levels  xlat these installations, and to ensure that tower installations are properly evaluated when  xappropriate, we will institute these new requirements for this limited category of towermounted  xMantennas in these services. For consistency we are also instituting similar requirements for  xseveral other services that could use relatively high power levels with antennas mounted on towers lower than 10 meters above ground.  X_-  "x\93. Paging systems operated under Part 22 (Subpart E) and Part 90 of our rules have  xpreviously been categorically exempted from routine RF evaluation requirements. However, the  x/potential exists that our new, more restrictive limits may be exceeded in accessible areas by  xzrelatively highpowered paging transmitters with rooftop antennas. These transmitters may  xoperate with high duty factors in densely populated urban environments. The record and our own  xrecentlyacquired data indicate the need for ensuring appropriate evaluation of such facilities,  x.especially at multiple transmitter sites. Accordingly, out of an abundance of caution, we have  xdecided to subject paging stations authorized under Part 22 Subpart G and Part 90 to routine  x.environmental evaluation for RF exposure if a transmitter is located on a rooftop and if its ERP  xexceeds 1000 watts. The applicable exposure limits specified in Appendix C will apply according  xjto the specific situation, and, if multiple transmitters are present, Section 1.1307(b)(3) will apply to the site as appropriate.  X4-E. Compliance Evaluation, Measurement Procedures and Transition Provisions  X-  ]x]94. In the Notice, we requested comment on issues related to the procedures to be used  xfor demonstrating compliance with exposure guidelines and also on issues concerning quantitative  X- xmeasurement of RF fields and exposure. We recognized that compliance with new guidelines  xcould impose new and significant burdens on some licensees and equipment manufacturers and  xstated that we would seek to minimize this impact wherever possible. With respect to  xmeasurements, we proposed that the procedures established by ANSI/IEEE C95.31992 would  X|- x=be appropriate for determining compliance with the new RF exposure guidelines.u|v yO- xЍ "Recommended Practice for the Measurement of Potentially Hazardous Electromagnetic Fields RF and  yO-Microwave." ANSI/IEEE C95.31992. See Notice at para. 28. We further  xproposed to continue the requirement that facilities and operations subject to environmental  xevaluation provide environmental information at the time of application for a construction permit,  X7- xlicense renewal, or other Commission authorization.v7 v yO!- xЍ As addressed above, we also requested comment on whether proof of compliance for lowpower devices should be submitted as part of the equipment authorization process. We requested comment on whether we  xshould require more complete documentation or evidence from applicants who claim compliance  xwith environmental RF guidelines and what form that documentation should take. Finally, we  xrequested comments, opinions, data and other information concerning devices that are commercially available for measuring electromagnetic fields and currents."%xv,J&J&= = "Ԍ X-  ԙx^95. There is considerable comment in the record concerning the means by which  xcompliance should be evaluated. AFCCE comments that a revision of OST Bulletin No. 65  xshould be available in advance of the effective date for implementing new RF exposure  xZguidelines. AFCCE states that the revised bulletin, with appropriate charts, graphs, and formulas,  X- xwould allow a station's technical staff to perform evaluations with minimal outside assistance.wv yO- xJЍ AFCCE Comments at 6; see also National Public Radio (NPR) Comments at 4, EEPA Comments at 11, GTE Reply Comments at 8, MSTV/NBC Comments at 8, BJC Comments at 36  x<The Society of Broadcast Engineers agrees that the proposed RF safety guidelines should not be  Xv- xLeffective until OST Bulletin No. 65 is updated.fxv v yOG -Ѝ SBE Reply Comments at 4, BJC Reply Comments at 36.f It also urges that the revised bulletin contain  xMthe necessary information to determine compliance with contact and induced current limits.  xEEPA requests that we adopt definitive compliance methods as well as cooperate with industry  xto develop measurement techniques useful to broadcasters and others in evaluating their  X -facilities.Hy v yO{-Ѝ EEPA Comments at 12.H  X -  2x_96. NAB, in its comments, suggests the following "threepronged" approach for  xevaluating compliance: 1) the charts and graphs in the revised OET bulletin would be used to  xdetermine compliance in the majority of cases; 2) in cases where compliance cannot be  xconfirmed using the bulletin, the use of mathematical formulas and computations would be used;  xand 3) actual measurements would be required when compliance cannot be determined by using  Xy- xthe abovementioned techniques.Mzy@v yOj-Ѝ NAB Reply Comments at 3. M UTC concurs with NAB and recommends that licensees be  xpermitted to use any one of a variety of methods to demonstrate compliance, including actual  xmeasurements, calculations based on acceptable engineering standards and practices, operating  X4-practices that would limit the exposure to the device, and recognized exclusions.F{4v yO-Ѝ UTC Comments at 9.F  X-  3x`97. JC&A states that the ANSI/IEEE C95.3 guidelines for RF measurement are  X- xkappropriate for determining compliance with the 1992 ANSI/IEEE exposure guidelines.J|` v yO -Ѝ JC&A Comments at 10. J It  xxalso comments that although manufacturers are offering induced current meters, there is not much  xinformation available relative to their effectiveness and accuracy. CDE also supports the adoption  xLof the C95.3 document for making RF field measurements but suggests that measuring devices  X- x=should be certified for repeatability and calibration.F} v yO4%-Ѝ CDE Comments at 4.F On the other hand, NPR argues that the"& },J&J&= = o"  xC95.3 measurement guidelines provide limited guidance and are not directly applicable to the  xbroadcast service. Accordingly, it states that thirdparty assistance will typically be required to  X- xmeasure the RF environment around a broadcast facility.F~v yOK-Ѝ NPR Comments at 5.F NAB comments that while it is true  xthat ANSI/IEEE C95.3 does provide general guidance on measurement procedures, the  xCommission should go a step further and specify exact procedures and type of instrumentation  X-to be used to demonstrate compliance.LXv yO-Ѝ NAB Reply Comments at 4.L  X_-  xa98. Rolm Corporation states that the C95.3 document does not specify a standard method  XH- xKfor SAR measurement and that one should be chosen before enacting the proposed regulation.GHv yO -Ѝ Rolm Comments at 3.G  x[TRW agrees and states that SAR measurements that are based on unambiguous field strength  X - xreadings at specific frequencies and distances from the subject device should be required.G xv yOC-Ѝ TRW Comments at 12.G  xNABER responds that the area of measurement procedures requires further review and analysis  X - xand that an industry group should be responsible for developing these procedures.H v yO-Ѝ NABER Comments at 8.H Similarly,  xFord requests that we clarify how measurements are to be made within 20 centimeters from a  X -radiating object.I v yO-Ѝ Ford Comments at 36.I  X-  xb99. UTC comments that we should require applicants only to file a certification that they:  x1) are aware of the standards; 2) do not have any information that would indicate that their radio  xequipment would be operated in a manner that would cause exposure in excess of the guidelines;  xand, 3) will engage in periodic training and adopt appropriate operating practices to minimize the  X4- xpossibility of exposure in excess of the guidelines.F4( v yO -Ѝ UTC Comments at 8.F The Broadcast Joint Commenters suggest  xythat additional paperwork should not be required to establish compliance with the new policies  X-because it would be needlessly burdensome to the broadcasters and to the Mass Media Bureau.g v yOo!-Ѝ Broadcast Joint Commenters Reply Comments at 3940.g  X-  ?xc100. PacTel believes that answering "No" on a license application form, to the question  xregarding whether authorization of a particular facility would have a significant environmental  ximpact, is sufficient acknowledgement of compliance. TIA and the LMCC express the view that"'H ,J&J&= = "  xa formal certification of compliance is unnecessary and would pose an administrative burden  X- xwhich would not be commensurate with the attendant benefit.[v yOb-Ѝ TIA Comments at 22, LMCC Comments at 9.[ NABER believes that an  X- xZapplicant should only be required to affirm the safety and compliance of the subject equipment.HXv yO-Ѝ NABER Comments at 6.H  xMotorola sees no need for us to routinely require the submission of information in conjunction  X-with each license application relative to radio site "safety."Lv yO= -Ѝ Motorola Comments at 18.L  Xv-  @xd101. PageNet believes that with regard to multipletransmitter sites, it would be most  xreasonable for the Commission to place the burden for verifying compliance with RF guidelines  XH- x<on the site owner.JHxv yOq-Ѝ PageNet Comments at 8.J According to PageNet, site owners would be responsible for acquiring data  xon multipleuser sites, as opposed to requiring each individual licensee to acquire and update such  xdata. Furthermore, under this scheme, the costs associated with calculating aggregate RF  x compliance could be factored into a lease agreement and shared equitably among all of the  xlicensees operating at a single site. PageNet maintains that the Commission has general authority,  xpursuant to Section 503(b)(5) of the Communications Act to subject nonlicensees to forfeitures for violation of its rules.  X-  _xe102. Some comments address the certification of work procedures to demonstrate  x compliance with exposure guidelines. Narda Microwave Corporation (Narda) supports the  Xb- x\position of OSHA with reference to its RF safety program,Pbv yO-Ѝ Narda Reply Comments at 31.P commenting that an RF Safety  xProgram must be in place in order for a station to operate at levels above the uncontrolled MPE  xjlimits. UTC asserts that an applicant should be allowed to certify that operating practices exist  X- x[to minimize exposure.Fv yOf-Ѝ UTC Comments at 8.F Telocator responds that it is its understanding that individual carriers  X- xihave procedures and practices to ensure that worker exposure is below applicable limits.L( v yO-Ѝ Telocator Comments at 8.L Sprint  x/suggests that we should allow licensees to certify that procedures exist to preclude worker  X- xexposure above controlled limits in order to avoid environmental processing.I v yOA#-Ѝ Sprint Comments at 5.I Similarly, NIOSH"(H ,J&J&= = "  xagrees that certification of procedures to preclude working near antennas would be a protective  X-approach.Hv yOb-Ѝ NIOSH Comments at 3.H  X-  xf103. The Arizona Department of Public Safety and NAB recommend an effective date  X- xone year after the issuance of the revised OST Bulletin No. 65.]Xv yO-Ѝ Ariz. comments at 8. NAB Comments at 36.] AMSC recommends at least  xla twoyear period before implementing the new guidelines to permit the establishment of  Xv- xmeasurement facilities for SAR determination.Ivv yO -Ѝ AMSC Comments at 12. I Similarly, Joint Broadcasters state that after  x/problems are resolved and a revised version of OST Bulletin No. 65 is released, a transition period of two years should be permitted before we begin requiring use of the new guidelines.  X -  lxg104. AT&T comments that since there are no verified reports of injury or adverse health  xeffects to people caused by exposure from equipment meeting prior ANSI standards, the new  x-standard should apply to all applications filed, but not those still pending, after the effective date  xjof the new guideline. AFCCE recommends that entities be allowed several months to complete  xapplications for new or modified facility permits or licenses. AFCCE comments that a delay of  X - x060 days would be appropriate for the reworking of applications presently on file. JC&A  xrecommends that demonstration of compliance be required for all applications for new facilities,  x[changed facilities and license renewals filed after 60 days from the effective date of the change in order to avoid the need to rework applications in process.  X4-  ?xh105. Regarding existing services or equipment, several comments argue that since there  xis no evidence of adverse health effects caused by transmitting facilities meeting previous  xstandards, existing stations and equipment should not be subject to a requirement for a showing  X- xLof compliance with the new standard.txv yO-Ѝ AMSC Comments at 10, AT&T Comments at 7, and JC&A Comments at 7.t CDE, MSTV/NBC, NAB, and AFCCE recommend that  xexisting facilities be allowed to continue operating and should be required to demonstrate  x[compliance with the new standards only upon filing of a license renewal or an application for a  xmodification of the existing equipment. AFCCE adds that existing installations with a high  xprobability of noncompliance must be brought to the attention of the Commission in case  ximmediate compliance is needed to protect the public. JC&A urges us to allow the sale of  xpresently available stock and new devices that are manufactured within a year after adoption of  xZthe new RF exposure guidelines. UTC recommends that licensees with existing systems be given  xa reasonable period of time to "amortize" the equipment before replacement is required and in  xthe meantime, licensees should be required to adopt appropriate operating procedures to limit unnecessary exposures. " ),J&J&= = y"Ԍ X-  ԙxi106. A number of commenting parties argue that some or all existing operations should  xlbe "grandfathered" (subjecting previously approved facilities and equipment to the new  x@guidelines) for the life of the equipment. TIA asserts that land mobile operations are  xxenvironmentally safe because they operate at low RF levels and the land mobile industry provides  xinformation on safe use of its equipment. E.F. Johnson and TIA recommend that the majority  xof equipment in use today, particularly mobile and portable units used in land mobile operations,  Xv- xbe indefinitely grandfathered.Gvv yO-Ѝ TIA Comments at 28.G Ericsson recommends grandfathering devices typeaccepted or  x[manufactured prior to some specific date, arguing that it would be virtually impossible to recall  xjportable devices that do not comply with the new standard. TRW submits that grandfathering  x-is acceptable where older, higherpower transmitters do not negatively affect new loweremission devices. PCIA recommends that all existing equipment authorizations should be grandfathered.  X -  ] xj107. Telocator, Ericsson, E.F. Johnson, LMCC and others advocate "grandfathering" all  xexisting equipment authorizations of lowpower devices with respect to SAR compliance.  x{Telocator states that most equipment already authorized would fall within the lowpower  xexclusion exception. GTE agrees, maintaining that existing mobile transmission equipment  xappear to comply with the new guidelines by a wide margin. Furthermore, according to GTE,  x<recertification of these devices would cause significant and wasteful expenditures and there is no  x=public interest basis for such expenses. TIA recommends that existing land mobile radio units  xbe indefinitely grandfathered because of their established record for safety thus demonstrating that such equipment operates well below the threshold for harm to humans.  X-  ~xk108. Wizard Broadcast Company and GTE believe existing licensees should be  X- xLgrandfathered from complying with the ANSI/IEEE guidelines.aXv yO-Ѝ Wizard Comment at 4, GTE Reply Comments at 7.a Further, Wizard submits that  xa specific question is needed on broadcast applications that asks if the applicant complies with the guidelines and references of OST Bulletin No. 65.  X-  xl109. With regard to SAR determination for lowpower devices, E.F. Johnson Company,  x.TIA, and Ericsson Corporation (Ericsson) comment that the effective date for compliance with  x/the rules for portable radio units should be two years after approval of an appropriate SAR  xmeasurement standard or available SAR measurement laboratories are established. TIA submits  xthat it is willing to act as the focal point in development of requisite test procedures, using its  X - xnormal ANSI accredited standards setting process.G v yO"-Ѝ TIA Comments at 29.G Motorola concurs with TIA's comments that  xthe effective date should be delayed until standards are developed for measurement procedures  xand test site facilities, and in some cases to construct test facilities before commencing"*x,J&J&= = <"  X- xymeasurements of SAR.Lv yOy-Ѝ Motorola Comments at 23.L Ericsson argues that subsequent to the effective date, applicants for  xyequipment authorization should be required to affirm that 1) either the product is excluded from  xthe ANSI/IEEE standard due to its power, frequency and/or operational characteristics, or 2) the product has been appropriately tested or analyzed for SAR and is within the standard limits.  X-  xm110. JC&A recommends that within one year of the date we adopt new RF exposure  xguidelines lowpower device manufacturers should be required to submit new requests for  xauthorization based on the 1992 standards, and, after one year, applications for authorization of  xdevices should include a certification of compliance with the lowpower exclusion clause based  xon either radiated power or SAR. Ericsson suggests that new lowpower devices be required to  xNmeet the ANSI/IEEE criteria two years after we adopt: (1) a definitive SAR measurement  xstandard, or (2) an equivalent standardized numerical analysis technique, whichever occurs first.  xxEricsson also supported the proposal that the TIA be designated to develop such standards. E.F.  xJohnson also recommends that the effective date for compliance with rules for portable radio units  x-should be two years after adoption of new standards. According to E.F. Johnson, this additional  xtime is necessary in order for industry "to develop SAR measurement standards." UTC believes  xkthat demonstration of compliance for the many different models or types of a given piece of equipment would not be practical and should not be required.  XK-  xn111. NAB comments that manufacturers should be allowed reasonable time, perhaps one  xyear after adoption of revised rules, to submit to the Commission a request for recertification of  x[their equipment that includes proof of compliance with the new guidelines. NAB submits that  x\at some period, perhaps eighteen months after adoption of new guidelines, only recertified  X- xequipment should be allowed to be sold.GXv yO-Ѝ NAB Comments at 37.G TIA estimates that a twoyear period of time will be  xrequired for appropriate test facilities to be available for SAR testing, and it recommends that  x|the effective date for compliance for lowpower devices be set at two years after SAR measurement laboratories are established.  X|-  xo112. Decision. We believe that the rules we are adopting should provide a reasonable  xtransition period for applicants and stations to come into compliance with the new requirements.  xAfter considering the comments and the impact of these new requirements, we conclude that the  xnew RF guidelines will apply to station applications filed after January 1, 1997, as described in  x[Appendix C, Section 1.1307(b)(4). During the period between the effective date of the rules we  xare adopting and January 1, 1997, our existing RF guidelines will continue to apply to station  xKapplications. We recognize that this relatively short transition period may cause some difficulties  xfor certain applicants. Accordingly, for a period of one year from the date this Order is adopted,  xwe will allow our Bureaus to address under delegated authority the specific needs of individual" +,J&J&= = "  xparties that make a good cause showing that they require additional time to meet the new RF  xguidelines. Such relief could come through waivers of our rules or through other similar actions.  X-  xp113. The new guidelines for SAR and MPE will apply immediately to nonexcluded  xapplications for equipment authorization for portable, mobile, and unlicensed devices as described  xin Appendix C, Section 1.1307(b)(2). We see no need to delay implementation of the new  xguidelines for these devices. As previously discussed, information on techniques and procedures  xMfor SAR evaluation is already available from several references including ANSI/IEEE C95.3 x1992. There are several acceptable techniques for SAR evaluation, including numerical analytic  x[techniques such as the FDTD procedure discussed earlier, and we do not believe it is practical  x.or necessary at this time for us to institute a certification program for laboratories that perform  xsuch services. In fact, as noted previously, we already require SAR evaluation from  xOmanufacturers of PCS and portable unlicensed devices, and we have already granted  xauthorizations based on SAR data submitted to us. In addition, certification programs for hand X - x-held devices such as cellular telephones are being developed by other organizations.U v yO7-Ѝ See para. 70, supra. U Similarly,  xfor mobile devices, typical exposure levels can be determined by the use of simple calculational  xmethods and equations such as those described in the current edition of the FCC's OST Bulletin 65.  XK-  xq114. We appreciate the desires of many commenting parties that we delay the effective  xLdate for implementation of the new RF exposure guidelines. We recognize that applicants may  xneed to undertake significant analysis and study in order to comply with the new guidelines.  xyDetailed information on evaluating compliance, in the form of a revised version of OST Bulletin  x/No. 65, would provide significant assistance to those attempting to comply with these new  xyguidelines. Therefore, it is our intent to issue in the near future a draft revised OST Bulletin 65.  xWe plan to solicit comments on the draft from individuals and organizations who are active and  x<knowledgeable in this area. This was the same approach that the Commission took in developing the original version of OST Bulletin No. 65.  Xe-  xr115. We agree with the Broadcast Joint Commenters and others that additional  xcompliance documentation beyond that already required is unnecessary. We believe that our  xzexisting rules, which place the burden for compliance on existing licensees and parties filing  xapplications for new stations and modifications, have worked adequately in the past and should  xybe continued. We have made some minor changes in the organization and content of our rules in order to make them more clear.  X -  xs116.  We find that the record generally supports our proposal to endorse the measurement  x?procedures and techniques contained in the ANSI/IEEE C95.31992 document for use in  xevaluating RF exposure potential. In addition, we note that the NCRP has recently published"",X,J&J&= = !"  x=NCRP Report No. 119, which contains practical guidelines and information for performing field  X- xmeasurements in broadcast and other environments, and we also endorse its use.QXv yOb- xKЍ "A Practical Guide to the Determination of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields," Report No. 119.  xCopyright 1993, NCRP. Copies may be purchased from NCRP Publications, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814. Telephone: (800) 2292652. Q If, in the  xKfuture, questions arise as to measurement procedures or instrumentation issues, we intend to rely  xon the above documents. We may also consult expert bodies such as the appropriate NCRP or  xyIEEE committees and other groups, organizations and agencies, as appropriate. Any decisions  xregarding such issues will be addressed in official Commission notices, proceedings or bulletins, or in response to individual inquiries.  XH-  xt117. With respect to compliance, HewlettPackard Company ("HP") requests clarification  xlas to how the guidelines adopted by the FCC would apply to FCCauthorized equipment  X - xoperating in the unlicensed millimeterwave frequency bands.  v yO- xЍ See letter from Cynthia Johnson, HewlettPackard Company, to Chairman Reed E. Hundt, March 4, 1996,  yO{-placed in the record of this proceeding as an ex parte filing.  HP notes that if the limit to be  X - xzadopted for these bands were 1 mW/cm2, a separation distance of 28 cm from the RF source  x\would be required for continuous exposure in order to be consistent with the Commission's  X - xformerly prescribed limitations on equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP).  @v yO- xЍ The Commission's First Report and Order in ET Docket No. 94124 (released December 15, 1995),  xestablished a 10 W EIRP limit for systems operating in the 5964 GHz band but specifies this in an equivalent unit  yOV- xof measure, i.e., 9 W/cm2 at a distance of 3 meters. It should be noted that this is a limit on emissions not on  yO-exposure.  HP is  x=correct that the emission limits prescribed previously indicate a maximum EIRP level such that,  X - x!as can be shown by calculation, a level of 1 mW/cm2 would be reached at a distance of  xMapproximately 28 cm from the RF source. Therefore, in the case of a device operating at the  xmaximum EIRP level of about 10 W, some means must be taken by the manufacturer to ensure  x/that persons will not be closer than 28 cm to the RF source if exposure is to be continuous.  xCloser distances are possible if the power is to be less than the maximum allowed or if exposure times are shorter than the applicable timeaveraging period.  X-  \xu118. With respect to grandfathering previouslyauthorized portable, mobile and unlicensed  xdevices, we recognize that it would be impractical to require reauthorization of these devices.  xFurthermore, we believe that most existing devices already comply with the limits that we are  xadopting. Therefore, we will generally not require reauthorization or testing of previously  xapproved devices solely to demonstrate compliance with our new RF guidelines. If we have  x>reason to believe that a previously authorized device may cause exposures in excess of the"-( ,J&J&= = Q"  x?guidelines, we may request environmental information and require that the device be re X-authorized based on compliance with the guidelines.Rv yOb-Ѝ 47 CFR  1.1307(c) and (d).R  X-  0xv119. With respect to previouslylicensed stations, we note that we expect our licensees  X- xto comply with our RF radiation environmental rules as applicable to them. See, e.g., 47 CFR  x 1.1307, 1.1311, and 1.1312. The environmental processing requirements contained in these  x[rules ensure that, at the time of licensing and authorization, transmitting facilities are operating  xwithin the applicable RF radiation limits. Once a license is granted, we expect our licensees to continue to operate their facilities in compliance with these limits. x  X -F. RF Protective Clothing and Personal Monitors  X -  xw120. In the Notice we requested comment on the effectiveness and appropriateness of  x\using RF protective clothing in ensuring compliance with RF exposure guidelines. We also  xrequested comment on the use of personal RF monitors that alert individuals to the presence of  xan RF field approaching or exceeding applicable RF guidelines. We stated that such devices can  xbe useful in complex sites involving multiple antennas. At least two companies in the United States currently market these devices.  XK-  xx121. OST Bulletin No. 65 cautions that although protective clothing fabricated from  xzconductive material might prove useful in preventing excessive exposures, there have been  xproblems with such clothing in the past due to excessive heating of the fabric in the presence of  xhigh RF fields. While this has been the Commission's position on the use of such clothing in  xjthe past, a new product, Naptex, is now available which does not appear to exhibit any of the problems shown by previously manufactured clothing.  X-  ?xy122. Since the Commission is not an agency with primary jurisdiction in matters relating  xto occupational safety and health, we would not normally be in a position to determine  xindependently whether Naptex is acceptable for reducing occupational exposures and complying  x<with RF safety guidelines. We therefore consulted other Federal agencies on the use of Naptex  x=in RF environments. In response, OSHA indicated that if certain criteria are met, then clothing  xmsuch as Naptex could be a valuable addition to existing safety measures used in RF  xenvironments. OSHA points out that the manufacturer's restrictions on use of Naptex products  X - x1are field intensities of 20 mW/cm2 for frequencies up to 60 MHz and 125 mW/cm2 for  xfrequencies from 65 MHz to 10 GHz, and that test data demonstrate compliance with RF  X-protection guidelines if the Naptex product is used within these limits.X Xv yO#- x-Ѝ We are also aware of recent data obtained by R. Olsen and B. Van Matre of the Naval Aerospace Medical  xResearch Laboratory (NAMRL) in which measurements were made of the ability of Naptex to reduce SAR in a  xhhumanequivalent model. The NAMRL results indicated that at frequencies of about 30 MHz and 80 MHz the fully"t%,J&J&%"ԫ xsuited model (suit, hood and overshoes) experienced a significant reduction in SAR in nearfield or quasi nearfield  xhconditions. Further, Maxwell Safety Products, Ltd., a vendor for Naptex clothing states that the test data show that  xmean ankle SARs of greater than 23 W/kg were measured for some unprotected conditions, but with full suit protection, no mean ankle SAR exceeded 1.1 W/kg.  ".,J&J&= = "Ԍ X-  ԙxz123. JC&A comments that RF clothing and some work gloves appear to offer  xNconsiderable help in complying with protection guidelines when working near energized  X- xantennas.Hv yO3-Ѝ JC&A Comments at 10.H Hammett & Edison projects that if we find that RF clothing may be used in the near  xfield and is effective for induced and contact currents, it could save the broadcast industry 10  X-million dollars.W@v yO -Ѝ Hammett & Edison Comments at 1516.W  Xv-  x{124. The AFCCE comments that active controls, such as reduced power or suspended  xjoperation during work, are preferable to passive barriers such as an RF protective suit and that  xthe use of passive barrier controls must be carefully considered to assure that accidental  X1- xoverexposure does not occur.H1v yO-Ѝ AFCCE Comments at 7.H Similarly, NPR notes that, as with dosimeters, the use of  xprotective clothing can lead to a false sense of security and that in a sufficiently high field  xstrength environment, individuals inside the protective clothing can experience RF exposures in  X - x.excess of ANSI/IEEE guidelines.F ` v yO-Ѝ NPR Comments at 7.F Furthermore, NPR suggests that exposure in excess of the  xANSI/IEEE guidelines can result if a user does not correctly wear the protective clothing, or if  xthat clothing is damaged while the user is in a high RF environment. NPR cites OSHA's caution  xthat the variable working conditions at job sites and possible alterations or misapplication of an  x\otherwise safe product could easily create a hazardous condition beyond the control of the manufacturer.  XK-  Nx|125. Narda believes that RF protective suits must be viewed with extreme caution, since  xthere is no qualified independent organization that can competently test such a product; there is  xxno guarantee that protective clothing will be used correctly; and the suits introduce/increase new  xjhazards, such as decreased visibility and degraded traction/footing. Further, Narda states that  xZresearch demonstrates that SAR levels are higher if the user is not wearing footwear with the suit,  X-than if the suit was not worn at all.P v yOy"-Ѝ Narda Reply Comments at 61.P  X-"/ ,J&J&= = "Ԍ X-  mx}126. CD&E and AFCCE strongly urge that we limit the use of personal monitors until  X- xthey are proven reliable, accurate, and able to work under all conditions.Gv yOb-Ѝ CDE Comments at 4. G The AFCCE alleges  xkthat one of the commerciallyavailable personal monitors is accompanied by misleading and  x[inaccurate advertising claims and labeling. NPR suggests that we authorize or certify personal  xmonitors to assure that these devices accurately reflect exposure in relation to the guidelines,  xsince failure of a device to accurately measure RF energy may occur unnoticed and could  Xv- x[potentially give deceptively low readings.FvXv yO -Ѝ NPR Comments at 7.F NPR recommends that manufacturers of personal  xmonitors have selftesting circuits that would sound an alarm when the device was operating  XH-improperly.FHv yO -Ѝ NPR Comments at 6.F  X -  |x~127. Hatfield & Dawson comments that it has performed limited testing on one model  x]of personal monitor and found that this particular model sounded an alarm at 50% of the  xANSI/IEEE C95.11992 limits for the magnetic field when the energy was propagating toward  xthe front of the monitor. In addition, the monitor sounded an alarm at 100% of the limit for the  xxmagnetic field when the energy was propagating toward the side of the monitor. These tests were  xperformed at ground level near FM broadcast antennas and on rooftops near 800 MHz antennas.  x{Hatfield & Dawson concludes that this model of personal monitor provides a worstcase  xindication of localized fields when the measured field were at or above the levels shown in Table 1 of the ANSI/IEEE guidelines.  X4-  x128. Decision. In 1994 the Commission's Office of Engineering and Technology (OET)  xLawarded a contract to Richard Tell Associates, Inc., of Las Vegas, Nevada, to evaluate the use  xof certain RF instrumentation and devices, including Naptex protective clothing and personal  X- x?monitors. xv yO- x[Ѝ "Engineering Services for Measurement and Analysis of Radiofrequency (RF) Fields," FCC Report No.  xOET/RTA 9501, prepared for OET by Richard Tell Associates, Inc., Las Vegas, NV 89129. Copies available for  xxpurchase from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Department of Commerce, (800) 5536847. Purchase order number: PB95253829. Released by the Commission in September, 1995. The Tell Report concludes that an analysis of test data on a commercial RF  xprotective suit shows that such a suit can provide substantial reductions in whole body SARs in  xjthe wearer, assuming that the suit material adequately covers the body. This report found that  x-the suit must be adequately coupled to ground to be effective, so that body currents are shunted  xto ground via the fabric rather than the legs, ankles and feet. Based on these findings, OSHA's  xcomments in this proceeding and the data from NAMRL we find that use of such clothing, if  xproperly utilized, is an acceptable means for reducing exposure to high RF fields. We will discuss this matter further in our new edition of OST Bulletin No. 65. "N0` ,J&J&= = "Ԍ X-  ԙx129. In addition, the Tell Report provided test results on one commonlyused RF personal  xymonitor, indicating that the monitor appeared to act as a reliable detector of RF magnetic fields,  xbut expressed reservations about some deficiencies related to the general use of this device. In  xparticular, the Tell Report concluded that the monitor may not be completely adequate for  xyregistering high fields existing in very close proximity to certain dipole antennas. Nonetheless,  xzfor frequencies above 50 MHz, the Report states that the monitor could be useful in alerting  xworkers to the presence of high RF fields that may exceed safety limits. Our staff and staff from  xthe EPA conducted a joint field measurement study in 1994 on a similar device, which appeared  XH- xto function properly and as advertised.WHv yO -Ѝ See note 112, supra. W In general, the problems identified in the Tell Report  xdo not seem to be serious enough to preclude use of the type of personal monitor tested, and we  xconclude that its use in the situations specified is acceptable for helping ensure compliance with  x RF guidelines. Further discussion of this topic will also be included in the revision of OST Bulletin No. 65. x  X -" IV. ADDITIONAL ISSUES ă  Xy-A. Induced and Contact Current Compliance  XK-  x130. As discussed in the Notice, the new ANSI/IEEE guidelines contain recommendations  xregarding maximum permissible limits for induced and contact currents that result from RF  xexposure. The previous 1982 ANSI guidelines did not address this issue. The ANSI/IEEE  xrecommendations require exposure evaluation over the frequency range from 3 kHz to 100 MHz  x[for RF currents induced in the human body as well as for RF contact currents that can result in  xyshock and burn hazards. We recognize that this new provision has raised many issues relative  x=to interpretation and implementation, and we requested comment on whether we should adopt these requirements.  X|-  x131. In particular, we asked for comment on how to evaluate FM radio broadcast stations  xLwith respect to induced and contact currents since the upper frequency limit in the ANSI/IEEE  XN- xstandard is 100 MHz, which is in the middle of the FM band.NXv yOW-Ѝ See Notice at footnote 24. The FM radio broadcast band ranges from 88108 MHz. We proposed to require that  x<evaluation for exposure from induced and contact currents be carried out by: 1) all FM broadcast  xstations with carrier frequencies below 100 MHz, and 2) all FM broadcast stations regardless of  xcarrier frequency at multipleuse sites when at least one of the stations transmits at or below 100 MHz. "1,J&J&= = "Ԍ X-  @x132. AFCCE, the Broadcast Joint Commenters, EEPA, NAB, and others observe that  xindustry has little experience in making measurements of induced and contact currents and that  xmaking such measurements is expensive and requires equipment that is not readily available.  xZThey propose that licensees use tables and figures (developed previously by NAB and JC&A) to  xdetermine whether facilities comply with the induced current limits based on electric field  xstrength levels that can be associated with induced current levels. If the facilities failed to  x/comply with the limits based on the tables or figures, then strict and careful measurements,  x=performed by professionals using the proper equipment and techniques could be employed to  xfurther evaluate the facilities. NAB and JC&A suggest that induced and contact currents limits  xcould also be applied to workers who climb energized AM towers. They state that power limits  xto protect against excessive exposure could be proscribed based on theoretical and experimental  X -data obtained by Cleveland and Tell.G v yO| -Ѝ NAB Comments at 30.G  X -  x133. Narda comments that if calculations or analysis based on Bulletin No. 65 indicate,  xwith confidence, that electric and magnetic field levels are below the uncontrolled ANSI/IEEE  X - xMPEs then actual field measurements of induced current levels should not be necessary.P Xv yO-Ѝ Narda Reply Comments at 41.P Narda  xstates that when the electric field is well below the MPE limit, then compliance with the induced  xcurrent MPE can be assured without direct measurement. Narda cautions, however, that contact  xkcurrents are totally unpredictable, bear no relationship to electric field levels, and cannot be calculated.  X-  >x134. Most commenting parties oppose our proposal to require only FM broadcast stations  xjwith carrier frequencies below 100 MHz to be evaluated for exposure from induced and contact  xcurrents. These parties argue that the "breakpoint" at 100 MHz is unfair and could be  xscientifically incorrect. The ARRL contends that it is difficult to determine the basis for any  xlimits on induced and contact current above 30 MHz, but to extend the limit arbitrarily to 100  x[MHz, the middle of the FM band, creates distinctions without differences among like licensees  X- x.in the FM Broadcast Service.Hv yO,-Ѝ ARRL Comments at 11.H BSL states the 100 MHz cutoff was arbitrary, and was chosen  X|- x-without regard to practical considerations of implementation.H|xv yO -Ѝ BSL Comments at 45.H It suggests that between 30 MHz  xand 100 MHz a standard for presumptive compliance should be established. Hammett & Edison  xcontends that extending induced and contact currents above 30 MHz is arbitrary and capricious and that ANSI has provided no justification for doing so. " 2,J&J&= = "Ԍ X-  "x135. The IEEE/SCC28, the committee that developed the new ANSI/IEEE guidelines,  xLcomments that the issue relating to the discontinuity of treatment within the FM band (the 100  x MHz breakpoint) has already been addressed during the process of reaching a consensus.  x[According to the IEEE/SCC28, it was made clear at that time that the discontinuity of treatment  xwithin the FM band was based upon biological considerations rather than those involved in  X-spectrum allocation.Ov yO-Ѝ IEEE/SCC28 Comments at 12.O  X_-  x136. Many commenters assert that there is no reliable equipment to measure induced and  XH- xzcontact current above 30 MHz.HXv yOQ - xЍ Hammett & Edison, NAB, Louis A. Williams, Hatfield & Dawson, AFCCE, Broadcast Joint Commenters and CDE. "Based on the preliminary induced current measurements  xyconducted by CBS, the Broadcast Joint Commenters (BJC) believe the scientific understanding  xof these phenomena and of the techniques and devices that will be needed to measure them  xhave not yet developed to the point that would allow their measurement with sufficient  X - xreliability."G v yOM-Ѝ BJC Comments at 18.G The BJC's position on measurement was reinforced recently by a study performed  X - xfor the Commission by Richard Tell Associates.V @v yO-Ѝ See, note 165, supra. V Based on an assessment of commercially  x[available instrumentation for induced current measurement, Tell concluded that, "it is not clear  xNthat measurements of induced body current are sufficiently reliable to accurately assess  X- xcompliance with standards specifying limits for body currents under all possible conditions." [emphasis in original].  XK-  zx137. NAB states that given the present state of measurement technology and research data  x>(particularly with respect to contact currents) "it is difficult, at best," and costly to certify a  xbroadcast facility for compliance with the new ANSI/IEEE induced and contact current limits  X- x-based on measurements.Gv yO-Ѝ NAB Comments at 28.G NAB states that it is aware of commerciallyavailable instrumentation  xjfor direct measurement of induced currents (and direct contact currents at certain frequencies).  x=However, NAB cautions that requiring all broadcasters to perform costly field measurement to  xdemonstrate compliance with the body current limitations would surely have a severe, negative impact on broadcasters.  X|-  1x138. Hammett & Edison and the Broadcast Joint Commenters indicate that a reliable,  xrepeatable, commercially available VHF induced body current meter does not yet exist. Hammett  x & Edison state that tests made using a prototype Narda Model 8850 induced current meter"N3` ,J&J&= = "  xshowed variability between persons standing on the meter, nonsymmetrical currents between left xfoot only and right foot only conditions, . . . meter zeroing problems, and sensitivity to relatively  X- xlow power emissions above 100 MHz."nv yOK-Ѝ Hammett & Edison Comments at 1415, BJC Comments at 2021.n The AFCCE agrees that there are no commercially  X-available instruments to reliably measure contact currents.HXv yO-Ѝ AFCCE Comments at 8.H  X-  Ax139. Hatfield & Dawson and the AFCCE note that Richard Tell & Associates has  x.specialized equipment for measuring contact current but that this equipment has limited utility  X_- xin a multiple frequency environment such as an antenna farm.i_v yO -Ѝ Hatfield & Dawson Comments at 4, AFCCE Comments at 8.i NIOSH states that with a  xKproperly calibrated, frequencytunable, field intensity meter, induced current measurements could  X1-be measured for stations operating up to 108 MHz.I1xv yOZ-Ѝ NIOSH Comments at 3.I  X -  !x140. NAB points out that while research data are available for induced currents, it does  X - x<not appear to exist for contact currents.G v yO-Ѝ NAB Comments at 31.G NAB contends that contact currents vary with the size  xand shape of the object contacted and if the contacted object is relatively small, the presence of  xa body in the near vicinity modifies the field. Therefore, based on the limited information  xavailable, NAB suggests that we assume, for purposes of the guidelines, that electric fields low  xenough to guarantee compliance with induced current criteria will, in general, also assure compliance with contact current criteria.  XK-  x141. BJC also agrees that the contact current standard poses measurement problems that  xare even more difficult, and are complicated in the AM band by the potential to energize objects  X- xsuch as construction cranes or metallic rope located as much as half a mile from an AM tower.Jv yOf-Ѝ BJC Comments at 3233.J  x>BJC contends it would be extremely impractical to require broadcasters to measure all metal  x objects near AM towers. These measurements would also be only temporary, BJC argues,  xbecause the configuration of such nonbroadcast structures change frequently. JC&A argues that  xxbecause of the many variables such as grounding of the person, size, shape and orientation of the  xobject being contacted, judgements will have to be made on a casebycase basis relative to the  X-need for contact currents.I( v yOl$-Ѝ JC&A Comments at 89.I "|4 ,J&J&= = n"Ԍ X-  ?x142. Narda notes that the only way to quantify contact currents is to measure them and  xsuggests that we require that contact current measurements be made on metallic objects, such as  xfences, that the public may come in contact with or that may be contacted by station personnel.  xIt submits that these measurements should be made once to obtain certification and need be  xrepeated only when antenna patterns are changed or whenever new metallic objects are added in  X-the vicinity of the antenna(s).Pv yO-Ѝ Narda Reply Comments at 42.P  X_-  >x143. CDE urges that measurements with validated instruments by competent professionals  x"supersede any calculated evaluation" of facilities, and measurements or prediction methods  xshould take precedence over personal monitors until their effectiveness and accuracy have been  X -verified.F Xv yO# -Ѝ CDE Comments at 4.F  X -  x144. Hammett & Edison states that the ANSI/IEEE limits on induced and contact body  xcurrents are likely to be very burdensome to broadcasters if we do not declare some reasonable  X - x[limits regarding demonstrating compliance with the new standard.T v yOW-Ѝ Hammett & Edison Comments at 11.T For example, it notes that  xANSI/IEEE does not define the impedance of a "standard person" at VHF frequencies, which  x>would allow consistent modeling of induced and contact currents. Hammett & Edison also  Xy- xsuggests that the we standardize measurement procedures for body currents.Tyxv yO-Ѝ Hammett & Edison Comments at 14.T It states that these  xfactors should be measured with one foot raised to simulate a walking person and should also be  xrequired to be made at uniform heights. Hammett & Edison also asserts that ankle straps should be used in conjunction with an "RF boot" to ensure consistent and conservative readings.  X-  x145. The EPA recommends that we "consider including limits for induced and contact  xRF currents for the frequency range of 300 kHz to 100 MHz to protect against shock and burn  X- x.. . . ."Fv yO-Ѝ EPA Comments at 2.F This recommendation was in addition to EPA's support for our selection of the NCRP  xguidelines for field strength and power density that are somewhat different than those of  xANSI/IEEE (see earlier discussion). EPA states that it agrees that the ANSI/IEEE induced current limits are useful and should also be implemented.  Xe-  mx146. Dr. Om P. Gandhi of the University of Utah advises that since currents in excess  xof the RF safety guidelines could result for both controlled and uncontrolled environments, it  xappears to be important to measure not only the electric and magnetic fields but also the induced"75,J&J&= = "  x=currents up to the maximum frequency of 100 MHz recommended in the ANSI/IEEE C95.11992  X- xjSafety Standard.v yOb- x-Ѝ Om P. Ghandi Comments at 1. Dr. Gandhi has done much of the research on induced currents and serves on the IEEE/SCC28 committee that developed the ANSI/IEEE guidelines. Dr. Gandhi further submits that induced currents are also substantial up to  x<at least 108 MHz, and he, therefore, suggests that it may be desirable to limit induced and contact  x RF currents for the entire FM band up to 108 MHz. NIOSH also suggests that the induced  xZcurrent measurements should be required for up to 108 MHz, even though these frequencies were  X-not included in the ANSI/IEEE 1992 guidelines.H v yO^ -Ѝ NIOSH Comments at 3.H  X_-  x147. Decision. Most comments, including those of federal health and safety agencies,  xgenerally support the use of ANSI/IEEE limits for induced and contact currents as a means of  xcontrolling potentially harmful exposure to RF fields. However, in view of the continuing  xquestions and difficulties relating to evaluation of induced and contact currents, especially with  x.regard to measurements, we are not adopting the exposure guidelines for induced and contact  xLcurrents at this time. Until these questions are satisfactorily resolved, we see no practical way  xto require compliance with these limits. We see merit in the suggestion of NAB and others that  xit may be possible to determine compliance with the induced current limits using the magnitude  xof the electric field strength. However, at this time we do not believe there is sufficient  xdocumentation in the record to support the accuracy and reliability of this method. Although we  xare not adopting limits for induced and contact currents in this proceeding, we recognize the  x0desirability for limits to be adopted in the future, particularly if more accurate measuring  xinstruments become available. Accordingly, we will continue to monitor the issues raised in this  xproceeding with respect to induced and contact currents, and we may revisit this issue and issue a specific proposal for controlling such exposures.  X-  x148. With respect to the availability and reliability of instrumentation for measuring  xKinduced and contact currents, we note that there presently are at least two commerciallyavailable  X- xL"standon" type devices for measuring induced current.CXv yO - xЍ At least one manufacturer has also recently made available a "clampon" type induced current meter that may  xshow improved measurement results. However, we have not yet evaluated this type of device with regard to accuracy and reliability.C Unfortunately, as noted above, the  xresults of the study performed for the Commission recently by Richard Tell Associates shows that  xmeasurements using such instrumentation may be unreliable. Tell recommends that, "more  xextensive evaluation" of body current meters and their applications is needed in order to decide  XN-how best to perform assessments of compliance with the guidelines.kNv yO$-Ѝ See, note 165, supra, Tell study at page 1.k "N6` ,J&J&= = "Ԍ X-  ԙx149. With respect to compliance with limits for contact currents, the Tell study evaluated  xthe only commercially available instrument for measuring these currents. The study concludes  xthat under most exposure conditions this meter could be used to adequately assess compliance  xwith the ANSI/IEEE limits. However, it also concludes that "under typical working conditions"  xapplication of the meter can be inconvenient or inappropriate. Because of the many possible types  xiand configurations of metallic objects that may be near a transmitter it appears that demonstrating  xycompliance would require a large number of measurements. Furthermore, as reported in the Tell  x>study, the commerciallyavailable equipment for measuring contact currents only measures  xcurrents for frequencies up to 30 MHz. The ANSI/IEEE contact current limits apply up to 100 MHz.  X -  x150. In general, we agree with the comments of many respondents that at the present time  X - xcompliance with contact current limits would be difficult to ascertain, and, in many cases,  xiimpractical. It was suggested in the comments that if induced current compliance is demonstrated  xNthen compliance with contact current restrictions should be considered to be proven by  xZassociation. However, we have no specific data that would support this conclusion, and, the lack  x\of confidence in demonstrating compliance with induced current limits makes this assertion irrelevant.  XK-  x151. It should be noted that a source of significant exposure in occupational situations  xis the climbing of AM broadcast towers by persons who must perform maintenance and other  x>tasks while the station is still transmitting. In these instances the primary source of energy  xabsorption by the climber is due to the induced RF current flowing through the body. This has  xbeen a significant issue for many AM stations. Data and information does exist for the specific  x-case of induced currents flowing through the body of a person climbing an AM broadcast tower.  xLIn this case control of the climber's exposure can be based on reducing operating power of the  xxstation while the person is on the tower. Data on such exposures has been acquired through joint  xstudies conducted by our staff and the EPA and through a contract study performed for the  X|- x-Commission.p|v yO- xЍ See: (1) R.F.Cleveland, Jr., E.D. Mantiply and R.A. Tell; "A Model for Predicting Induced Body Current  xiin Workers Climbing AM Towers." Presented at the Twelfth Annual Meeting, Bioelectromagnetics Society, San  xAntonio, Texas, 1990 (Abstracts, p. 77). (2) R.A. Tell; "Induced body Currents and Hot AM Tower Climbing:  xAssessing Human Exposure in Relation to the ANSI Radiofrequency Protection Guide." Prepared for Office of Engineering and Technology, Federal Communications Commission, 1991.p These studies have provided models for identifying the power levels associated  xLwith specific levels of induced current in the body of a tower climber. The specific procedures for determining these values are discussed in the referenced studies.  X -B. Amateur Radio  X-  x152. Amateur stations present an unusual case with respect to compliance with RF  xexposure guidelines. First, over 700,000 amateur stations in the United States are authorized by"7x,J&J&= = "  x.our rules to transmit from any place where the Commission regulates the service, as well as on  x.the high seas. The Commission does not preapprove individual amateur station transmitting  x.facilities and no additional application is made for permission to relocate an amateur station or  xto add additional stations at the same or other locations. Second, the granting of a license is  xLsolely conditional upon the applicant passing an examination demonstrating that the examinee  xpossesses the operational and technical qualifications required to perform properly the duties of  xan amateur operator under our rules. Third, amateur stations vary greatly. Amateur stations  x-are located in dwellings, in air, surface and space craft, and carried on the person. Many of these  x.stations transmit from residential or other areas where individuals may be in close proximity to  xan RF radiator. In addition, amateur station transmissions are made intermittently and may  xinvolve as many as 1,300 different emission types each with a distinctive onoff duty cycle.  xFinally, most amateur stations engage only in twoway communications. Thus, even when in  xMoperation, the station is usually transmitting but half of the time. There are many variables,  xytherefore, to be considered in determining whether an amateur station complies with guidelines for environmental RF radiation.  X-  ^x153. Measurements made during a Commission/EPA study of several typical amateur  xstations in 1990 indicated that there may be some situations where excessive exposures could  Xb- xyoccur.,Xbv yO-ԍ "Measurements of Environmental Electromagnetic Fields at Amateur Radio Stations," Report No. FCC/OET ASD9601 (February 1996). Copies can be ordered through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at (800) 5536847. NTIS Order No. PB 96145016. , Further, among amateur operators themselves there appears to be varying degrees of  xknowledge concerning the potential hazards of RF radiation. At least one prominent amateur  xkradio publication has a comprehensive section dealing with potential RF hazards at amateur  X-stations.v {O-ԍ See The ARRL Radio Amateur Handbook For Radio Amateurs. Copyright ARRL, Newington, CT.  X-  x154. Comments on continuing to exempt amateur stations from demonstrating compliance  X- xare divided. The ARRL opposes inclusion, and claims that most amateur operators adopt the  xyphilosophy of prudent avoidance, that is, they avoid unnecessary exposure to electromagnetic  xradiation as a common-sense response to potential -- but not yet proven -- health hazards. The  xARRL also states that its publications, which include sections on RF safety, urge amateur  x-operators to practice prudent avoidance wherever possible and are sufficient to keep the amateur  xcommunity informed of the hazards of RF radiation. The ARRL and the ARRL BioEffects  xCommittee support "prudent avoidance" and state that most amateur operators do not possess the  xrequisite equipment, technical skills, and/or financial resources to conduct an environmental analysis if the categorical exclusion for Part 97 were eliminated.  X-  x155. The ARRL argues that amateur stations, because of their intermittent operation, low  x{duty cycles, and relatively low power levels, rarely exceed the 1992 ANSI/IEEE standard. "8z,J&J&= = "  xFurther, the ARRL suggests that the risk of exceeding those levels would only be relevant for a  xLlicensee and his or her family. The ARRL maintains that in this experimental service it is better  xto rely on education and testing of licensees than on submission of a complex environmental  x]assessment which would not be valid for long in most cases since much amateur station  xtransmitting equipment, especially antennas, is constructed and designed by the licensee and often  xchanges. Therefore, the ARRL argues that amateur service licensees should not be subjected to routine environmental processing.  XH-  x156. The ARRL states that if the Commission applied these rules to the amateur radio  xservice, it then must facilitate the installation of amateur station antennas in configurations that  xwill permit compliance with the RF exposure guidelines by issuing a more comprehensive  xpreemption statement with respect to amateur station antennas than now exists, and must  xcompletely preempt the judicial enforcement of restrictive covenants which result in amateurs  x<installing station antennas indoors or at locations on a horizontal plane with human occupants of  x-residences. Indeed, the ARRL continues, such an order is overdue anyway; but the combination  xZof adoption of a strict RF exposure standard and continuation of a handsoff attitude with respect  x<to antenna covenants is tantamount to a license revocation, as it would preclude the operation of any amateur station subject to both restrictions.  XK-  Ox157. The ARRL BioEffects Committee claims that amateur operators normally would  xxbe exempted from environmental review requirements, since most engage in operations that would  x!not cause the ANSI/IEEE guidelines to be exceeded. However, it notes, a 100 watt VHF  xi"vehicular installation" may produce higher fields inside the vehicle than the ANSI/IEEE standard  xwould allow. Furthermore, hand-held transceivers, facilities employing indoor antennas, and  xfacilities engaging in specialized activities such as "moonbounce" communication, may produce significant localized fields near the antenna.  X-  x158. Further, the ARRL BioEffects Committee notes that a comprehensive environmental  xreview would be too burdensome both for the amateur operators and the Commission staff. It  xtherefore recommends that a tabular chart showing the calculated field intensities at various  xdistances from antennas having directive patterns, driven by transmitters of various power output  xlevels common in the amateur service be added to Part 97. The ARRL BioEffects Committee  xalso recommends inserting questions about electromagnetic radiation safety in each amateur  xoperator license examination and requiring certification on the license application that the  xapplicant has read the Commission guidelines, understands them, and agrees to comply. Under  xthis scheme, the ARRL BioEffects Committee argues, amateur operators would follow the policy of "prudent avoidance" that the ARRL publications now advocate.  X"-  1x159. Professor Wayne Overbeck, filing comments as an individual, believes that few  xamateur operators are aware of the electromagnetic radiation levels present near their own  xamateur stations and that rather than being excluded from our requirements, the amateur service  xshould be subject to the standard for "uncontrolled environments" through language added to Part"Q%9,J&J&= = $"  x97. Professor Overbeck points out that vast numbers of amateurs are neither members of the  xARRL nor subscribers to any amateur service magazines and consequently these educational  xsources are not sufficient to ensure adherence to our guidelines. Because actual measurements  xiwould be financially prohibitive for most amateur operators, Professor Overbeck recommends that  xwe promulgate a rule requiring amateur operators to adopt operating and antennaplacement  x/practices calculated to meet the exposure limits and that they be required to certify on their  xapplication forms that they have read and will adhere to the guidelines for antenna placement.  xFinally, Professor Overbeck suggests that we promulgate an amateur service version of OST  xMBulletin No. 65 that would include charts and tables showing required separation distances  xbetween antennas and inhabited areas for various power levels. He also suggests that amateurs be tested on this topic as part of operator license examinations.  X -  x160. Decision. The Commission expects all its licensees to comply with the RF guidelines  xspecified in our rules, or, if not, to file an Environmental Assessment for review under our NEPA  xprocedures. After a thorough review of the comments and the results of an FCC/EPA  X - xmeasurement study,V v yO -Ѝ See, note 194, supra. V we conclude that, although it appears to be relatively small, there is a  x[potential for amateur stations to cause exposures to RF radiation in excess of these guidelines.  xAmateur stations can transmit with up to 1500 watts peak envelope power on frequencies in  xspecified bands from 1,800 kHz to over 300 GHz. Certain of the emission types permitted have  x.high duty cycles, for example frequency or phase shifted digital signals. Amateur stations are  x\not subject generally to restrictions on antenna gain, antenna placement and other relevant  xexposure variables. Even though situations where exposures are excessive may be relatively  x=uncommon and even though most amateur stations transmit for short periods of time at power  xlevels considerably lower than the maximum allowed, the possibility of human exposure to RF  xjradiation in excess of the guidelines cannot be disregarded. Therefore, a blanket exemption for  x\all amateur stations does not appear to be justified, and we will apply our new guidelines to  xamateur stations. We will rely upon amateur licensees to demonstrate their knowledge of our  x=guidelines through examinations. We will also rely on amateur licensees to evaluate their own  xstations if they transmit using more than 50 watts of output power. Applicants for new licenses  xand renewals also will be required to demonstrate that they have read and that they understand our applicable rules regarding RF exposure.  X -  x161. We find it to be the duty of the licensee of an amateur station to prevent the station  xfrom transmitting from any place where the operation of the station could cause human exposure  xto levels of RF radiation that are in excess of the limits we are adopting. We concur with the  x ARRL that amateur operators should follow a policy of prudent avoidance of excessive RF  xexposure. We will continue to rely upon amateur operators, in constructing and operating their  xstations, to take steps to ensure that their stations comply with the MPE limits for both  xoccupational/controlled and general public/uncontrolled environments. In this regard, we"":X,J&J&= = !"  xLrecognize and agree with the ARRL's position that the occupational/controlled limits generally  xMcan be considered adequate for situations involving amateur stations considering the most  xicommonly used power levels, intermittent operation and frequencies involved. We recognize that  xoperation in the amateur radio service presents certain unique conditions. Nonetheless, we are  x<concerned that amateur radio operations are likely to be located in residential neighborhoods and  xmay expose persons to RF fields in excess of the MPE guidelines. We will consider amateur  xjradio operators and members of their immediate household to be in a "controlled environment"  xZand will apply the occupational/controlled MPE limits to those situations. Neighbors who are not  xKmembers of an amateur operator's household, are considered to be members of the general public,  xhowever, since they cannot reasonably be expected to excercise control over their exposure. In those cases general population/uncontrolled exposure MPE limits will apply.  X -  ]x162. We believe that the burden for action to assure compliance with RF exposure limits  xshould fall on the relatively few licensees who operate stations that can potentially cause  xZindividuals, knowingly or unknowingly, to be exposed to RF energy in excess of these guidelines.  xWe want the licensees of such stations to provide adequately for RF safety. We do not believe,  xhowever, that a detailed EA or other routine environmental filing is practical or necessary. To  xmake the complex determination of possible excessive exposure as simple as possible, we are  xspecifying a threshold limit for transmitter power that will apply regardless of frequency used.  xBelow 50 watts transmitter power, the licensee will not be required to take any action, unless  x.requested by Commission staff pursuant to Section 1.1307(c) or 1.1307(d) of our rules. Above  xthis power threshold, the licensee must perform a routine evaluation to predict if the RF radiation  xjcould be in excess of that allowed by the criteria listed in  1.1310. If so, the licensee must take  x\action to prevent such an occurrence. The action could be in the form of altering operating  xjpatterns, relocating the antenna, revising the station's technical parameters such as frequency,  xpower or emission type or combinations of these and other remedies. To assist with routine  x/evaluation of exposure levels in accordance with the guidelines, we encourage the amateur  X- xcommunity to develop and disseminate information in the form of tables, charts and computer  xanalytical tools that relate such variables as operating patterns, emission types, frequencies, power  xand distance from antennas. We also intend to provide straightforward methods for amateur  x\operators to determine potential exposure levels. This information could be included in our  xupdated version of OST Bulletin No. 65, or we may follow the suggestion to develop a separate  x.bulletin tailored for the amateur service community. As a result of the adoption of a transition  xperiod, which was discussed earlier, the new guidelines will apply to amateur stations beginning  x0January 1, 1997. This should provide sufficient time for the amateur community and the  xCommission staff to prepare the necessary information to help amateur operators comply with these requirements.  X"-  Px163. As suggested by the ARRL, the ARRL BioEffects Committee and Professor  xOverbeck, we are amending our rules to require the operator license examination question pools  xLto include questions concerning RF safety at amateur stations. We are requiring an additional  xMfive questions on RF safety within each of three written examination elements. We also are"Q%;,J&J&= = $"  xjadopting ARRL's proposal that amateur operators should be required to certify, as part of their  xlicense application process, that they have read and understand our bulletins and the relevant FCC  X- xrules.iv yOK-ԍ ARRL Comments at 17. ARRL BioEffects Committee Comments at 5.i We will rely on our Wireless Telecommunications Bureau to develop suitable methods for obtaining this certification.  X-C. Federal Preemption  X_-  Ox164. In the past, parties have requested that the Commission preempt state and local  XH- xkauthority over RF exposure matters.THXv yOQ -Ѝ See, 5 FCC Rcd 486 (1990).T To date the Commission has declined to preempt on  xhealth and safety matters. However, the Commission has noted that should nonFederal RF  xZradiation standards be adopted that adversely affect a licensee's ability to engage in Commission xauthorized activities, the Commission would consider reconsidering whether Federal action is  X -necessary.u v yO-Ѝ See, GEN Dkt 79144, Report and Order, 100 FCC 2d at 558. u  X -  0x165. In the Notice, we did not discuss Federal preemption of state and local regulations  xZregarding RF radiation exposure. However, many commenters request that we address this matter  xby establishing Federal preemption of state and local regulations concerning RF radiation  Xy- xexposure.yxv yO-ԍ See, for example, comments of MSTV/NBC, McCaw, PacTel, Hammet & Edison, Joint Broadcasters, Celpage, Ericsson, AMSC, the New Jersey Broadcasters Association, and ARRL. Two Petitions for Rule Making have been filed in this docket requesting a Further  x0Notice of Proposed Rule Making to address the preemption of nonFederal government  XK- xregulations concerning RF radiation hazards.rXKv yO- xЍ See Electromagnetic Energy Association (formerly EEPA), Petition for Further Notice of Proposed  xxRulemaking and Hammett & Edison Comments requesting that it serve as a Petition for Rule Making concerning  yO\-the preemption of state and local RF regulations. r The Village of Wilmette, Illinois, and Ergotec  xAssocation, Inc, in latefiled reply comments, oppose federal preemption of local RF exposure regulations.  X-  x166. Decision. In the past the Commission has hesitated to intrude on the ability of states  x=and localities to make regulations affecting health and safety. Many of the comments indicate  xMthat a patchwork of divergent local and State regulations could pose a burden on interstate  xcommunications. However, since these comments were filed, Congress has passed the  xTelecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104104, 110 Stat. 56 (1996). Section 704 of the  xTelecommunications Act amends the Communications Act by providing for federal preemption  xof state and local regulation of personal wireless service facilities on the basis of RF"e< ,J&J&= = "  X- xenvironmental effects.dv yOy- x;Ѝ Telecommunications Act of 1996, Section 704. Facilities Siting: Radio Frequency Emission Standards. Sec.  x704 (a) (7) (B) (iv). This section states that: "No State or local government or instrumentality thereof may regulate  xthe placement, construction, and modification of personal wireless service facilities on the basis of the environmental  xeffects of radio frequency emissions to the extent that such facilities comply with the Commission's regulations concerning such emissions."d The Telecommunications Act also provides for resolution of conflicts  X- xrelated to the regulation of RF emissions by the courts or by petition to the Commission.xv yO- x Ѝ Telecommunications Act of 1996, Section 704 (a) (7) (B) (v). This section states that, "Any person adversely  xaffected by any final action or failure to act by a State or local government or any instrumentality thereof that is  xinconsistent with this subparagraph may, within 30 days after such action or failure to act, commence an action in  xJany court of competent jurisdiction. The court shall hear and decide such action on an expedited basis. Any person  xadversely affected by an act or failure to act by a State or local government or any instrumentality thereof that is inconsistent with clause (iv) may petition the Commission for relief."  xAccordingly, we are amending  1.1307 of our rules to incorporate the provisions of Section 704 of the Telecommunications Act.  X-  x167. The Telecommunications Act does not preempt state or local regulations relating to  xkRF emissions of broadcast facilities or other facilities that do not fall within the definition of  X_- x"personal wireless services."_ v yO- xЍ Section 704 (a) (C) (i) of the Act defines "personal wireless services" to mean "commercial mobile services, unlicensed wireless services, and common carrier wireless exchange access services." It would appear from the comments that a few such regulations  x<have been imposed, generally as a result of health and safety concerns. At this point, it does not  xKappear that the number of instances of state and local regulation of RF emissions in nonpersonal  xwireless services situations is large enough to justify considering whether or not they should be  xpreempted. We have traditionally been reluctant to preempt state or local regulations enacted to  X - x<promote bona fide health and safety objectives. We have no reason to believe that the instances  X -cited in the comments were motivated by anything but bona fide concerns. x  X -  x168. We believe that the regulations that we are adopting herein represent the best  xscientific thought and are sufficient to protect the public health. Once states and localities have  xhad an opportunity to review and analyze the guidelines we are adopting, we expect they will  xagree that no further state or local regulation is warranted. Should our expectations prove to be  xmisplaced and should FCC licensees encounter a pattern of state or local activities which  xconstitute an obstacle to the scheme of federal control of radio facilities set forth in the  xZCommunications Act, they should present us with such evidence as well as their view of the legal  xbasis which could justify FCC preemption of state and local ordinances. At this time, however,  xzwe deny the petitions from the EEA and from Hammett and Edison, as well as the comments  xfrom several parties, requesting a broadbased preemption policy to cover all transmitting sources. "=H ,J&J&= = 4"Ԍ X-  V. CONCLUSION  X-  X-  $x169. To protect public health with respect to RF radiation from FCCregulated  xtransmitters, and to fulfill our responsibilities under NEPA, we are updating our guidelines for  xevaluating the environmental impact of RF emissions. We believe that the guidelines we are  xadopting will be of benefit both to the public and to the telecommunications industry. They will  xprovide assurance that recent scientific knowledge is taken into account regarding future decisions on approval of FCCauthorized facilities and equipment.  X - VI. ORDERING CLAUSES ă  X -  x170. Section 704(b) of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 requires that we prescribe  xand make effective these new rules by August 6, 1996. Accordingly, we find that good cause  xjexists, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. Sec. 553(d)(3), to make these rules effective upon publication in the  xFederal Register rather than to follow the normal practice of making them effective 30 days after  X- xjpublication in the Federal Register.Xv yO - xЍ See note 4, supra. Unlike other sections of that Act, see, e.g., Secs. 251(d)(d)(1), which directs us to  x"complete" action, and Sec. 254(a)(2), which directs us to "promulgate" rules, Sec. 704 requires that the RF exposure guidelines be made effective within the prescribed 180 day time period.  Completion of this rulemaking has required an extensive  xamount of work to resolve extremely complex issues. In addition, coordination with the various  x{affected federal agencies through to the Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee has  xconsumed more time than anticipated. The time required to review the comments, decide on the  xbest possible guidelines and coordinate that decision with other federal agencies has made it  ximpossible to delay the effective date for 30 days and still meet the Congressionally imposed  xdeadline. Thus, we have no alternative but to make these rules effective immediately. We note  X- x!that the Notice in this proceeding was first issued in 1993. In addition, we note that the  xTelecommunications Act of 1996, containing a deadline for implementation, was enacted in early  xjFebruary of this year. Therefore, most parties to this proceeding have had considerable notice  xof the likely actions we would be taking, and they should have had sufficient opportunity to  x.prepare for the implementation of new guidelines pursuant to the implementation schedule set forth above.  XN-  x171. Accordingly, pursuant to the authority contained in Sections 4(i), 7(a), 303(c),  x303(f), 303(g), 303(r) and 332(c)(7) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C.  X - xSections 154(i), 157(a), 303(c), 303(f), 303(g), 303(r) and 332(c)(7), IT IS ORDERED, that  X - xeffective August 6, 1996, Parts 1, 2, 15, 24, and 97 of the Commission's Rules and Regulations, 47 CFR Parts 1, 2, 15, 24, and 97, ARE AMENDED as specified in Appendix C. ">,J&J&= = "Ԍ X-  Ox172. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, that the respective petitions of the Electromagnetic Energy Association, Hammett and Edison, Inc., and Ken Hollady ARE DENIED.  X-  X-.  VII. PROCEDURAL MATTERS ׃  X-  Xv-  x173. For further information concerning this rule making, contact the Commission's  xradiofrequency safety program at (202) 4182464. Address: Office of Engineering and  xTechnology, Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C. 20554. Internet email address: rfsafety@fcc.gov. XY (#%'0*,.8135@8:-#&a\  P6G; r&P#э U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1992 Census of Transportation, Communications, and Utilities, UC92-S-1, Subject Series, Establishment and Firm Size, Table 5, Employment Size of Firms: 1992, SIC Code 4812 (issued May 1995).I #Xj\  P6G;XP#Therefore, even if all 12 of these large firms were cellular telephone  X -companies, all of the remainder were small businesses under the SBA's definition#Xj\  P6G;XP##X~ps7 X#.# Xj\  P6G;XP# We assume that, for purposes of our evaluations and conclusions in the Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, all of the current cellular licensees are small entities, as that term is defined by the SBA. Although there are 1,758 cellular licenses, we do not know the number of cellular licensees, since a cellular licensee may own several licenses. xWe assume that all of the current rural cellular licensees are small businesses. Comments filed by small business associations, the Organization for the Protection and Advancement of Small Telephone Companies (OPASTCO), state that 2/3 of its 440 members  X-provide cellular service, e S-#&a\  P6G; r&P#эxOPASTCO Comments at 12 (filed January 9, 1995). and comments filed by the Rural Cellular Association (RCA) state  X-that its members serve 80 cellular service areas. e S6"-#&a\  P6G; r&P#эxRCA Comments at 2 (filed January 9, 1995). We recognize that these numbers represent only part of the current rural cellular licensees because there might be other rural companies not represented by either association. "CH ,J&J&= = `"ԌxThe rules we are adopting generally require cellular stations to make a determination, through calculation or measurement, as to whether a transmitter facility will comply with the RF radiation exposure limits. If the facility does not comply with the limits, then the applicant (for a new license, a modification, or a renewal of an existing license) must file an Environmental Assessment (EA) pursuant to the National Environment Policy Act. The vast majority of applicants will find their facilities in compliance with the limits, or take steps such as controlling access around the transmitting facility, and will only need to indicate on their application that they comply with the limits. Many cellular transmission facilities are categorically exempted from making a compliance determination based on power and/or antenna height. The Commission processes roughly 700 applications for cellular transmitters facilities, involving 7,000 site locations, per year. Approximately 2,800 transmitting facilities will exceed categorical exclusion criteria and will require a determination of compliance with our new guidelines, based on calculations or measurements. x Manufacturers of mobile and portable cellular transmitters will have to make measurements, or in some cases calculations, as a condition for equipment authorization. Many of these manufacturers are likely to be the same as those that will manufacture unlicensed PCS transmitters, as discussed in the radiofrequency device category above. Based on the information presented for radiofrequency devices, as well as our past experience in granting equipment authorization for other types of radiofrequency devices, we estimate that 50 percent of the applications for cellular telephones will be from small businesses. It is estimated that 200 mobile and portable cellular transmitters will require authorization per year. x  X-x C. Personal Communications Service xThe broadband PCS spectrum is divided into six frequency blocks designated A through F. Pursuant to 47 C.F.R.  24.720(b), the Commission has defined "small entity'' for Blocks C and F licensees as firms that had average gross revenues of less than $40 million in  Xe-the three previous calendar years. This regulation defining `"small entity'' in the context of  XN-broadband PCS auctions has been approved by the SBA.Ne S-#&a\  P6G; r&P#эxSee Implementation of Section 309(j) of the Communications Act Competitive Bidding, PP  S-Docket No. 93253, Fifth Report and Order, 9 FCC Rcd 5532, 558184 (1994). #X~ps7 X## Xj\  P6G;XP# xThe Commission has auctioned broadband PCS licenses in Blocks A, B, and C. We do not have sufficient data to determine how many small businesses under the Commission's definition bid successfully for licenses in Blocks A and B. As of now, there are 90 nondefaulting winning bidders that qualify as small entities in the Block C auction. Based on this information, we conclude that the number of broadband PCS licensees affected by the rule" DB,J&J&= = "  X-adopted in this Report and Order includes the 90 nondefaulting winning bidders that qualify as small entities in the Block C broadband PCS auction. xAt present, no licenses have been awarded for Blocks D, E, and F for spectrum. Therefore, there are no small businesses currently providing these services. However, a total of 1,479 licenses will be awarded in the D, E, and F Block broadband PCS auctions, which are scheduled to begin on August 26, 1996. Eligibility for the 493 F Block licensees is limited to "entrepreneurs'' with the average gross revenues of less than $125 million. However, we cannot estimate how many small businesses under the Commission's definition will win F Block licenses, or D and E Block licenses. Given the facts that nearly all radiotelephone companies have fewer than 1,000 employees and that no reliable estimate of the number of prospective D, E, and F Block licensees can be made, we assume, for purposes of our evaluations and conclusions in this FRFA, that all of the licenses will be awarded to small entities, as that term is defined by the SBA. xAfter all PCS licenses have been issued, the Commission expects to receive approximately 1,000 applications per year involving 10,000 sites. We anticipate that 3000 sites will not meet the categorical exclusion criteria and will involve a determination of compliance with the RF exposure guidelines. xAs in the case of cellular telephones, mobile and portable PCS transmitters will have to undergo measurement or modeling to determine compliance with the RF radiation limits as a condition of equipment authorization. Again, we estimate that 50% of the manufacturers will be small businesses. Although we have authorized fewer than ten PCS transmitters, it is  X-estimated that eventually 50 of such devices will be authorized each year.  X-xD. Private Land Mobile Radio Services, Specialized Mobile Radio xPursuant to 47 C.F.R.  90.814(b)(1), the Commission has defined "small entity'' for geographic area 800 MHz and 900 MHz SMR licenses as firms that had average gross  XP-revenues of less than $15 million in the three previous calendar years. This regulation defining "small entity'' in the context of 800 MHz and 900 MHz SMR has been approved by  X"-the SBA."e S-#&a\  P6G; r&P#эxSee Amendment of Parts 2 and 90 of the Commission's Rules to Provide for the Use of 200 Channels Outside the Designated Filing Areas in the 896901 MHz and the 935940 MHz Bands  SM!-Allotted to the Specialized Mobile Radio Pool, PR Docket No. 89553, Second Order on  S'"-Reconsideration and Seventh Report and Order, 11 FCC Rcd 2639, 2693702 (1995); Amendment of Part 90 of the Commission's Rules to Facilitate Future Development of SMR Systems in the 800 MHz  S#-Frequency Band, PR Docket No. 93144, First Report and Order, Eighth Report and Order, and  S$-Second Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 11 FCC Rcd 1463 (1995).""E,J&J&= = "Ԍ X-ԙxThe rule adopted in this Report and Order applies to SMR providers in the 800 MHz and 900 MHz bands that either hold geographic area licenses or have obtained extended implementation authorizations. We do not know how many firms provide 800 MHz or 900 MHz geographic area SMR service pursuant to extended implementation authorizations, nor how many of these providers have annual revenues of less than $15 million. Since the Regulatory Flexibility Act amendments were not in effect until the record in this proceeding was closed, the Commission was unable to request information regarding the number of small businesses in this category. We do know that one of these firms has over $15 million in revenues. We assume, for purposes of our evaluations and conclusions in this FRFA, that the remaining existing extended implementation authorizations may be held by small entities, as that term is defined by the SBA. xThe Commission recently held auctions for geographic area licenses in the 900 MHz  X -SMR band. There were 60 winning bidders who qualified as small entities under the Commission's definition in the 900 MHz auction. Based on this information, we conclude  X -that the number of geographic area SMR licensees affected by the rule adopted in this Report  X-and Order includes these 60 small entities.     Xh-#Xj\  P6G;XP#xNo auctions have been held for 800 MHz geographic area SMR licenses. Therefore, no small entities currently hold these licenses. A total of 525 licenses will be awarded for the upper 200 channels in the 800 MHz geographic area SMR auction. However, the Commission has not yet determined how many licenses will be awarded for the lower 230 channels in the 800 MHz geographic area SMR auction. There is no basis to estimate, moreover, how many small entities within the SBA's definition will win these licenses. Given the facts that nearly all radiotelephone companies have fewer than 1,000 employees and that no reliable estimate of the number of prospective 800 MHz licensees can be made, we assume, for purposes of our evaluations and conclusions in this FRFA, that all of the licenses  X-will be awarded to small entities, as that term is defined by the SBA.YY xThe Commission receives about 3,000 applications for covered SMR transmitters facilities per year. Approximately 1,000 transmitters will exceed categorical exclusion criteria and will require a determination of compliance. In addition, as in the case of cellular telephones and PCS, mobile and portable covered SMR transmitters will have to undergo measurement or modeling to determine compliance with MPE and/or SAR requirements. It is estimated that 200 of such devices will require authorization per year.  X -x E. Satellite Communications Services x xThe Commission has not developed a definition of small entities applicable to satellite communications licensees. Therefore, the applicable definition of small entity is the definition  Xn$-under the Small Business Administration (SBA) rules #X~ps7 X## Xj\  P6G;XP#applicable to radiotelephone companies. "n$F,J&J&= = (#" This definition provides that a small entity is a radiotelephone company employing fewer than 1,500 persons. xSatellite systems authorized by the Commission can be divided into the following categories: mobile satellite service (MSS) nongeostationary satellite orbit (NGSO) (low or medium orbit satellites); mobile satellite service geostationary; mobile satellite service ship stations; and fixed satellite service. xIn the MSS NGSO category the commission has divided its spectrum allocation into small and large NGSO. In the small NGSO or small low Earthorbit (LEO) satellite service there are three existing and three pending or further licensees, all of which may be considered small business entities in the context of this analysis. These licensees are authorized in the VHF/UHF bands. xIn the large LEO MSS category of MSS NGSO there are three existing licensees and three pending or future licensees in the 1.6/2.5 GHz band. The three existing are probably not small business entities and the three pending are probably small business entities. In the category of geostationary MSS the Commission has licensed one consortium, in the 1.5/1.6 GHz band, that comprises many small business entities. xThe fixed satellite service (FSS) has generally been authorized in the 4/6 and 11/12 GHz band. There are three FSS licensees, that serve domestic US markets, none of which are small business entities. There are also two licensees serving international markets with FSS authorizations and these entities may be considered small business entities. xIt should be noted that in most of the satellite areas discussed above the Commission issues one license to an entity but generally issues blanket license authority for thousands or even hundreds of thousands of earth stations or hand held transceivers. In this analysis we have considered satellite companies that have less than 1500 employees to be small business entities. Therefore, we are concluding that small business entities are largely affected by this proceeding in the satellite area. xThe Commission receives about 600 applications for satellite facilities per year. All applicants must make a determination of compliance with the limits, based on calculations or measurements.  X -x F. Radio Broadcast Service  X!- xThe SBA has defined small radio broadcast service entities based on their "annual receipts" specifically in 13 C.F.R  104, and its calculations include an averaging process. We do not currently require submission of financial data from licensees that we could use to apply the SBA's definition of a small business. Thus, for purposes of estimating the number"Q%G,J&J&= = $" of small entities to which the rules apply, we are limited to considering the revenue data that are publicly available, and the revenue data on which we rely may not correspond completely with the SBA definition of annual receipts. xUnder SBA criteria for determining annual receipts, if a concern has acquired an affiliate or been acquired as an affiliate during the applicable averaging period for determining annual receipts, the annual receipts in determining size status include the receipts of both firms. 13 C.F.R.  121.104(d)(1). The SBA defines affiliation in 13 C.F.R.  121.103. While the Commission refers to an affiliate generally as a station affiliated with a network, the SBA's definition of affiliate is analogous to our attribution rules. Generally, under the SBA's definition, concerns are affiliates of each other when one concern controls or has the power to control the other, or a third party or parties controls or has the power to control both. 13 C.F.R.  121.103(a)(1). The SBA considers factors such as ownership, management, previous relationships with or ties to another concern, and contractual relationships, in determining whether affiliation exists. 13 C.F.R.  121.103(a)(2). Instead of making an independent determination of whether radio and television stations were affiliated based on SBA's definitions, we relied on the data bases available to us to afford us that information. xWe have performed a study based on the data contained in the BIA Publications, Inc. Master Access Television Analyzer Database, which lists a total of 1,141 fullpower commercial television stations. Low Power Television (LPTV) Stations and translator stations are discussed in paragraph H below. It should be noted that the percentage figures derived from the data base may be underinclusive because the data base does not list revenue estimates for noncommercial educational stations, and these are therefore excluded from our calculations based on the data base. Noncommercial stations are subject to the requirements  X-adopted in the Report and Order. The data indicate that, based on 1995 revenue estimates, 440 fullpower commercial television stations had an estimated revenue of 10.5 million dollars or less. That represents 54 percent of commercial television stations with revenue estimates listed in the BIA program. The data base does not list estimated revenues for 331 stations. Using an extreme scenario, if those 331 stations for which no revenue is listed are counted as small stations, there would be a total of 771 stations with an estimated revenue of 10.5 million dollars or less, representing approximately 68 percent of the 1,141 commercial television stations listed in the BIA data base. xAlternatively, if we look at owners of commercial television stations as listed in the BIA data base, there are a total of 488 owners. The data base lists estimated revenues for 60 percent of these owners, or 295. Of these 295 owners, 156 or 53 percent had annual revenues of less than 10.5 million. Using an extreme scenario, if the 193 owners for which revenue is not listed are assumed to be small, the total of small entities would constitute 72 percent of owners. "Q%H,J&J&= = $"ԌxIn summary, based on the foregoing extreme analysis using census data, we estimate that our rules will apply to as many as 1,150 commercial and noncommercial television stations (78 percent of all stations) that could be classified as small entities. Using the extreme analysis based on the data in the BIA data base, we estimate that as many as approximately 771 commercial television stations (about 68 percent of all commercial televisions stations) could be classified as small entities. As we noted above, these estimates are based on a definition that we believe greatly overstates the number of television broadcasters that are small businesses. Further, it should be noted that under the SBA's definitions, revenues of affiliates that are not television stations should be aggregated with the television station revenues in determining whether a concern is small. The estimates overstate the number of small entities since the revenue figures on which they are based do not include or aggregate such revenues from nontelevision affiliated companies. xIn addition, according to the SBA's regulations, a radio broadcasting station must have  X -annual gross receipts of $5.0 million or less in order to qualify as a small business concern.K e yO7-Ѝ 13 C.F.R.  121.201.K There are approximately 10,250 commercial radio broadcasting stations and 1,810 noncommercial radio broadcast stations of all sizes in the nation, with approximately 5,200 different commercial licensees. For the same reasons as above, the exact number of small radio broadcasting entities to which the elimination of the rule will apply is unknown. Based on 1996 revenue estimates, the BIA Publications, Inc. Master Access Analyzer Database indicates that 3,314 commercial radio stations had an estimated revenue of $5.0 million or less. That represents approximately 32 percent of commercial radio stations with revenue estimates listed in the BIA program. The data base does not list estimated revenue for 6,571 stations. Using the most extreme scenario, if those 6,571 stations for which no revenue estimates is listed are counted as small stations, there would be a total of 9,885 stations with an estimated revenue of $5.0 or less, representing approximately 96 percent of the 10,257 commercial radio stations listed in the BIA data base. xAlternatively, if we look at owners of commercial radio stations as listed in the BIA data base, there are a total of 5,207 owners. The data base lists estimated revenues for 29 percent of these owners, or 1,532. Of these 1,532 owners, 1,344 or 88 percent had annual revenue of less than $5.0 million. Using the most extreme scenario, if the 3,675 owners for which revenue estimates are not listed are assumed to be small businesses, then the total of small entities would constitute 96 percent of commercial radio station owners. Further, many noncommercial radio broadcasters are considered to be small entities. Thus, a large number of licensees of radio broadcast facilities of several types (commercial AM, commercial FM, and noncommercial FM stations) could benefit from the rule amendment herein adopted. "!IX,J&J&= = "ԌxThe Commission receives about 1,800 applications for broadcast facilities per year. All applicants must make a determination of compliance with the limits, either by calculation or measurement.  X-x G. Stations in the Maritime Services xThis item would require licensees and applicants for ship satellite earth terminals to make a determination of compliance with the new RF radiation requirements. The Commission has not developed a definition of small entities applicable to ship satellite earth station licensees. Therefore, the applicable definition of small entity is the definition under  X -the Small Business Administration (SBA) rules #X~ps7 X## Xj\  P6G;XP#applicable to radiotelephone companies. This definition provides that a small entity is a radiotelephone company employing fewer than 1,500 persons. xShip MSS is similar to geostationary MSS, as discussed above, except that earth stations are aboard maritime vessels rather than traditional earth stations in the MSS. In the area of ship MSS the Commission has two pending licensees for operation of the satellite service, one of which can be considered small business. xThe Commission receives about 272 applications for ship earth stations per year. All applicants must make a determination of compliance with the new RF radiation limits.  X-x H. Experimental, auxiliary, and special broadcast and other program  X-distribution services xThis service involves a variety of transmitters, generally used to relay broadcast programming to the public (through translator and booster stations) or within the program distribution chain (from a remote news gathering unit back to the station). It also includes Instructional Television Fixed Service stations, which are used to relay programming to the home or office, similar to that provided by cable television systems. The Commission has not developed a definition of small entities applicable to broadcast auxiliary licensees. Therefore, the applicable definition of small entity is the definition under the Small Business  X -Administration (SBA) rules #X~ps7 X## Xj\  P6G;XP#applicable to radiotelephone companies. This definition provides that a small entity is a radiotelephone company employing fewer than 1,500 persons. xThere are currently 2,637 FM translators and boosters, 4,910 TV translators, and 1,903  X -Low Power TV stations which will be affected by the new requirements. e {O=#-ԍ FCC news release, Broadcast Station Totals as of June 30, 1996, released July 10, 1996. There are also 2,032 ITFS licensees. The FCC does not collect financial information on any broadcast facility and the Department of Commerce does not collect financial information on these""JZ,J&J&= = !" auxiliary broadcast facilities. We believe, however, that most, if not all, of these auxiliary facilities, including Low Power TV stations, could be classified as small businesses by themselves. We also recognize that most translators and boosters are owned by a parent station which, in some cases, would be covered by the revenue definition of small business entity discussed above. These stations would likely have annual revenues that exceed the SBA maximum to be designated as a small business (either $5 million for a radio station or $10.5 million for a TV station). As we indicated earlier, 96% of radio stations and 78% of TV stations are designated as small. xThe approximate number of annual applications processed by the Commission for this service is 1,032. All of these applications would be required to have a determination made regarding compliance with the new RF radiation limits.  X - xI. Multipoint Distribution Service (MDS) x xThis service involves a variety of transmitters, which are used to relay programming to the home or office, similar to that provided by cable television systems. The Commission has not developed a definition of small entities applicable to MDS licensees. Therefore, the applicable definition of small entity is the definition under the Small Business Administration  XK-(SBA) rules #X~ps7 X## Xj\  P6G;XP#applicable to radiotelephone companies. This definition provides that a small entity is a radiotelephone company employing fewer than 1,500 persons. There are 1,800 MDS stations currently licensed and 500 applications for additional channels. xThe approximate number of annual applications processed by the Commission for MDS is 900. It is estimated that of the 900 processed, only 113 will not meet the categorical exclusion criteria and have to make a determination of compliance with the RF radiation limits.  X|-x J. Paging and Radiotelephone Service, and Private Land Mobile Radio Services,  Xe-Paging Operations xSince the Commission has not yet approved a definition for paging services, we will utilize the SBA's definition applicable to radiotelephone companies, i.e., an entity employing less than 1,500 persons. xThe Commission anticipates that a total of 15,531 nonnationwide geographic area licenses will be granted or auctioned. The geographic area licenses will consist of 3,050 MTA licenses and 12,481 EA licenses. In addition to the 47 Rand McNally MTAs, the Commission is licensing Alaska as a separate MTA and adding three MTAs for the U.S. territories, for a total of 51 MTAs. No auctions of paging licenses has been held yet, and there is no basis to determine the number of licenses that will be awarded to small entities. Given the fact that nearly all radiotelephone companies have fewer than 1,000 employees, and"Q%K,J&J&= = $" that no reliable estimate of the number of prospective paging licensees can be made, we assume, for purposes of this FRFA, that all the 15,531 geographic area paging licenses will be awarded to small entities, as that term is defined by the Small Business Administration (SBA). xWe estimate that the approximately 600 current paging carriers could take the opportunity to partition and or/ disaggregate a license to obtain an additional license through partitioning or disaggregation. We estimate that up to 48,393 licensees or potential licensees could take the opportunity to partition and/or disaggregate a license or obtain a license through partitioning or disaggregation. This number is based on the total estimate of paging carriers (approximately 600) and nonnationwide geographic area licenses to be awarded (15,531) and our estimate that each license will probably not be partitioned and/or disaggrageted to no more than three parties. Given the fact that nearly all radiotelephone companies have fewer than 1,000 employees, and that no reliable estimate of the number of future paging licensees can be made, we assume for purposes of this FRFA that all of the licensees will be awarded to small businesses. We believe that it is possible that a significant number of up to approximately 48,393 licensees or potential licensees who could take the opportunity to partition and/or disaggregate a license or who could obtain a license through partitioning and/or disaggregation will be a small business. xThe Commission receives about 10,000 applications for paging facilities per year. Approximately 1,176 transmitters will exceed categorical exclusion criteria and will require a determination of compliance with the new guidelines, either by measurement or calculation.  X- xK. Experimental Radio Service xThe Commission has not developed a definition of small entities applicable to experimental licensees. Therefore, the applicable definition of small entity is the definition  X-under the Small Business Administration (SBA) rules #X~ps7 X## Xj\  P6G;XP#applicable to radiotelephone companies. This definition provides that a small entity is a radiotelephone company employing fewer than  Xe-1,500 persons.ee S-#&a\  P6G; r&P#эx13 C.F.R.  121.201, Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code 4812. Since the Regulatory Flexibility Act amendments were not in effect until the record in this proceeding was closed, the Commission was unable to request information regarding the number of small experimental radio businesses and is unable at this time to make a precise estimate of the number of Experimental Radio Services which are small businesses. xThe majority of experimental licenses are issued to companies such as Motorola and Department of Defense contractors such as Northrop, Lockheed and Martin Marietta. Businesses such as these may have as many as 200 licenses at one time. The majority of these applications, 70 percent, are from entities such as these. Given this fact, the remaining""Lh,J&J&= = !" 30 percent of applications, we assume, for purposes of our evaluations and conclusions in this FRFA, will be awarded to small entities, as that term is defined by the SBA. xThe Commission processes approximately 1,000 applications a year for experimental radio operations. About half or 500 of these are renewals and the other half are for new licenses. Approximately 500 of these applications will be required to make an initial determination of compliance with our new RF guidelines. x  XH- IV.xSummary of Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping and Other Compliance Requirements:  X - xApplicants that are subject to the new RF radiation guidelines (i.e., not categorically excluded), are required to make a statement on any application filed with the Commission indicating that they comply with the RF radiation limits. Technical information supporting that statement must be retained by the applicant, and provided to the Commission upon request. In some cases, the applicant will be able to determine compliance by making calculations or reading applicable literature, including OST Bulletin No. 65. In other cases, detailed measurements of the transmitting facility may be necessary. In addition, steps to control access to the facility, such as warning signs or fences, may be required. Manufacturers of radio transmitting equipment will, as indicated above, need to make MPE and/or SAR measurements that will need to form part of the manufacturer's records for equipment authorization.  X-Reporting xReporting requirements are limited to certain classes of applicants and licensees for which the potential for human exposure to RF emissions is the greatest. Most applicants and licensees are categorically excluded from routinely evaluating their facilities, operations or transmitters for compliance with the new RF exposure guidelines. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), upon which our rules are based, allows "categorical exclusion" of large classes of actions that generally do not provide an opportunity for causing significant environmental impact, such as would result from human exposure to RF emissions in excess of the guidelines. In this case, the "actions" excluded are the granting of Commission applications and authorizations. Therefore, we are categorically excluding many applications submitted to the Commission from routine evaluation for compliance with the RF guidelines. This exclusion significantly limits burden on our regulatees, including many small businesses. The category exclusions apply to all radio services except those listed in section IV above and the radio amateur service. This means, for example, that all land mobile and public safety twoway systems are categorically excluded. xApplicants in services that are not categorically excluded may also be categorically excluded from determining compliance based on antenna location or station power. "Q%M,J&J&= = $" Applicants who are not categorically excluded are required to make a statement on certain application forms filed with the Commission indicating whether they comply with our environmental rules. This action by a licensee or applicant is the primary reporting requirement. In addition, supporting information (such as measurement data, site drawings, and calculations) may be requested, in certain cases, to justify the statement made on a Commission form.  X_-Recordkeeping xThe Commission has no specific recordkeeping requirements related to compliance with the RF exposure guidelines. This has not changed from the rules previously in place regarding compliance with RF exposure guidelines. The Commission does reserve the right to request information supporting the answer an applicant gives on a form. Such information would normally be technical in nature and could involve a report of calculations performed or measurements made to determine compliance. Therefore, many applicants and licensees may keep information related to their compliance on file in some form for their own records. The Commission provides applicants with guidance on performing calculations or measurements through its OST Bulletin No. 65, which is being updated to reflect the new guidelines. In many cases, an applicant or licensee can easily use this bulletin to determine compliance through the use of charts, figures and tables. This largely eliminates the need for keeping a detailed analytic report in many cases. Manufacturers of equipment who are required to evaluate portable or mobile devices would likely have to perform more detailed analysis and keep on file a specific technical report for review by the Commission if requested. Also, in a few cases involving multiple transmitters at large antenna farms detailed measurement studies may be necessary. Reports of such studies would be retained by an applicant to provide evidence of compliance if required.  X-Other Compliance Requirements xAs was true for the previous rules, there are no specific compliance requirements, as such. Under the Commission's NEPA rules, applicants and licensees are required to submit an Environmental Assessment (EA) if they do not comply with our RF exposure guidelines (47 CFR  1.1311). An EA is a detailed accounting of the consequences created by a specific action that may have a significant environmental impact, in this case a Commission authorization of a transmitter or facility that exceeds the RF guidelines. An EA would be evaluated by the Commission to determine whether the authorization should be granted in  X -view of the environmental impact. In reality, this leads to a de facto compliance requirement, since most applicants and licensees who are not categorically excluded (see above) undertake measures to ensure compliance before submitting an application in order to avoid the preparation of a costly and timeconsuming EA. For this reason EAs are rarely filed with the Commission. This has not changed from the existing rules. As for determining compliance, as mentioned above, the Commission provides applicants with specific guidance in the form"Q%N,J&J&= = $" of a technical bulletin. This bulletin is designed to minimize the effort and burden required by an applicant to determine compliance with the guidelines prior to submitting an application. Many options are available for ensuring compliance, including restricting access to an area where high RF levels exist, using warning signs or fences to provide notice of potential RF exposure, use or protective shielding or warning devices, reduction of power when people are in high RF areas and, in the case of portable and mobile devices, designing devices to minimize RF absorption in the body of the user.  XH-Skills Needed to Meet Requirements xIf a station is not categorically excluded, then the licensee or applicant must make a determination of whether the station will comply with the RF radiation limits. This study can be done by calculation or measurement, depending upon the situation. The calculations can be done in many cases by a radio technician or engineer familiar with radio propagation. If measurements are necessary, then a radio technician or engineer will also be required. xThe applicant must indicate on its application that it meets the NEPA requirements and, therefore, does not exceed the RF radiation limits. The is usually done by checking a box on a form, which can be done by a clerical person.  X4- V.xSteps Taken to Minimize the Economic Impact on Small Entities: xThe Commission has made every effort to devise ways to minimize the impact of the new RF limits on small entities, while protecting the health and safety of the public. However, we have incorporated sufficient flexibility in the procedures to make compliance as minimally burdensome as possible. We have taken the following steps to ease the impact on small businesses. x1. The Commission has created a categorical exclusion that requires only those transmitters that appear to have the highest potential to create a significant environmental effect to perform an environmental evaluation. x2. The Commission will revise OST Bulletin No. 65 to provide guidance for determining compliance with FCCspecified RF limits. This should be of particular assistance to small businesses since it will provide straightforward information that should allow a quick understanding of the requirements and a quick assessment of the potential for compliance problems without the need for an expensive consultant or measurement. x3. The Commission allows various methods for ensuring compliance with RF limits such as fencing, warning signs, labels, and markings, locked doors in rooftop areas, and the use of personal monitors and RF protective clothing in an occupational environment. "Q%O,J&J&= = $"Ԍx4. The Commission has rejected its initial proposal to adopt induced and contact currents limits due to the lack of reliable equipment available. x5. The Commission has specified a variety of acceptable testing methods and procedures that may be used to determine compliance. This will allow each small business to choose a procedure that best meets its needs in the manner that is least burdensome to it. x6. The Commission has always allowed multiple transmitter sites, i.e., antenna farms, to pool their resources and have only one study done for the entire site. This is very common at sites that have multiple entities such as TV, FM, paging, cellular, etc. In most circumstances, rather than each licensee hiring a separate consultant and submitting a study showing their compliance with the guidelines, one consulting radio technician or radio engineer can be hired by the group of licensees. The consultant surveys the entire site for compliance and gives his recommendations and findings to each of the licensees at the site. The licensees can then use the findings to show their compliance with the guidelines. In this way the cost of compliance is minimized as no one licensee has to pay the entire consulting fee, rather just a portion of it. xThe Commission has determined cost of performing an environmental evaluation is minimal for 87 percent of the businesses required to determine compliance. In normal situations, an environmental evaluation can be performed within 1 hour or less with the use of the revised OST Bulletin No. 65, "Evaluating Compliance With FCCSpecified Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation." In situations involving devices intended to be used in close proximity to the body, only PCS, cellular, and SMR portable and mobile devices will be required to evaluate compliance under the Commission's equipment authorization process.  X- Report to Congress : The Commission shall send a copy of this Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, along with this Report and Order, in a report to Congress pursuant to the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, 5 U.S.C.  801(a)(1)(A). A copy of  XN-this FRFA will also be published in the Federal Register.T ă "7P,J&J&= = ?"  X- APPENDIX B: EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR ANSI 1982, ANSI/IEEE 1992 AND NCRP  xFor information and comparison, Tables 13 summarize the maximum permissible exposure  x0(MPE) limits of the 1982 and 1992 standards of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics  xEngineers, Inc. (IEEE) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the 1986 exposure criteria of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP).  X_-TABLE 1. ANSI C95.11982 RADIOFREQUENCY PROTECTION GUIDES XY (#%'0*,.8135@8: 100W ERP (164W EIRP) C  Q *p  Of Radio Frequency Devices  f (part 15) * millimeter wave devices operating in one of the following bands 46.746.8 GHz, 59.064.0 GHz or 76.077.0 GHz (see  15.253 and 15.255 of this chapter) unlicensed personal communications service devices operating under subpart D of this chapter  E  p  Ff Multipoint Distribution Service f (subpart K of part 21)v  X-nonrooftop antennas: height above ground  X-level to radiation center < 10 m and  X-power > 1640 W EIRP  X-rooftop antennas: power > 1640W EIRP "y W,J&J&= = h]"E JM :  TABLE 1 (contd.) J: JJ R :  ^ lSERVICE (TITLE 47 CFR RULE PART)  ;zEVALUATION REQUIRED IF: J R J   uPaging and Radiotelephone Service (subpart E of part 22) f ZD7*  X|-nonrooftop antennas: height above ground  Xe-level to radiation center < 10 m and  XN-power > 1000W ERP (1640 W EIRP)  X7-rooftop antennas: power > 1000W ERP  X -(1640W EIRP)     Cf Cellular Radiotelephone Service f (subpart H of part 22)c I  X -nonrooftop antennas: height above ground  Xz -level to radiation center < 10 m and total power of all channels > 1000W ERP  XL -(1640 W EIRP)  X5-rooftop antennas: total power of all  X-channels > 1000W ERP (1640W EIRP)      f wPersonal Communications Services  f (part 24)  (1) Narrowband PCS (subpart D):  Xx-nonrooftop antennas: height above ground  Xa-level to radiation center <10 m and total power of all channels > 1000W ERP  X3-(1640 W EIRP)  X-rooftop antennas: total power of all  X-channels > 1000W (1640W EIRP)  X-(2) Broadband PCS (subpart E):  X-nonrooftop antennas: height above ground  X-level to radiation center <10 m and total power of all channels > 2000W ERP  X{-(3280 W EIRP)  Xd-rooftop antennas: total power of all  XM-channels > 2000W (3280W EIRP)  s  W  Sf Satellite Communications  f (part 25) "W all included"X,J&J&= = "s J W:  TABLE 1 (contd.) J: JB R :  f mSERVICE (TITLE 47 CFR RULE PART)  ;zEVALUATION REQUIRED IF: B RC J *  URadio Broadcast Services  (part 73)f f 7* all includedC   *  xExperimental, auxiliary, and special broadcast and other program distributional services  (part 74)f ZDL  subparts A, G, L: power > 100W ERP  X -subpart I: nonrooftop antennas: height above ground level to radiation center < 10  Xc -m and power > 1640 W EIRP  XL -rooftop antennas: power > 1640W EIRP  C 7 *  f |Stations in the Maritime Services  f (part 80) a* ship earth stations only C   *  f uPrivate Land Mobile Radio Services y f Paging Operations  f (part 90)    X-nonrooftop antennas: height above ground  X-level to radiation center < 10 m and  X-power > 1000W ERP (1640 W EIRP)  X-rooftop antennas: power > 1000W ERP  X-(1640W EIRP)   a   f uPrivate Land Mobile Radio Services (f Specialized Mobile Radio f i("covered" providers only see below)*  f (part 90) t  X-nonrooftop antennas: height above ground  X-level to radiation center < 10 m and total power of all channels > 1000W ERP  X-(1640 W EIRP)  X-rooftop antennas: total power of all  Xt-channels > 1000W ERP (1640W EIRP)  s _ W  f Amateur Radio Service  f (part 97) "W  X-transmitter output power > 50W PEP s FW * Note: "Covered" SMR providers includes geographic area SMR licensees in the 800 MHz and 900 MHz bands that offer realtime, twoway switched voice service that is interconnected"$Y,J&J&= = d#K" with the public switched network and Incumbent Wide Area SMR licensees, as defined in  20.3 of this chapter.  (2) Mobile and portable transmitting devices that operate in the Cellular Radiotelephone Service, the Personal Communications Services (PCS), the Satellite Communications Services, the Maritime Services (ship earth stations only) and covered Specialized Mobile Radio Service providers authorized under subpart H of part 22, part 24, part 25, part 80, and part 90 of this chapter are subject to routine environmental evaluation for RF exposure prior to equipment authorization or use, as specified in  2.1091 and 2.1093 of  X1-this chapter. All unlicensed PCS and millimeter wave devices are also subject to routine environmental evaluation for RF exposure prior to equipment authorization or use, as specified in  15.253(f),  15.255(g), and  15.319(i) of this chapter. All other mobile, portable, and unlicensed transmitting devices are categorically excluded from routine environmental evaluation for RF exposure under  2.1091 and 2.1093 of this chapter except as specified in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section.  (3) In general, when the guidelines specified in  1.1310 are exceeded in an accessible area due to the emissions from multiple fixed transmitters, actions necessary to bring the area into compliance with the guidelines are the shared responsibility of all licensees whose transmitters produce field strengths or power density levels at the area in question in excess of 1% of the exposure limits applicable to their particular transmitter.  X-  X-  (i) Applicants for proposed (not otherwise excluded) transmitters, facilities or modifications that would cause noncompliance with the limits specified in  1.1310 at an accessible area previously in compliance must submit an EA if emissions from the applicant's transmitter or facility would result in a field strength or power density at the area in question that exceeds 1% of the exposure limit applicable to that transmitter or facility.  (ii) Renewal applicants whose (not otherwise excluded) transmitters or facilities contribute to the field strength or power density at an accessible area not in compliance with the limits specified in  1.1310 must submit an EA if emissions from the applicant's transmitter or facility results in a field strength or power density at the area in question that exceeds 1% of the exposure limit applicable to that transmitter or facility.  X- (4) Transition Provisions. For applications filed with the Commission prior to January 1, 1997, Commission actions granting construction permits, licenses to transmit or renewals thereof, equipment authorizations, or modifications in existing facilities require the preparation of an Environmental Assessment if the particular facility, operation or transmitter would cause human exposure to levels of radiofrequency radiation that are in excess of the requirements contained in paragraphs (4) (i) (4)(iii) of this section. These transition provisions do not apply to applications for equipment authorization of mobile, portable, and unlicensed devices specified in paragraph (2) of this section."Q%Z,J&J&= = $K"Ԍ (i) For facilities and operations licensed or authorized under parts 5, 21 (subpart K), 25, 73, 74 (subparts A, G, I, and L), and 80 of this chapter, the "Radio Frequency Protection Guides" recommended in "American National Standard Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 300 kHz to 100 GHz", (ANSI C95.11982), issued by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and copyright 1982 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, New York shall apply. With respect to subpart K of part 21 and subpart I of Part 74 of this chapter, these requirements apply only to multipoint distribution service and instructional television fixed service stations transmitting with an equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) in excess of 200 watts. With respect to subpart L of part 74 of this chapter, these requirements apply only to FM booster and translator stations transmitting with an effective radiated power (ERP) in excess of 100 watts. With respect to part 80 of this chapter, these requirements apply only to ship earth stations.  (ii) For facilities and operations licensed or authorized under part 24 of this chapter, licensees and manufacturers are required to ensure that their facilities and equipment comply with IEEE C95.11991 (ANSI/IEEE C95.11992), "Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz." Measurement methods are specified in IEEE C95.31991, "Recommended Practice for the Measurement of Potentially Hazardous Electromagnetic Fields RF and Microwave." Copies of these standards are available from IEEE Standards Board, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 088551331. Telephone: 18006784333. The limits for both "controlled" and "uncontrolled" environments, as defined by IEEE C95.11991, will apply to all PCS base and mobile stations, as appropriate.  (iii) Applications for all other types of facilities and operations are categorically excluded from routine RF radiation evaluation except as provided in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. * * * * *  (e) No State or local government or instrumentality thereof may regulate the placement, construction, and modification of personal wireless service facilities on the basis of the environmental effects of radio frequency emissions to the extent that such facilities comply with the regulations contained in this chapter concerning the environmental effects of such emissions. For purposes of this paragraph:  (1) The term "personal wireless service" means commercial mobile services, unlicensed wireless services, and common carrier wireless exchange access services;  (2) The term "personal wireless service facilities" means facilities for the provision of personal wireless services; "Q%[,J&J&= = $K"Ԍ (3) The term "unlicensed wireless services" means the offering of telecommunications services using duly authorized devices which do not require individual licenses, but does not mean the provision of directtohome satellite services; and  (4) The term "directtohome satellite services" means the distribution or broadcasting of programming or services by satellite directly to the subscriber's premises without the use of ground receiving or distribution equipment, except at the subscriber's premises or in the uplink process to the satellite. 3. A new Section 1.1310 is added to read as follows:  X -  1.1310 Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits.  X -  X -  The criteria listed in Table 1 shall be used to evaluate the environmental impact of human exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation as specified in  1.1307(b), except in the case of portable devices which shall be evaluated according to the provisions of  2.1093  X-of this chapter. Further information on evaluating compliance with these limits can be found in the FCC's OST/OET Bulletin Number 65, "Evaluating Compliance with FCCSpecified Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation." ( NOTE TO INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH: These limits are generally based on recommended exposure guidelines published by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) in "Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields," NCRP Report No. 86, Sections 17.4.1, 17.4.1.1, 17.4.2 and 17.4.3. Copyright NCRP, 1986, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. In the frequency range from 100 MHz to 1500 MHz, exposure limits for field strength and power density are also generally based on guidelines recommended by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in Section 4.1 of "IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz," ANSI/IEEE C95.11992, Copyright 1992 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, New York 10017.ƌ# "7\,J&J&= = ?K"  X-Table 1. Limits for Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) (A) Limits for Occupational/Controlled Exposure _____________________________________________________________________________ hH! O=! O=! O _  O m O   X-Frequencym m Electric Field"Magnetic FieldOO  2  Xv-m O m k Rangem m Strength"StrengthPower DensitykkAveraging Time  X_-(MHz)m m (V/m)"(A/m)(mW/cm2)kk(minutes) ______________________________________________________________________________  X -0.33.0m m 614"1.63(100)*kk 6 2  X -3.030m m 1842/f"4.89/f(900/f2)*kk 6 2  X -30300m m 61.4"0.1631.0kk 6   X -3001500m m "f/300kk 6 2  X -1500100,000m m "5kk 6 2 ______________________________________________________________________________ f = frequency in MHz * = Planewave equivalent power density (B) Limits for General Population/Uncontrolled Exposure m k   _____________________________________________________________________________   O=! O=! O _  O m O   X-Frequencym m Electric Field"Magnetic FieldOO  2  X-m O m k Rangem m Strength"StrengthPower DensitykkAveraging Time  X-(MHz)m m (V/m)"(A/m)(mW/cm2)kk(minutes) ______________________________________________________________________________  X|-m k m - 0.31.34m m 614"1.63(100)*--30 2  Xe-1.3430m m 824/f"2.19/f(180/f2)*--30  XN-30300m m 27.5"0.0730.2--30  X7-3001500m m "f/1500--30 2  X -1500100,000m m "1.0--30  2 ______________________________________________________________________________ f = frequency in MHz * = Planewave equivalent power density " ],J&J&= =  K" NOTE 1 TO TABLE 1: Occupational/controlled limits apply in situations in which persons are exposed as a consequence of their employment provided those persons are fully aware of the potential for exposure and can exercise control over their exposure. Limits for occupational/controlled exposure also apply in situations when an individual is transient through a location where occupational/controlled limits apply provided he or she is made aware of the potential for exposure. NOTE 2 TO TABLE 1: General population/uncontrolled exposures apply in situations in which the general public may be exposed, or in which persons that are exposed as a consequence of their employment may not be fully aware of the potential for exposure or can not exercise control over their exposure.  X - Part 2 FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS AND RADIO TREATY MATTERS; GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS  X - m - X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:63.''iSouthwestern Bell Mobile Systems, Inc. (Southwestern Bell)  X-?64.''iSprint Cellular Company (Sprint)  X-@65.''iTelecommunications Industry Association (TIA)  X|-A66.''iTelocator, The Personal Communications Industry Association (Telocator)  Xe-B67.''iTRW, Inc. (TRW)  XN-C68.''iU.S. Department of Defense (DoD)  X7-D69.''iU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  X -E70.''iUS West  X -F71.''iUnited States Telephone Association  X-G72.''iUtilities Telecommunications Council (UTC)  X-H73.''iLouis A. Williams, Jr. and Associates  X -I74.''iWizard Broadcasting Company (Wizard)  X"- ""f,J&J&= = f!K"  X-REPLY COMMENTS  I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)J I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)  X-1.''iAmerican Mobile Telecommunications Association (AMTA)  X-2.''iAmerican Personal Communications (APC)  X-3.''iAmerican Radio Relay League, Inc. (ARRL)  X-4.''iAMSC Subsidiary Corporation (AMSC)  Xv-5. ''iCelpage, Inc. (Celpage)  X_-6.''iCohen, Dippell and Everist, P.C. (CDE)  XH-7.''iComsat Corp. (Comsat)  X1-8.''iJules Cohen & Associates, P.C. (JC&A)  X -9.''iElectromagnetic Energy Policy Alliance (EEPA)  X - 10.''iSheldon L. Epstein  X - 11.''iEricsson Corporation (Ericsson)  X - 12.''iGTE Service Corporation (GTE)  X - 13.''iHammett & Edison, Inc. (Hammett & Edison)  X - 14.''iHatfield & Dawson Consulting Engineers, Inc. (Hatfield & Dawson)  X-15.w''iIEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 28 (IEEE/SCC28) ƌ#'  Xy-16.w''iMaxwell Safety Products Ltd. (Maxwell)ƌ#'  Xb-17.w''iMcCaw Cellular Communications, Inc. (McCaw)ƌ#'  XK-18.w''iMotorolaƌ#'  X4-19.w''iNarda Microwave Corporation (Narda) ƌ#'  X-20.w''iNational Association of Broadcasters (NAB)ƌ#'  X-21.w''iNational Association of Business and Educational Radio, Inc. (NABER)ƌ#'  X-22.w''iNorthern Telecom, Inc. (Northern Telecom)ƌ#'  X-23.w''iOccupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA)ƌ#'  X-24.w''iDr. Wayne Overbeck and the Amateur Radio Health Groupƌ#'  X-25.w''iPaging Network, Inc. (PageNet) ƌ#'  X-26.w''iPersonal Communications Industry Association (formerly Telocator), (PCIA)ƌ#'  X|-27.w''iPixel Instruments Corp. (Pixel)ƌ#'  Xe-28.w''iSociety of Broadcast Engineers (SBE)ƌ#'  XN-29.w''iSouthwestern Bell Mobile Systems, Inc. (Southwestern Bell)ƌ#'  X7-30.w''iTelecommunications Industry Association (TIA)ƌ#'  X -31.w''iTRW, Inc.ƌ#'  X -32.w''iVillage of Wilmette, ILƌ#'" g,J&J&= = K" ''i` `  hhOhpp  xxxxAugust 1, 1996  X- z JOINT SEPARATE STATEMENT OF W  Xv-}COMMISSIONERS JAMES H. QUELLO AND RACHELLE B. CHONG W W  V1-WPRe: ` ` In the Matter of Guidelines for Evaluating the Environmental Effects of  V -Radiofrequency Radiation, ET Docket 9362  ƌ#` ''i We support the adoption of new guidelines and methods for evaluating the environmental effects of radiofrequency (RF) emissions from FCCregulated transmitters. The exposure limits contained in these guidelines are generally based on the most conservative of the limits contained in the recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP), and in guidelines issued by the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), and subsequently adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as an ANSI standard (ANSI/IEEE C95.11992).  X4-''iWe note that the Commission has used the 1982 ANSI standard4YW yO-ԍ ANSI C95.11982, "American National Standard Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 300 kHz to 100 GHz," ANSI, New York, NY ("1982 ANSI"). for the last twelve years. In the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, the Commission had proposed to adopt the updated 1992 ANSI standard. A majority of the commenters supported that proposal. We write separately because we would have felt comfortable continuing that precedent by adopting the most recent 1992 ANSI standard. We find merit in the open, voluntary, industrydriven ANSI standardsetting process. We support today's decision, however, because we recognize the importance of adopting guidelines that command the broad support of federal agencies charged with the protection of the public health. We clarify that our decision today does not in any way diminish our support for the ANSI standardmaking process or the latest 1992 ANSI standard.