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R4 R9 R> RD ND HD @D ~u y y z t n h d \ V V V V V V V \ \ d h h n t z        W `chK36#* +. ]]#2PP#1.8 m ]P x*- 1.8 m  X_ "j U.rW4  t t ..x 5# xx <e _    ))Y ( * 5*)K36*g.y]]#2PP#3.7 m ]P *3.7 m  a QQ  2LSLE70)"yyrrkkdd]]]VVVOOOHHH~HwHiHbH[HTHMHMOFO?V8V8]1]1d#k#ry <t   W0 І  Њ#2x,G;# Figure 1  Figure 1 y!@ddfcceagle.wpgy$(#(#| | (#(#!=| $ !=| Federal Communications Commission !=| Office of Engineering & Technology  g @!=| #2pPG;Sv#______________________#2pPG;# !=|  | | (#(#(#(#  #Pe#4  pG;P#Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to lRadiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields yAs5m..ddrf-logo.wpgh y$(#(# A,$-   pPA,- #*f9 xr G;BX# A,-  A,-  A,-   r`A,-  (#(#X:ya< ;81%^&amateur.drb < yAdditional y @881%dduhfvhf.ant8  @yInformation for Amateur Radio Stations  p_P$(#(#_a$4  a$4 y0 p]81%grndpln.dra 0 pya$ 4a$4 a$ a$ Figure 1  Figure 1  a$ a$  #zPa$#4  pG;P# a$ ,"(#(#a,U  #$P(#(#$(#(#"Supplement B#4  pG;#  r>&`*#9 xOG;|#(Edition 9701)#4  pG;P#  r'`5E#9 xOG;|#to #4  pG;P#  #(`O OET Bulletin 65 #9 xOG;|#(Edition 9701)#4  pG;# (,,,*=| !m,As5h;'a  8$&a8 ၁Á&] 'x??  ?K  aM@ Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1 ?K#|\  P6G;5P# U 1  ""dddd 1 !7dddd  y "" 97 sP#|\  P6G;5P#D + #\  P6G; P#Evaluating Compliance with FCC D 3Guidelines for Human Exposure  sPD to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields # |\  P6G;5P#у$(#(#MLL!L!$ !L! !L! !L!  au@!L!A E dddd } tddPp "" & r` !#*f9 xr G;BX#Additional Information  rM`for Amateur Radio Stations ă!L! !L! !L!A  $LL A $ A  A  A  A   (#(#  sP X#\  P6G; P#SUPPLEMENT B  s&P~Edition 9701# |\  P6G;5P#у  rs`w7#9 xOG;|#to #|\  P6G;5P#у  sP#u\  P P# OET BULLETIN 65  s P~Edition 9701 ă  sP # 4  pG; #November 1997# |\  P6G;5P#у  a@a` dddd` +   y"" V`  W@ #Xj9 xOG; X#kAUTHORS # Xj\  P6G; 9XP#у  X0 Q^Jerry L. Ulcek ARobert F. Cleveland, Jr.  X0  X0c)Standards Development Branch ă  X0 Allocations and Standards Division ă  Xv01 Office of Engineering and Technology 6Federal Communications Commission  XH0>Washington, D.C. 20554 ă   X0#Xj\  P6G; 9XP#  X0$(#(# a $  Figure 1  Figure 1  a  a  a  a   X~ 0a # Xj\  P6G; 9XP# a  a  a  a  a  a  a   X'0 '(#(# ě # Xj\  P6G; 9XP## Xj\  P6G; 9XP## u\  P P# Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1 # Xj\  P6G; 9XP# ',,,)L! !  } A E p  + +a    r` # *f9 xr G;BX#IMPORTANT NOTE #Xj\  P6G; 9XP#у  a0# 4  pG; #   This supplement is designed to be used in connection with the FCC's OET Bulletin 65, Version 9701. The information in this supplement provides additional detailed information that can be used for evaluating compliance of amateur radio stations with FCC guidelines for exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. However, users of this supplement should also consult Bulletin 65 for complete information on FCC policies, guidelines and compliancerelated issues. Definitions of terms used in this supplement are given in Bulletin 65. Bulletin 65 can be viewed and downloaded from the FCC's Office of Engineering and Technology's World Wide Web Internet Site: http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety.  X0# Xj\  P6G; 9XP#  X0    "",,,0$"      ""dddd 1 a ""dddd 1 <N ddddd ^ dd,I@"" < X0 & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ă$(#(#  Q$  Q    Q  QX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: 500 W ERP  X"0buildingmounted antennas: power > 500 W ERP B @ X$0  X%@q* Transmitter power = PEP input to antenna. For repeater stations # Xj9 xOG; X#only,# Xj\  P6G; 9XP# power exclusion based on ERP (effective radiated power). "',**( "  X@qNo station is exempt from  compliance with the FCC's rules and with the MPE limits. However, many amateur stations are categorically exempt from the requirement to perform a  X@ routine station evaluation  for compliance. Stations operating at or below the power levels given in Table 1, are not required by the FCC to perform a routine evaluation for compliance. Also, stations using mobile and portable (handheld) transmitters (as defined by the FCC's  X0rules) are not required to be routinely evaluated. yO # X\  P6G;P#э The FCC has defined "mobile" devices as those designed to be used in other than fixed locations and to be used in such a way that a separation distance of at least 20 cm is normally maintained between the transmitter's radiating structure(s) and the body of the user or nearby persons. The FCC defines "portable" devices as those designed to be used so that the radiating structure(s) of the device is/are within 20 cm of the body of the user. For example, this definition would apply to handheld cellular phones. Although amateur mobile and portable (handheld) PTT devices are categorically exempt from routine evaluation, users are cautioned to be aware that relatively highpowered mobile or portable devices can expose persons in their immediate vicinity to significant RF fields under conditions of relatively continuous transmission. An example might be a 100110 W vehiclemounted mobile antenna that is mounted in such a way (e.g., on a rear window) so that RF fields are created inside the vehicle. An example of this was noted in the FCC's measurement survey of typical amateur radio stations that is cited in Footnote 10. Amateur repeater stations transmitting with 500 W ERP or less whose antennas are not mounted on buildings, but rather on stand alone towers, and which are located at least 10 meters above ground are also categorically exempt from performing an evaluation. In the case of buildingmounted repeater station antennas, the exemption applies regardless of height if the ERP is 500 W or less. qMany classes of amateur stations are categorically exempt from the need to do a station evaluation. This is because the circumstances under which exempt stations are usually operated are such that the station is presumed to be in compliance with the MPEs. Under some circumstances, such as an antenna that is located unusually near people such as an indoor antenna in a living space or a balcony mounted antenna a foot or so away from a neighbor's balcony, the FCC could require a station evaluation or take other action. FCC rule parts 1.1307 (c) and 1.1307 (d) could require that in cases where a station is categorically exempt, the FCC can require additional action, including a station evaluation, be taken by the station licensee if the FCC believes there is reason to believe that the exposure levels are being exceeded. q qAlthough not required by the FCC's rules, it is advisable that mobile stations also be considered for potential exposure before an amateur automatically applies the categorical exemption. As an example, a 500-watt, 10-meter mobile installation with a vehicle mounted antenna would certainly merit a closer look. On VHF, the use of a high-power amplifier could also present problems in some cases. In general, it is recommended that in these higher powered installations, the antenna be located such that the vehicle occupants will be shielded from the antenna during normal use. One good location is in the center of an all-metal roof. Locations to be avoided for high-power operation would be a trunk-mounted antenna, or installation on a vehicle with a fiberglass roof. In general, mobile installations, even higher-powered ones, should not exceed the MPEs if sound installation guidelines are  X"0followed. The ARRL Handbook and ARRL antenna books, available from the ARRL, have additional material on mobile installations and antennas (see footnote 9). " ( ,** "ԌqEven if the regulations do not require an evaluation, there could be a number of reasons to conduct one anyway. At a minimum, such an evaluation would be good practice for the time when a station change is made that would require an evaluation. In addition, the results of an evaluation will certainly demonstrate to the amateur and his or her neighbors that the station's operation is well within the guidelines and is not a cause for concern. In the case of some of the unusual circumstances described earlier, the FCC's rules could require an evaluation of a station otherwise categorically exempt. In all cases, regardless of categorical exemption, the FCC's rules require compliance with the MPE limits. In most cases, the FCC will rely on amateurs to determine for themselves how the evaluation requirements apply to their stations, but under the rules, the FCC does have the flexibility to ask that an evaluation be performed on any transmitter regulated by the FCC.  X 0qThe Commission's # Xh*f9 xr G;2XX#Report and Order#Xj\  P6G; 9XP# instituted a requirement that amateur license examination question pools will include questions concerning RF environmental safety at amateur stations. Five questions on RF safety are required within each of the first three levels  X 0of written examination elements. Applicants for new amateur licenses must demonstrate their knowledge of the FCC Guidelines through the examinations prepared and administered by the volunteer examiners. The Commission also adopted the proposal of the American Radio  Xd0 Relay League (ARRL) that amateurs should be required to certify, as part of their license application process, that they have read and understand our bulletins and the relevant FCC  X60rules. In addition, applicants for new, renewed and modified primary, club, military recreation and radio amateur civil emergency service (RACES) station licenses and applicants for a reciprocal permit for alien amateur licenses are also required to certify that they have read and understood the applicable rules regarding RF exposure. qWhen routine evaluation of an amateur station indicates that exposure to RF fields could be in excess of the limits specified by the FCC, the licensee must take action to correct the problem and ensure compliance (see Section 4 of OET Bulletin 65 on controlling exposure). Such actions could be in the form of modifying patterns of operation, relocating antennas, revising a station's technical parameters such as frequency, power or emission type or combinations of these and other remedies. For example, assume an amateur applicant or licensee determined that his or her station was in compliance at full power with all relevant FCC limits in all surrounding areas except for one corner of a neighboring property when a certain antenna was aimed in that direction. In such a case, one way of complying would be to simply avoid pointing the antenna in that direction when people are present at that location. qAmateur station licensees are also expected to follow a policy of systematic avoidance  X!0of excessive RF exposure. In its Report and Order the Commission said that it will continue to rely upon amateurs, in constructing and operating their stations, to take steps to ensure that their stations comply with the MPE limits for both occupational/controlled and general public/uncontrolled situations, as appropriate. In that regard, for a typical amateur station located at a residence, the amateur station licensee and members of his or her immediate  X>&0household are considered to be in a "controlled environment" and as such are subject to the occupational/controlled MPE limits. All persons, with particular emphasis on neighbors, who are not members of an amateur station licensee's household are considered to be members of the general public, because they cannot reasonably be expected to exercise control over their"( ,**0* " exposure. In those cases, general population/uncontrolled exposure MPE limits apply.  X0Similar considerations apply to amateur stations located at places other than a residence. yOb # X\  P6G;P#э The definitions of these exposure criteria are discussed in more detail in OET Bulletin 65 and in the  {O* Commission's Report and Order.  qTo qualify for use of the occupational/controlled exposure criteria, appropriate restrictions on access to high RF field areas must be maintained and educational instruction in  X0RF safety must be provided to individuals who are members of the amateur's household. Persons who are not members of the amateur's household but who are present temporarily on an amateur's property may also be considered to fall under the occupational/controlled designation provided that appropriate information is provided them about RF exposure potential if transmitters are in operation and such persons are exposed in excess of the general  X 0population/uncontrolled limits. As one example of educational materials, the 1998 ARRL  X 0Handbook for Radio Amateurs has a section on RF safety. The ARRL also publishes other materials on RF safety and RF exposure. Much of this material is available for viewing or  X 0downloading from the ARRLs World Wide Web site  " X0ԍ# X\  P6G;P# Contact: American Radio Relay League, Inc., QST Magazine, 225 Main St., Newington, CT 06111 Voice: 8605940200, FAX: 8605940294, Email: pubsales@arrl.org, Tech info: tis@arrl.org, Web Site: http://www.arrl.org/news/rfsafety/. The ARRL has developed the ARRL RF Exposure Package, and this material has been reproduced at the ARRL Web site. Paper copies are available from the ARRL Technical  yO Information Service.#X\  P6G;P# In addition, recent articles have appeared in amateur publications that discuss amateur  {O compliance with the FCC's RF rules. Two examples are: (1) "The FCC's New RFExposure Regulations, by Ed  {O Hare, KA1CV, in QST, January 1997; and (2) "Complying with the FCC's New RF Safety Rules, by Wayne  {OI Overbeck, N6NB, in CQ VHF, January 1997. #X\  P6G;P#CQ Communications, Inc. 76 North Broadway, Hicksville, NY, 11801-2953. Tel: (516) 681-2922 FAX: (516) 681-2926 Email: CQVHF@aol.com; 72127.745@compuserve.com; cqcomm@delphi.com; Web Site: http://members.aol.com/cqvhf/ . . qAmateur stations represent a unique case for determining exposure because there are many possible transmitting antenna types that could be designed and used for amateur service. However, several relevant points can be made with respect to analyzing amateur radio antennas for potential exposure that should be helpful to amateur licensees in performing evaluations. qFirst, the generic equations described in OET Bulletin 65 and in this supplement can be used for analyzing fields due to almost all antennas, although the resulting estimates for power density may be overlyconservative in some cases. Nonetheless, for general radiators  X0and for aperture antennas, if the user is knowledgeable about antenna gain, frequency, power and other relevant factors, the equations in this section can be used to estimate field strength and power density as described earlier. In addition, other resources are available to amateurs for analyzing fields near their antennas. For example, as mentioned above, the ARRL provides excellent material available to help amateurs analyze their radio facilities for compliance with RF guidelines. Also, in 1996 the FCC released the final report of a 1990 study conducted by the FCC and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of several amateur radio stations that provides a great deal of measurement data for many types of"; ,**P "  X0antennas commonly used by amateurs.$  yOy # X\  P6G;P#э Federal Communications Commission (FCC), "Measurements of Environmental Electromagnetic Fields at Amateur Radio Stations," FCC Report No. FCC/OET ASD9601, February 1996. FCC, Office of Engineering and Technology (OET), Washington, D.C. 20554. Copies can be ordered from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 1 8005536847 (Order No. PB96145016), or the report can be downloaded from OET's Home Page on the World Wide Web at: http://www.fcc.gov/oet/.$ The FCC/EPA study concluded that, for most of the stations surveyed, RF protection guidelines were not exceeded in most accessible areas. However, the report also indicated that at higher power levels or with different facility configurations, higher exposure levels could not be completely ruled out. qThis supplement contains information that should allow amateur licensees to predict RF field levels at their station site and determine distances that should be maintained from transmitting antennas in order to comply with the FCC's guidelines. The tables in this supplement represent the more commonly used types of amateur station antennas. For those types not covered by the tables, it may be necessary for the licensee to calculate the fields that are present by means of equations from this supplement, Bulletin 65, computer modelling, or  X 0direct measurements.  x yO, # X\  P6G;P#э See Bulletin 65 for a discussion of measurement techniques and instrumentation. Material from the ARRL contains additional charts and tables developed with the same methods used to create the information in this supplement. qThe FCC is relying on the demonstrated technical skills of amateurs to comply with these rules, select an evaluation method and to conduct their own station evaluations. The methods outlined in Bulletin 65 and this supplement can be used, but amateurs are free to select alternative methods as long as they are technically valid. If an amateur station is evaluated and found to be in compliance with the rules, no paperwork need be filed with the FCC, other than any required certifications as part of the Form 610 station application, and the station may be immediately put into operation. qAmateur radio organizations and licensees are encouraged to develop their own more detailed evaluation models and methods for typical antenna configurations and  X0power/frequency combinations.)  yO # X\  P6G;P#э For example, a power density "calculator" has been developed by Kenneth Harker, KM5FA, and can be accessed at the following World Wide Web site: http://www.utexas.edu/students/utarc/. This program is based on a C version of a public domain BASIC program written by Prof. Wayne Overbeck that appeared in the  {O January, 1997, issue of CQ VHF. The source code for this program may be downloaded at: ftp://members.aol.com/cqvhf/97issues/rfsafety.bas) Such models and methods have been utilized in developing the material in this supplement. In addition, FCC staff will continue to work with the amateur radio community to assist licensees and applicants in evaluating compliance. qInformation on RF safety issues is generally available at the FCC's World Wide Web Site. OET bulletins and supplements, such as this one, and other relevant FCC orders and documents can be downloaded from the specific web site for "RF safety." For example, information on the biological effects and potential hazards of RF radiation are discussed in an FCC publication (OET Bulletin 56), entitled "Questions and Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Radiation." This document can be downloaded from"  ,**P " the web site, or copies can be requested from the FCC's RF safety program. The FCC's home page address is: www.fcc.gov. The web site address for the RF safety program is: www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety. Information on RF safety issues can also be directed to the FCC's RF safety program at: (202) 4182464 [FAX: (202) 4181918] or by calling the FCC's tollfree number: 1 (888) CALL FCC [1 (888) 2255322].  X10C<<N ddddtddx""  << a0# |9 xOG;ؼ##4  pG; # OSection 1 # |9 xOG;ؼ#у 4 What is Radiofrequency Radiation?C$(#(#1  Q$  Q  Q  Q  X 0 Q # o\  PC 9XP#  # o\  PC 9XP#  (#(#qRadiofrequency (RF) energy is one type of electromagnetic energy. Electromagnetic waves and associated phenomena can be discussed in terms of energy, radiation or fields. Electromagnetic "radiation" can be defined as waves of electric and magnetic energy moving together (i.e., radiating) through space. These waves are generated by the movement of electrical charges. For example, the movement of charge in a radio station antenna (the alternating current) creates electromagnetic waves that radiate away from the antenna and can be intercepted by receiving antennas. Electromagnetic "field" refers to the electric and  X0magnetic environment existing at some location due to a # o\  PC 9XP#radiating source such as an antenna. qAn electromagnetic wave is characterized by its wavelength and frequency. The wavelength is the distance covered by one complete wave cycle. The frequency is the number of waves passing a point in a second. For example, a typical radio wave transmitted by a 2meter VHF station has a wavelength of about 2 meters and a frequency of about 145 million  X0cycles per second (145 million hertz): one cycle/second = one hertz, abbreviated Hz. # p\  PC5P#  X0#o\  PC 9XP#qElectromagnetic waves travel through space at the speed of light. Wavelength# o\  PC 9XP# and frequency are inversely related by a simple equation: (frequency) times (wavelength) = the  aX@speed of light, or # |9 xOG;ؼ#f #4  pG; #x# |9 xOG;ؼ#  = c#Xj\  P6G; 9XP#. Since the speed of light is a constant quantity, highfrequency electromagnetic waves have short wavelengths and lowfrequency waves have long wavelengths. Frequency bands used for amateur radio transmissions are usually characterized by their approximate corresponding wavelengths, e.g., 12, 15, 17, 20 meters, etc. qThe electromagnetic "spectrum" includes all of the various forms of electromagnetic energy ranging from extremely low frequency (ELF) energy (with very long wavelengths) to all the way up to X-rays and gamma rays which have very high frequencies and correspondingly short wavelengths. In between these extremes lie radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light and ultraviolet radiation, respectively. The RF part of the electromagnetic spectrum can generally be defined as that part of the spectrum where electromagnetic waves have frequencies that range from about 3 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Figure 1 illustrates the electromagnetic spectrum and the approximate relationship between the various forms of electromagnetic energy.  Figure 1  Figure 1 Further information on RF  `8)@ Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  Figure 1  3'3'Standard'3'3Standardal)HL4MPCAD.PRSx  ڰ  Figure 1  Figure 1   Figure 1  Figure 1   Figure 1   Figure 1   # |9 xOG;ؼ#y1 %(x0*< amateur.dra%(y8) ,***  e Q N x - $..-$ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  `@..Figure 1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum#Xj\  P6G; 9XP#ѐ X0 X    3- X  X0 '3'3Standardal)HL4MPCAD.PRSx  3'3'Standardal)HL4MPCAD.PRSx  hڰ  electromagnetic field exposure and potential biological effects can be found in the FCC's OET  X0Bulletin 56." A^ Xb0ԍ# X\  P6G;P# #W*f9 xr G;0X#"Questions and Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Radiation,"  yOK #X\  P6G;P#OET Bulletin No. 56, Third Edition, January 1989. This bulletin can be viewed and downloaded at the FCC's OET World Wide Web site: http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety. Also, note that this bulletin is being revised, and a new version should be available in early 1998."  av0# p\  PC5P#   "F dddd<addiH"" 2P a0N# |\  P6G;5P# #4  pG; #Section 2# |\  P6G;5P##|9 xOG;ؼ# FCC Exposure Guidelines 'and Their Application$(#(#v  $          (#(#  X 0 #Xj\  P6G; 9XP#qThe FCC's guidelines for Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) are defined in terms  X 0of power density (units of milliwatts per centimeter squared: mW/cm2), electric field strength (units of volts per meter: V/m) and magnetic field strength (units of amperes per meter:  Xm0A/m). In the far-field, in free space of a transmitting antenna, where t 1dddddddd (1) 1dddddddd (1) he electric field vector (E), the magnetic field vector (H), and the direction of propagation can be considered to be all mutually orthogonal ("planewave" conditions), these quantities are related by the following  X*0equation.* yO # X\  P6G;P#э Note that this equation is written so that power density is expressed in units of mW/cm2. The impedance of free space, 377 ohms, is used in deriving the equation.   # X\  P6G;P# !dddd,dd+,YXX&eeFq(1)UX0S~=~E SUP { 2 } OVER { 3770 }~=~37.7H SUP { 2 } Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPS,TEH2F377037e.732U  yO q   where:S = power density (mW/cm2) q   E = electric field strength (V/m) q   H = magnetic field strength (A/m)  X0#Xj\  P6G; 9XP#  X0 qIn the nearfield of a transmitting antenna, the term "farfield equivalent" or "planewave equivalent" power density is often used to indicate a quantity calculated by using the  X0nearfield values of E2 or H2 as if they were obtained in the farfield. As indicated in Table 1 of Appendix A for nearfield exposures the values of planewave equivalent power density are given in some cases for reference purposes only. These values are sometimes used as a convenient comparison with MPEs for higher frequencies and are displayed on some measuring instruments. *"),**P# e  H P_"s !Ԍ X0 ÙExposure Environments qThe FCC guidelines incorporate two separate tiers of exposure limits that are dependent on the situation in which the exposure takes place and/or the status of the individuals who are subject to exposure. The decision as to which tier applies in a given situation should be based on the application of the following definitions.  X_@q# Xj9 xOG; X#Occupational/controlled# Xj\  P6G; 9XP# exposure limits apply to situations in which persons are exposed as a consequence of their employment and in which those persons who are exposed have been made fully aware of the potential for exposure and can exercise control over their exposure. Occupational/controlled exposure limits also apply where exposure is of a transient nature as a result of incidental passage through a location where exposure levels may be above general population/uncontrolled limits (see below), as long as the exposed person has been made fully aware of the potential for exposure and can exercise control over his or her exposure by leaving the area or by some other appropriate means. As discussed previously, occupational/controlled exposure limits apply to amateur licensees and members of their immediate household (but not their neighbors see below). In general, a controlled environment is one for which access is controlled or restricted. In the case of an amateur station, the licensee or grantee is the person responsible for controlling access and providing  XL0the necessary information and training as described above.   X@q# Xj9 xOG; X#General population/uncontrolled# Xj\  P6G; 9XP# exposure limits apply to situations in which the general public may be exposed or in which persons who are exposed as a consequence of their employment may not be made fully aware of the potential for exposure or cannot exercise control over their exposure. Therefore, members of the general public always fall under this category when exposure is not employmentrelated, as in the case of residents in an area near a broadcast tower. Neighbors of amateurs and other nonhousehold members would normally be subject to the general population/uncontrolled exposure limits. qFor purposes of applying these definitions, awareness of the potential for RF exposure in a controlled or similar environment can be provided through specific training. Warning signs and labels can also be used to establish such awareness as long as they provide information, in a prominent manner, on risk of potential exposure and instructions on methods  X 0to minimize such exposure risk.4y  X 0ԍ# X\  P6G;P# For example, a sign warning of RF exposure risk and indicating that individuals should not remain in the area for more than a certain period of time could be acceptable. Bulletin 65 provides more information on warning signs.4  X 0 Time and Spatial Averaging  X"0 qA fundamental aspect of the exposure guidelines is that they apply to power densities or the squares of the electric and magnetic field strengths that are spatially averaged over the body dimensions. Spatially averaged RF field levels most accurately relate to estimating the wholebody averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) that will result from the exposure and the"S% ,**& " MPEs specified in Table 1 of Appendix A are based on this concept. This means that local values of exposures that exceed the stated MPEs do not imply noncompliance if the spatial average of RF fields over the body does not exceed the MPEs. Further discussion of spatial averaging as it relates to field measurements can be found in Section 3 of Bulletin 65 and in the ANSI/IEEE and NCRP reference documents noted there. qAnother feature of the exposure guidelines is that exposures, in terms of power  X_0density, E2 or H2, may be averaged over certain periods of time with the average not to exceed the limit for continuous exposure. As shown in Table 1 of Appendix A, the averaging time for occupational/controlled exposures is 6 minutes, while the averaging time for general population/uncontrolled exposures is 30 minutes. It is important to note that for general population/uncontrolled exposures it is usually not possible or practical to control access or otherwise limit exposure duration to the extent that averaging times can be applied. In those situations, it would normally be necessary to assume continuous exposure to RF fields that would be created by the on/off cycles of the radiating source. q qAs an illustration of the application of timeaveraging to occupational/controlled exposure (such as would occur at an amateur station) consider the following. The relevant interval for timeaveraging for occupational/controlled exposures is six minutes. This means, for example, that during any given sixminute period an amateur or a worker could be exposed to two times the applicable power density limit for three minutes as long as he or she were not exposed at all for the preceding or following three minutes. Similarly, a worker could be exposed at three times the limit for two minutes as long as no exposure occurs during the preceding or subsequent four minutes, and so forth. qThis concept can be generalized by considering Equation (2) that allows calculation of the allowable time(s) for exposure at [a] given power density level(s) during the appropriate timeaveraging interval to meet the exposure criteria of Table 1 of Appendix A. The sum of the products of the exposure levels and the allowed times for exposure must equal the product of the appropriate MPE limit and the appropriate timeaveraging interval.  XN0  yO7  X hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: 1,500 W X 0.2 X .53 (16 of 30 minutes) = 159 W ă qAnother example might be a 500watt CW station that is used in a DX pileup, transmitting 15 seconds every two minutes (45 seconds for six minutes) the result would be the same for either controlled or uncontrolled exposure:  XH0 500 W X 0.4 (40% from Table 2) X 0.125 (45 of 360 seconds) = 25 W (controlled) 500 W X 0.4 X 0.125 (225 of 1800 seconds) = 25 W (uncontrolled)  X 0 qFor the case of a 250watt FM base station used to talk for 5 minutes on, 5 minutes off, 5 minutes on (worst case) calculated power becomes (since worst case is 5 minutes transmission during any sixminute period or 15 minutes during any 30minute period):  X0 250 W X 1.0 (100% from Table 2) X 0.833 (5 of 6 minutes) = 208.3 W (controlled) 250 W X 1 X 0.5 (15 out of 30 minutes) = 125 W (uncontrolled)  XK0  a0# |\  P6G;5P#  a'0 Table 2. #Xj\  P6G; 9XP# Duty Factor of Modes Commonly Used by Amateurs O !dd0<<  Al ZZ?1@@@O B   A A I  X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: mdddda dd"" \< a0tL# 4  pG; #Section 3# 4  pG; #  ` @M# |9 xOG;ؼ#Methods of Predicting Human Exposuref$(#(#v v !v a$ !v a !v a !v a  X0!v a 3'3'Standardal)HL4MPCAD.PRSx  3'3'Standardal)HL4MPCAD.PRSx  hڰ v v v(#(#qAmateurs can select from a number of technically valid methods that can be useful in performing the required station evaluations. In general, it will be appropriate to use one of the following methods:  W @ o Estimated compliance distances using tables developed from fieldstrength equations o Estimated compliance distances using tables derived from antenna modeling o Estimated compliance distances using antenna modeling (NEC, MININEC, etc.) o Estimated compliance distances using fieldstrength equations  W @o Estimated compliance distances using software developed from fieldstrength equations   X @o  Estimated compliance distances using calibrated fieldstrength measurements  In addition, methods for controlling exposure outlined in this supplement and in Section 4 of OET Bulletin 65 should be consulted for information on various means of ensuring compliance.  X0 Tables Using FarField Formulas qMost amateurs will use various tables to estimate compliance distances for MPE limits. The simplest of these tables was developed using a farfield equation and assuming ground reflection of electromagnetic waves from the RF source. This model, although simplified, has been verified to be a reasonable approximation against a number of dipole, groundplane and Yagi antennas, based on computer modeling (see later discussion) carried out by the ARRL. The ARRL reports that this model does not necessarily apply to all antenna types. Computer models of small HF loops, for example, yield RF fields very near the antenna that are much higher than the farfield formula predicts. In most cases, however, the tables derived from this farfield approximation give conservative results that overpredict exposure levels. Tables 4 a. and 4 b. are probably the easiest of the tables to use. They are followed by a number of tables based on specific antenna types. qThe first step an amateur should take is to select the simple table that best applies to your station and determine the estimated compliance distance(s) for the relevant operating band(s). If a compliance distance is less than the actual distance to an exposure location, the station passes and the evaluation is complete. It can be that simple. Remember that these distances are for the absolute distance from the antenna at any angle. Remember also, that  XR%@the FCC's limits are  exposure limits, not emission  limits. Therefore, if high RF levels are present at a given location, but no one will be exposed at that location, this does not mean the station is out of compliance.  X)0 X),**+P3v map!> mXԌ X0Tables Derived from NEC Modeling qIn many cases, actual exposure below an antenna can be significantly less than that indicated by the tables based on farfield considerations. If a station passes using the farfield tables, this could be a moot point, although some licensees may still need to demonstrate actual predicted exposure levels. There are no easy answers to actual nearfield predictions for actual antennas over real ground. The ARRL has, however, used Numeric Electromagnetic Code (NEC4) antenna modeling software to predict fields from a number of actual antennas and ground conditions. The results are summarized in a series of tables. These tables are located in Section 4 of this supplement, beginning with Table 18. Amateurs who desire a more accurate estimate of the RF fields expected near their antennas are encouraged to refer to this section. In many cases, a station that may not pass based on worstcase predictions could easily be shown to be in compliance using these tables. The ARRL tables offered in this supplement are only a few examples of a large number of tables prepared by that organization using this method.  Xy0 Antenna Modeling qThe same methods used to derive the NECmodeled tables can be applied to any antenna situation. Amateurs are known to use many unique and varied types of antennas, and it is not possible to develop tables for every possible antenna type or combination. Some amateurs may want to evaluate the effect of multiple antennas or other conductors in proximity to their antennas in order to have a more accurate estimate of exposure than could be obtained from other calculational methods. For example, many amateurs may wish to use antennamodeling software for this purpose. qMany antennamodeling programs are based on NEC or MININEC analysis. These programs often yield very accurate results. An amateur enters his or her antenna dimensions and ground characteristics into the antenna model, and the program is then executed to calculate electric and magnetic field strengths near the antenna. These programs do require some amount of user skill, but the average amateur should not experience too much difficulty in using them. The ARRL Web page maintains a list of software vendors who sell antenna  X 0modeling software (http://www.arrl.org/news/rfsafety).` TB yO # X\  P6G;P#э Note: Brian Beezley, K6STI, has made a scaled-down version of his Antenna Optimizer software available. Download NF.ZIP at: http://oak.oakland.edu:8080/pub/hamradio/arrl/bbs/programs/. Contact: Brian Beezley, K6STI, 3532 Linda Vista Drive, San Marcos, CA 92069, Phone: 6195994962, Email: k6sti@n2.net. Also, The equations used for the simple, farfield tables in this supplement have been used to develop a program written in Basic by Wayne Overbeck, N6NB. This program has been made available for downloading from ftp://members.aol.com/cqvhf/97issues/rfsafety.bas. It has also been rewritten into a power density calculator by Ken Harker, KM5FA, and can be accessed at http://www.utexas.edu/students/utarc/. Roy Lewellan, W7EL, sells ELNEC and EZNEC antenna modeling software, based on MININEC or NEC2. ELNEC is based on MININEC, but does not have near-field capability. EZNEC is based on NEC2 and can be used to predict the near field strength. This software is available from W7EL Software, PO Box 6658, Beaverton, OR 97007, Phone: 503-646-2885, Fax: 503-671-9046, Email: w7el@teleport.com, Web Site: ftp://ftp.teleport.com/vendors/w7el/  " ,** P"Ԍ X0ԙ Prediction Methods and Derivation of Tables  X0 qThe tables, figures and graphs provided in this supplement should allow most amateur station licensees and applicants to easily determine the steps necessary to ensure that their stations will comply with the FCC's guidelines. By using the appropriate table or figure for a given antenna type, the station licensee should be able to obtain the necessary compliance information. As an example, to ensure compliance for a station using a certain antenna type and transmitter power level, the minimum separation distance between a person and an antenna is given in the appropriate table. Since continuous exposure is assumed for convenience, and because timeaveraging of exposure is allowed, these distances will be conservative (most amateur station transmissions are twoway and thus not continuous for significant periods of time). qThe tables and figures are based both on farfield equations (see Bulletin 65) and also on data obtained from computer programs such as the Numeric Electromagnetic Code (NEC) and MININEC. Much of this information has been provided by individual amateur licensees and amateur radio organizations. When this is the case, the source of the table or information has been provided. The tables are provided for a sample of the most commonlyused amateur station antennas. For other antennas or system configurations, amateurs may have to perform their own calculations or other evaluation based on the information in Bulletin 65.  X40# p\  PC5P# #o\  PC 9XP# # Xj\  P6G; 9XP#  X0# Xj\  P6G; 9XP#qAs discussed in Bulletin 65, calculations can be made to predict RF field strength and power density levels around typical RF sources. For example, in the case of a nondirectional antenna, a prediction for power density in the farfield of the antenna can be made by use of the general Equations (3) or (4) below [for conversion to electric or magnetic field strength see Equation (1) above]. These equations are generally accurate in the farfield of an antenna but will overpredict power density in the near field, where it could be used for making a "worst case" or conservative prediction.  yOe aYddddddddK ,dd+ ,TB1XX&Kq` ` (3)`6 6 X!S~=~PG OVER { 4 pi R SUP { 2 } } Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPS+tPGFRV4F4M24F!߱$(#(#e(#(#!a'#$# X\  P6G;P#qwhere:` ` S = power density (in appropriate units, e.g. mW/cm2) q` ` P = power input to the antenna (in appropriate units, e.g., mW) q` ` G = power gain of the antenna in the direction of interest relative to an isotropic radiator (dBi) q` ` R = distance to the center of radiation of the antenna (appropriate units, e.g., cm)  W#@q #Xj9 xOG; X#or: # X\  P6G;P#  yO$ "(ddddddd,dd+P <,5'XX&Kq` ` (4)X#S~=~EIRP OVER { 4 pi R SUP { 2 } } Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPStEIRPFRV4F4M24F!߫$(#(#$(#(#!'#$q#X\  P6G;P#where: ` ` EIRP = equivalent (or effective) isotropically radiated power  X;)0#Xj\  P6G; 9XP#;),**)Pe'#! aY('#f+(PԌ X@Wl6 dddddddd5sdd+ l,XG~=~10 SUP {dB OVER 10}Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPFGFdBFF1010)WqWhen using these and other equations care must be taken to use the # Xj9 xOG; X#correct units# Xj\  P6G; 9XP# for  X0all variables. For example, in Equation (3), if power density in units of mW/cm2 is desired then power should be expressed in milliwatts and distance in cm. Other units may be used, but care must be taken to use correct conversion factors when necessary. Also, it is important  X@to note that the power gain factor, # Xj9 xOG; X#G# Xj\  P6G; 9XP#, in Equation (3) is normally # Xj9 xOG; X#numeric# Xj\  P6G; 9XP# gain. Therefore, when power gain is expressed in logarithmic terms, i.e., dB, a conversion is required using the $(#(#x ! $relation: "  "  "  $    (#(#For example, a logarithmic power gain of 14 dB is equal to a numeric gain of 25.1. Table 3 gives factors that can be used for converting logarithmic and numerical gain.  a 0# 4  pG; # Table 3. Gain Conversion  X0# Xj\  P6G; 9XP# # o\  PC 9XP# Y Al ZZ?1@@@ a ddxd Y  z k   Gain (dBi)X Numeric GainX Gain (dBi)X Numeric Gainz I  P  1P 1.3P 11P 12.6I I X 2P 1.6P 12P 15.9I I  33P 2.03P 133P 20.0I I  4|P 2.5|P 14|P 25.1I I 3 5P 3.2P 15P 31.6I I | 6P 4.0P 16P 39.8I I  7WP 5.0WP 18WP 63.1I I  8P 6.3P 20P 100.0I I W 9P 7.9P 25P 316.2I y   P  10b 10.0b 30b 1000.0y    Xb0# ]\  PCP##o\  PC 9XP# qIn many cases, operating power may be expressed in terms of "effective radiated power" or "ERP" instead of EIRP. ERP is referenced to a halfwave dipole radiator instead of an isotropic radiator. Therefore, if ERP is given it is necessary to convert ERP into EIRP in order to use the above equations. This is easily done by multiplying the ERP by the factor of 1.64, the gain of a halfwave dipole relative to an isotropic radiator. Conversely, divide X&,**'3 h J 6 X EIRP by 1.64 to obtain ERP. For example, if ERP is used in Equation (4) the relation becomes:  X0x?ddddddd ,dd+  ,V@XX&K(5)XgS~=~EIRP OVER { 4 pi R SUP { 2 } } ~= ~{1.64~ERP} OVER {4 pi R sup{2}}~= ~{0.41~ERP} OVER {pi R sup{2}}Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XP/StEIRPFRtERPFR> tERP FR V44s 4F4]2t1ft.t64F412 t0 t. t41 2DF!F!l F!$(#(#(#(#!"$ 1dddddddd (1) 1dddd (1) qFor a truly worstcase prediction of power density at or near a surface, such as at groundlevel or on a rooftop, 100% reflection of incoming radiation could be assumed, resulting in a potential doubling of predicted field strength and a fourfold increase in (farfield equivalent) power density. In that case Equations (3) and (4) can be modified as follows to:  X 0_ 1dddd (1) 1dddd (1) xdddd Ldd+ ,XX&Kq(6)OXcS~=~{(2)^2PG} OVER { 4pi R SUP { 2 } }~=~PG OVER { pi R SUP { 2 } } ~= ~{EIRP} OVER { pi R sup{2}}Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XP/S tPGFRtPGFR7tEIRPFRB,4d4;"4t(#t2t)2F422z 2F!yF!aF!O$(#(# (#(#_!'#$qAs discussed in Bulletin 65, for the case of FM radio and television broadcast antennas, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed models for predicting groundlevel field strength and power density. The EPA model recommended a more realistic approximation for ground reflection by assuming a maximum 1.6fold increase in field strength leading to an increase in power density of 2.56 (1.6 X 1.6). Equation (4) then becomes:  X|0 1dddd (1) 1dddd (1) "xdddd$ ,dd+ ,XX&Kq(7)XSS~=~ { 2.56 ~ EIRP } OVER { 4 pi R SUP { 2 } } ~= ~{0.64~EIRP} OVER { pi R sup{2}}Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XP'StEIRPFRWtEIRP+FRP4P4t2<t.nt56F4(2t0t.7t642F!F!ߚ$(#(#|(#(#!'#$# XN\  P  9XP# qIf ERP is used in Equation (7), the relation becomes:  X 0 1dddd (1)  1dddd (1) !"xH$dddd,dd+X  , XX&(8)'XS~= ~ { 0.64 ~ EIRP } OVER { pi R SUP { 2 } } ~ =~ { (0.64)(1.64)~ ERP } OVER { pi R SUP { 2 } } ~= ~{1.05~ERP} OVER { pi R sup{2}}Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XP/StEIRPjFR tERPG FROtERPFR P41 4 4t0Dt.vt642t(t0Pt.t64Jt)t(t14 t.f t64. t) 2 t1 t./t052F!F!}F!'߰$(#(# (#(#!!'#$ ),***?" x? 1'#x'# x H$'#(!axH$X ၁ÁԌ X0ԙqIt is often convenient to use units of microwatts per centimeter squared ( W/cm2)  X0instead of mW/cm2 in describing power density. The following simpler form of Equation (8)  X0can be derived if power density, S , is to be expressed in units of W/cm2:  yO 4 <DL!` hp x  1dddd (1) ! 1dddd (1) A!x(dddd',dd+ x,'XX&Kq (9)XS~=~{33.4~ERP} OVER {R sup{2}}Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPStERPFR4t33t.t42ߵ$(#(#(#(#!A#$# XN\  P  9XP#q` `  # X\  P6G;P# where: S = power density in W/cm2 q` `  ERP = power in watts q` `  R = distance in meters  X 0#Xj\  P6G; 9XP# qAn example of the use of the above equations follows. A repeater station is transmitting at a frequency of 146.94 MHz with a total nominal ERP (including all polarizations) of 1 kilowatt (1,000 watts) from a towermounted antenna. The height to the center of radiation is 10 meters above groundlevel. Using the formulas above, what would be the calculated "worstcase" power density that could be expected at a point 2 meters above ground (approximate head level) and at a distance of 20 meters from the base of the tower (e.g., at a neighbor's property line where the more restrictive general population exposure  X@limits would apply)? Note that this type of analysis # Xj9 xOG; X#does not# Xj\  P6G; 9XP# take into account the specific radiation pattern of the antenna, i.e., no information on directionality of propagation is considered. Use of actual radiation pattern data would likely significantly reduce actual groundlevel exposures from those calculated below, but often this is unnecessary when using "worst case" approximations or for amateur stations where operating powers may not be that high (see Bulletin 65 for further discussion)  X0a{Pddddi,dd+( lXLS~=~{33.4~(1,000~watts)} OVER {~ (21.5~m) SUP {2}} ~=~about~72~ mu W/cm^{2} Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPStwattslFm about W cm: 4t33t.t4t(t1-t,_t000t)sF(F21~F.F5F)?2* 72u /S2J lqFrom simple trigonometry the distance R can be calculated to be about 21.5 meters  X0[square root of: (8)2 + (20)2]. Therefore, using Equation (9), the calculated power density is:"""" v $(#(#(#(#v!a%#$By consulting Table 1 in Appendix A, it can be determined that the limit for general  XK!0population/uncontrolled exposure at 146.94 MHz is 0.2 mW/cm2 (200 W/cm2 ). Therefore, this calculation shows that even under "worstcase" conditions this station would easily comply with the general population/uncontrolled limits at the neighbor's property line. Similar calculations could be made to ensure compliance at other locations, such as at the base of the tower where the shortest direct line distance, R, to the ground would occur and where worstcase exposure of the amateur's household members might occur.  X(0 |),***e(# A( %#'#a{P( Ԍ X0ԙMeasurements qThe equations and calculational methods described here and in OET Bulletin 65 have been used to develop the tables, figures and graphs in this supplement. In addition, direct measurement of RF fields can be performed, and this topic is also discussed in Bulletin 65. Bulletin 65 includes an extensive section on the topic of performing measurements of RF field strength and power density. However, in general, most amateurs will not have access to the appropriate calibrated equipment to make such measurements. The fieldstrength meters in common use by amateurs operators and inexpensive handheld field strength meters do not provide the accuracy necessary for reliable measurements, especially when different frequencies may be encountered at a given measurement location. As discussed in Bulletin 65, repeatability and accuracy of more than a few dB is often difficult to achieve even with  X 0the best available instrumentation and expertise. Đ X 0  Xy0  Xb0A ddddtdd !"" 2 a0n# 4  pG; #Section 4# |\  P6G;5P#  ` @m#|9 xOG;ؼ#Estimated Compliance Distances from *Typical Transmitting Antennas$(#(#b A $  XK0A   X40A  A  A  A  A   (#(#  X0 Tables Based on FarField Equations  X|0q# o\  PC 9XP#The following tables are based on use of the farfield equations for power density given above (Equations 3 and following) assuming the reflection factor used by the EPA.  XN0These tables represent "worst case" estimates of the farfield equivalent power density. These tables should be used unless the exposure situation of interest is in the main beam or lobe of the antenna being considered. In the latter case, surface reflection would not necessarily be of major concern. qTables 417 are not heightspecific. To use these tables it is necessary to match the characteristics of the antenna in question as closely as possible to those of the appropriate table and locate the distance to the appropriate environment boundary. For example, for a 500 watt, 21 MHz, horizontal, halfwave dipole antenna refer to Table 7. In order to comply with the occupational/controlled environment, a lineofsight distance of 2.8 meters would have to be maintained from the antenna for conditions of continuous transmission. The distance required to comply with the limit for the general public/uncontrolled exposure criteria distance would be a minimum of 6.3 meters for continuous transmission. If the antenna in question is operated with a power level in between two of the levels given in a table it is possible to interpolate the distance given between the actual power level and the next highest power level. X),** +3  A  !XԌqFor example, consider the following situation. Using Table 5 it is desired to find the distance necessary to comply with the occupational/controlled limit for a threeelement, triband Yagi antenna transmitting at approximately 14 MHz with 700 watts of power (peak envelope power or PEP). Since a specific entry for 700 watts is not given in Table 5, the appropriate distance must be determined from those given. There are two ways to do this. The first and simplest approach is to simply use the distance corresponding to the next highest power level. This approach will lead to a more conservative distance, but may not be a problem if the actual separation distance is more anyway. For this approach, using the entry for 1,000 watts results in a distance requirement of 4.5 meters in order to be assured of meeting the controlled/occupational criteria. qThe second approach for this case is to interpolate between the entries for 500 watts and 1,000 watts, respectively. This requires solving for the value x in the following relation and adding the value obtained for x to the distance requirement for 500 watts (3.1 m). To set up this calculation, 200 watts is obtained from 700500 watts, 500 watts is obtained from 1000 500 watts and 1.4 is obtained from 4.5 3.1. qSolving for x  Xb0Wdddd- dd+ "WI,{200 ~ watts} OVER {500~watts}~=~x OVER{1.4}Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XP7LT200LF500F1=F.oF4TwattsFwatts)TxI$(#(#b__(#(#!_$ "_ "_ "_ $_ __(#(#(#(#Solving for x yields approximately 0.6. Adding this to 3.1 results in a value of about 3.7 m. Therefore, using this method, at 700 watts and 14 MHz, the required "worstcase" distance is determined to be about 3.7 meters from the antenna in order to comply with the  X0occupational/controlled limit.  X0` hp x pm -   Xe0NOTE: Some of the tables in this section use the following abbreviations:  X70a dddd;tddt` #"" # X0  con = occupational/controlled exposure limit(s)  unc = general population/uncontrolled exposure limit(s)  f = transmitter frequency  X0  HAG = antenna height above ground level  X0  m = meter(s) Ĥ$(#(#7@@a@!$ a@! a@! a@! a@! a@! a@! a@! @@#(#(# Q%,**p&e_ "@!7&a` #  X0    # %PQ\P#f#a2PP#  fpm - eS / V}: #& #Xj\  P6G; 9XP#TABLE 4a. (MF/HF Bands)  X0? (Developed by Fred Maia, W5YI Group, working in cooperation with the ARRL.) # Xj\  P6G; 9XP#  ~J0?# [2PG;#|tP#-  X0##Xj\  P6G; 9XP#Estimated distances in meters from transmitting antennas necessary to meet FCC power density limits for Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) for either occupational/ controlled exposures ( Con) or general population/uncontrolled exposures ( Unc) using typical antenna gains for the amateur service and  X0assuming 100% duty cycle and maximum surface reflection. Chart represents worst case scenario.# [2PG;#|tP#  ~J0 88     J\0LD!d!d!d!dDLeS / V}: #&rA /  c2G"_$N' Z Freq. ă _ Antenna ă  J0WS  (MF/HF)ăʥ _ Gain M M ##K2P#|tP#X Peak Envelope Power (watts) Ơ#  N0##&R2P%4&P#ʔE (MHz/Band)P _ (dBi) ăd M  100 watts#%&R2P%4&P# ʜ)  500 watts ʮPU   1000 watts ă  1500 watts #%K2P#|tP# ă  Jm0ʐi_ _ ʓ M  Con.Unc.o)&Con.MUncʖPCon.>Unc.Con.ʰ!e"Unc. ă      LD!!!!DL   LD!d!d!d!dDLN2.0 (160m)1 _ 0 M 0.100.2ʴ)+0.3 P0.5P0.5~0.7M0.6!e"0.8 N2.0 (160m)1 _ 3 M 0.200.3ʴ)+0.5 P0.7P0.6P1.06M0.8!e"1.2      LD!!!!DL   LD!d!d!d!dDLʒI4.0 (75/80m)1 _ 0 M 0.200.4ʴ)+0.4 P1.0P0.6~1.3M0.7!e"1.6 ʒI4.0 (75/80m)1 _ 3 M 0.300.6ʴ)+0.6 P1.3P0.9~1.9M1.0!e"2.3      LD!!!!DL   LD!d!d!d!dDLQ7.3 (40m)1 _ 0 M 0.300.8ʴ)+0.8 P1.7P1.1~2.5M1.3!e"3.0 Q7.3 (40m)1 _ 3 M 0.501.1ʴ)+1.1 P2.5P1.6~3.5M1.9!e"4.2 Q7.3 (40m)1 _ 6 M 0.701.5ʴ)+1.5 P3.5P2.2~4.9M2.7!e"6.0      LD!!!!DL   LD!d!d!d!dDLʪK10.15 (30m)1 _ 0 M 0.501.1ʴ)+1.1 P2.4P1.5~3.4M1.9!e"4.2 ʪK10.15 (30m)1 _ 3 M 0.701.5ʴ)+1.5 P3.4P2.2~4.8M2.6!e"5.9 ʪK10.15 (30m)1 _ 6 M 1.002.2ʴ)+2.2 P4.8P3.0~6.8M3.7!e"8.3      LD!!!!DL   LD!d!d!d!dDLʪK14.35 (20m)1 _ 0 M 0.701.5ʴ)+1.5 P3.4P2.2~4.8M2.6!e"5.9 ʪK14.35 (20m)1 _ 3 M 1.002.2ʴ)+2.2 P4.8P3.0~6.8M3.7!e"8.4 ʪK14.35 (20m)1 _ 6 M 1.403.0ʴ)+3.0 P6.8P4.3~9.6M5.3!e"11.8 ʪK14.35 (20m)1 _ 9 M 1.904.3ʴ)+4.3 P9.6P6.1P13.6M7.5!e"16.7      LD!!!!DL   LD!d!d!d!dDL|H18.168 (17m)1 _ 0 M 0.901.9ʴ)+1.9 P4.3P2.7~6.1M3.3!e"7.5 |H18.168 (17m)1 _ 3 M 1.202.7ʴ)+2.7 P6.1P3.9~8.6M4.7!e"10.6 |H18.168 (17m)1 _ 6 M 1.703.9ʴ)+3.9 P8.6P5.5P12.2M6.7!e"14.9 |H18.168 (17m)1 _ 9 M 2.405.4ʴ)+5.4M12.2P7.7P17.2M9.4!e"21.1      LD!!!!DL   LD!d!d!d!dDL|H21.145 (15m)1 _ 0 M 1.002.3ʴ)+2.3 P5.1P3.2~7.2M4.0!e"8.8 |H21.145 (15m)1 _ 3 M 1.403.2ʴ)+3.2 P7.2P4.6P10.2M5.6!e"12.5 |H21.145 (15m)1 _ 6 M 2.004.6ʴ)+4.6M10.2P6.4P14.4M7.9!e"17.6 ʘI21.145 (15m)1 _ 9 M 2.906.4ʴ)+6.4M14.4P9.1P20.311.1!e"24.9      LD!!!!DL   LD!d!d!d!dDLʪK24.99 (12m)1 _ 0 M 1.202.7ʴ)+2.7 P5.9P3.8~8.4M4.6!e"10.3 ʪK24.99 (12m)1 _ 3 M 1.703.8ʴ)+3.8 P8.4P5.3P11.9M6.5!e"14.5 ʪK24.99 (12m)1 _ 6 M 2.405.3ʴ)+5.3M11.9P7.5P16.8M9.2!e"20.5 ʪK24.99 (12m)1 _ 9 M 3.407.5ʴ)+7.5M16.8ʭP10.6P23.713.0!e"29.0      LD!!!!DL   LD!d!d!d!dDLN29.7 (10m)1 _ 0 M 1.403.2ʴ)+3.2 P7.1P4.5P10.0M5.5!e"12.2 N29.7 (10m)1 _ 3 M 2.004.5ʴ)+4.5M10.0P6.3P14.1M7.7!e"17.3 N29.7 (10m)1 _ 6 M 2.806.3ʴ)+6.3M14.1P8.9P19.910.9!e"24.4 N29.7 (10m)1 _ 9 M 4.008.9ʴ)+8.9M19.9ʭP12.6P28.215.4!e"34.5      MLD!!!!DL  yO"  88 M##X\  P6G;P#Note: Multiply above distances by 0.707 if duty cycle is 50% such as during a typical back and forth communications exchange. To convert from meters to feet multiply meters by 3.28. Distance indicated is shortest lineofsight distance to point where MPE limit for appropriate exposure tier is predicted to occur. "%% +o)o)7"  X0#Xj\  P6G; 9XP# Table 4b. (VHF/UHF Bands)  X0A (Developed by Fred Maia, W5YI Group, working in cooperation with the ARRL.) # Xj\  P6G; 9XP# ? ?-Estimated distances in meters from transmitting antennas necessary to meet FCC power density limits for Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) for either occupational/ controlled exposures ( Con) or general population/uncontrolled exposures ( Unc) using typical antenna gains for the amateur service and  Xv0assuming 100% duty cycle and maximum surface reflection. Chart represents worst case scenario.# [2PG;#|tP#  X'0##Xj\  P6G; 9XP# 88   LD!d!d!d!dDLZ# &R2P %4&P# Freq ă_ AntennaM M  L0J(VHF/UHF)ăʒ _ Gain M M #%K2P#|tP#X Peak Envelope Power (watts) Ơ#  L0 888  ʔE##&R2P%4&P#(MHz/Band)ăʍ _ (dBi)O M 50 watts#%&R2P%4&P# ă) 100 watts ăP\ 500 watts ă] 1000 watts #%K2P#|tP# ă  J[ 0ʐi_ _ ʓ M  Con.Unc.o)&Con.MUncʖPCon.>Unc.Con.ʰ!e"Unc. ă LD!!!!DL NU50 (6m)1 _ 0 M 1.002.3ʴ)+1.4 P3.2P3.2~7.1M4.5!e"10.1 NU50 (6m)1 _ 3 M 1.403.2ʴ)+2.0 P4.5P4.5P10.1M6.4!e"14.3 NU50 (6m)1 _ 6 M 2.004.5ʴ)+2.8 P6.4P6.4P14.2M9.0!e"20.1 NU50 (6m)1 _ 9 M 2.806.4ʴ)+4.0 P9.0P9.0P20.112.7!e"28.4 NU50 (6m) _ 12 M 4.009.0ʴ)+5.7M12.7ʭP12.7P28.418.0!e"40.2 rA /  c2G"_$N'r_ M )Pe"}$l'8LrU50 (6m) _ 15 M 5.712.7ʴ)+8.0M18.0ʭP18.0P40.225.4!e"56.8 rP144 (2m)1 _ 0 M 1.002.3ʴ)+1.4 P3.2P3.2~7.1M4.5!e"10.1 rP144 (2m)1 _ 3 M 1.403.2ʴ)+2.0 P4.5P4.5P10.1M6.4!e"14.3 rP144 (2m)1 _ 6 M 2.004.5ʴ)+2.8 P6.4P6.4P14.2M9.0!e"20.1 rP144 (2m)1 _ 9 M 2.806.4ʴ)+4.0 P9.0P9.0P20.112.7!e"28.4 rP144 (2m) _ 12 M 4.009.0ʴ)+5.7M12.7ʭP12.7P28.418.0!e"40.2 rR144 (2m) _ 15 M 5.712.7ʴ)+8.0M18.0ʭP18.0P40.225.4!e"56.8 rR144 (2m) _ 20ʪ M 10.122.6ʆ)(14.3M32.0ʭP32.0P71.445.1ʓ!e"101.0 ʌrI222 (1.25m)1 _ 0 M 1.002.3ʴ)+1.4 P3.2P3.2~7.1M4.5!e"10.1 ʌrI222 (1.25m)1 _ 3 M 1.403.2ʴ)+2.0 P4.5P4.5P10.1M6.4!e"14.3 ʌrI222 (1.25m)1 _ 6 M 2.004.5ʴ)+2.8 P6.4P6.4P14.2M9.0!e"20.1 ʌrI222 (1.25m)1 _ 9 M 2.806.4ʴ)+4.0 P9.0P9.0P20.112.7!e"28.4 ʌrI222 (1.25m) _ 12 M 4.009.0ʴ)+5.7M12.7ʭP12.7P28.418.0!e"40.2 ʨrJ222 (1.25m) _ 15 M 5.712.7ʴ)+8.0M18.0ʭP18.0P40.225.4!e"56.8 ʩrK450 (70cm)1 _ 0 M 0.801.8ʴ)+1.2 P2.6P2.6~5.8M3.7!e"8.2 ʩrK450 (70cm)1 _ 3 M 1.202.6ʴ)+1.6 P3.7P3.7~8.2M5.2!e"11.6 ʩrK450 (70cm)1 _ 6 M 1.603.7ʴ)+2.3 P5.2P5.2P11.6M7.4!e"16.4 ʩrK450 (70cm)1 _ 9 M 2.305.2ʴ)+3.3 P7.3P7.3P16.410.4!e"23.2 ʩrK450 (70cm) _ 12 M 3.307.3ʴ)+4.6M10.4ʭP10.4P23.214.7!e"32.8 ʩrK902 (33cm)1 _ 0 M 0.601.3ʴ)+0.8 P1.8P1.8~4.1M2.6!e"5.8 ʩrK902 (33cm)1 _ 3 M 0.801.8ʴ)+1.2 P2.6P2.6~5.8M3.7!e"8.2 ʩrK902 (33cm)1 _ 6 M 1.202.6ʴ)+1.6 P3.7P3.7~8.2M5.2!e"11.6 ʩrK902 (33cm)1 _ 9 M 1.603.7ʴ)+2.3 P5.2P5.2P11.6M7.3!e"16.4 ʩrK902 (33cm) _ 12 M 2.305.2ʴ)+3.3 P7.3P7.3P16.410.4!e"23.2 zrH1240 (23cm)1 _ 0 M 0.501.1ʴ)+0.7 P1.6P1.6~3.5M2.2!e"5.0 zrH1240 (23cm)1 _ 3 M 0.701.6ʴ)+1.0 P2.2P2.2~5.0M3.1!e"7.0 zrH1240 (23cm)1 _ 6 M 1.002.2ʴ)+1.4 P3.1P3.1~7.0M4.4!e"9.9 zrH1240 (23cm)1 _ 9 M 1.403.1ʴ)+2.0 P4.4P4.4~9.9M6.3!e"14.0 zrH1240 (23cm) _ 12 M 2.004.4ʴ)+2.8 P6.2P6.2P14.0M8.8!e"19.8  yO& ##X\  P6G;P#Note: Multiply above distances by 0.707 if duty cycle is 50% such as during a typical back and forth communications exchange. To convert from meters to feet multiply meters by 3.28. Distance indicated is shortest lineofsight distance to point where MPE limit for appropriate exposure tier is predicted to occur.r_ M )Pe"}$l'b < `:^ 8"#\%&8 "( +o)o)0"  X0   8 #Xj\  P6G; 9XP#BBd The following tables (Tables 5 17) give estimated distances to meet RF power density  X@MPE limits in the# Xj9 xOG; X# main beam# Xj\  P6G; 9XP# of typical amateur station antennas. These tables were supplied by Professor Wayne Overbeck of California State University, Fullerton, CA., Mr. Kai Siwiak, P.E., KE4PT, and by the FCC. These tables are based on the farfield equations discussed previously (and in Bulletin 65) and provide values that assume a surface reflection as an estimate of the ground reflection and other factors that surround most antenna installations. BBd It may be possible to obtain a more accurate assessment of the required compliance distances by using tables 1831 found later in this section as they are based on computer modeling using the Numeric Electromagnetic Code (NEC 4). They will likely provide a more accurate analysis of antenna field patterns. However, a disadvantage to using the tables derived from computer modeling is that the antenna in question must match the approximate antenna height given in order for the values to be applicable. If the antenna in question is not located at the appropriate height, then tables 417 should be consulted, or other appropriate methods of determining compliance described in Bulletin 65 and this supplement should be used.  Xz0# o\  PC 9XP## o\  PC 9XP#  Xc0TABLE 5. Threeelement "triband" Yagi assuming surface (ground) reflection# ]\  PCP# m a ddxd ddx5HHHHHHH m "y   " &&  Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits  $X   5$ &`&  ` 14 MHz, 6.5 dBi` 21 MHz, 7 dBi` 28 MHz, 8 dBi$X    E$ &`&  Power (watts) con. unc. con. unc. con. unc. P  &P&  100P 1.4P 3.1P 2.2P 5P 3.4P 7.5P P  &PP&  500UP 3.1UP 7UP 5UP 11.2UP 7.5UP 16.7P P  &PP&  1,000P 4.5P 10P 7.1P 15.8P 10.6P 23.7P   U &P&  1,500% 5.5% 12.2% 8.7% 19.4% 13% 29   X%0#]\  PCP##o\  PC 9XP## o\  PC 9XP# # o\  PC 9XP#  X 0# o\  PC 9XP# " ,** 0"  X0TABLE 6. Omnidirectional HF quarterwave vertical or ground plane antenna  X0 (estimated gain 1 dBi) assumes surface (ground) reflection# ]\  PCP#ѐ ddx5HHHHHHH ddxXXXXXXXXXX "    " 6 6   _Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either Joccupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits  yO %H#X\  P6G;P#TD, `     , 6` 6  +` 3.5 MHz+` 7 MHz+` 14 MHz+` 21 MHz +`  yOS 28 MHz#S\  PC'P#,`      , 6` 6  Transmitter power (watts)  con.  unc.  con.  unc.  con.  unc.  con.  unc.   con.   unc. ? + 6@ 6  100 @ 0.2 @ 0.4 @ 0.4 @ 0.8 @ 0.8 @ 1.7 @ 1.1 @ 2.5  @ 1.5  @ 3.3? ?   6@@ 6  500V @ 0.4V @ 0.9V @ 0.8V @ 1.9V @ 1.7V @ 3.7V @ 2.5V @ 5.6 V @ 3.3 V @ 7.5? ?   6@@ 6  1000 @ 0.6 @ 1.3 @ 1.2 @ 2.7 @ 2.4 @ 5.3 @ 3.5 @ 7.9  @ 4.7  @ 10.6? o  V  6@p 6  1500p 0.7p 1.6p 1.4p 3.2p 2.9p 6.5p 4.3p 9.7 p 5.8 p 12.9o   p  X0#'o\  PC 9XP# # o\  PC 9XP#  X0TABLE 7. Horizontal halfwave dipole wire antenna (estimated gain 2 dBi)  Xv0assuming surface (ground) reflection# ]\  PCP# #]\  PCP# ddxXXXXXXXXXX ddx_XXXXXXXXXX o     6 6   %HTD%H_Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either Joccupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits %H, `     _, 6` 6  ` 3.5 MHz` 7 MHz` 14 MHz` 21 MHz `  yO 28 MHz#S\  PC'P#,`      o, 6` 6  Transmitter power (watts)| con.| unc.| con.| unc.| con.| unc,| con.| unc. | con. | unc, ?  6@ 6  100@ 0.2@ 0.5@ 0.4@ 0.9@ 0.9@ 1.9@ 1.3@ 2.8 @ 1.7 @ 3.7? ? | 6@@ 6  500@ 0.5@ 1.0@ 0.9@ 2.1@ 1.9@ 4.2@ 2.8@ 6.3 @ 3.8 @ 8.4? ?  6@@ 6  10009@ 0.79@ 1.59@ 1.39@ 2.99@ 2.69@ 5.99@ 49@ 8.9 9@ 5.3 9@ 11.8? o   6@p 6  1500p 0.8p 1.8p 1.6p 3.6p 3.3p 7.2p 4.9p 10.9 p 6.5 p 14.5o  9 p",**0"  X0#'o\  PC 9XP## o\  PC 9XP# TABLE 8. VHF 1/4 wave plane or mobile whip antenna at 146 MHz (estimated gain 1 dBi) assuming surface (ground) reflection# ]\  PCP# | ddx_XXXXXXXXXX ddx  | o  9   Transmitter power (watts) 0 Distance (m) to comply with occupational/ controlled exposure limit Distance (m) to comply with gen. population/ uncontrolled exposure limit P  P  10P 0.5P 1.1P P  PP  50:P 1.1:P 2.5P    P  150  2  4.4  :  X 0#o\  PC 9XP#  XT 0 TABLE 9. UHF 5/8 wave ground plane or whip antenna at 446 MHz (estimated gain 4 dBi); main beam exposure, assumes surface (ground) reflection# ]\  PCP# T ddx  ddx  T    :   Transmitter power (watts)G0 Distance (m) to comply with occupational/ controlled exposure limit Distance (m) to comply with gen. population/ uncontrolled exposure limit P  P  10'P 0.6'P 1.3P P  PP  50wP 1.3wP 2.9P   ' P  150 2.3 5.1  w  XO0 #Xj\  P6G; 9XP# # Xj\  P6G; 9XP#TABLE 10. Seventeen (17) element Yagi on fivewavelength boom designed for weaksignal communications on 144 MHz (estimated gain 16.8 dBi); main beam exposure assuming surface (ground) reflection # Xj\  P6G; 9XP# T ddx  !ddx   T    w    yO # ]\  PCP#Transmitter power (watts)B0 Distance (m) to comply with occupational/ controlled exposure limit  Distance (m) to comply with gen. population/ uncontrolled exposure limit P   P  10"!P 3.1"!P 7P P  PP  100r"P 9.9r"P 22.1P P "! PP  500#P 22.1#P 49P   r" P  1500B% 38.2B% 85.5  #"B% ,** %#"  X0 #Xj\  P6G; 9XP#TABLE 11. # X\  P6G;P# #Xj\  P6G; 9XP#Seventeen (17) element Yagi on fivewavelength boom designed for weaksignal communications on 144 MHz (estimated gain 16.8 dBi); main beam exposure; this table does not assume ground reflection and can only be used if the antenna is pointed significantly above the horizon # X\  P6G;P# T !ddx   Addx! T    #    yO5 #]\  PCP#Transmitter power (watts)0 Distance (m) to comply with occupational/ controlled exposure limit Distance (m) to comply with gen. population/ uncontrolled exposure P  P  10P 2P 4.4P P  PP  100- P 6.1- P 13.9P P  PP  500} P 13.9} P 30.8P   -  P  1500  23.9  53.5  }  X 0#o\  PC 9XP#  X0# o\  PC 9XP# # Xj\  P6G; 9XP# # o\  PC 9XP# # Xj\  P6G; 9XP#TABLE 12. Eight 17element Yagis with fivewavelength booms designed for "moonbounce"communications on 144 MHz (estimated gain 24 dBi); main beam exposure, assumes surface (ground) reflection # X\  P6G;P# T Addx! addx! T    }     yO2 #]\  PCP#Transmitter power (watts)0 Distance (m) to comply with occupational/ controlled exposure limit Distance (m) to comply with gen. population/ uncontrolled exposure limit P  P  150P 27.7P 62P P R PP  500P 50.6P 113P    P  1500r 87.6r 196   Xr0 Figure 1   Figure 1 ?#o\  PC 9XP#K # Xj\  P6G; 9XP#  XD0# Xj\  P6G; 9XP#TABLE 13. Eight 17element Yagis with fivewavelength booms designed for "moonbounce" communications on 144 MHz (estimated gain 24 dBi); main beam exposure; this table does not assume ground reflection and can only be used if the antenna is pointed significantly above the horizon  T addx! ddx! T        yOy # ]\  PCP#Transmitter power (watts) "0 Distance (m) to comply with occupational/ controlled exposure limit" Distance (m) to comply with gen. population/ uncontrolled exposure P  P  150!$P 17.4!$P 38.7P P " PP  500q%P 31.5q%P 70.7P   !$ P  1500& 54.9& 121.9  q% yO&  "&!,**0'%"  X0#Xj\  P6G; 9XP#TABLE 14. HF Discone antenna (estimated gain 2 dBi); main  X0beam exposure, assumes surface (ground) reflection# X\  P6G;P#ѐ#Xj\  P6G; 9XP# r ddx! ddx"XXXXXXXX r     Hq%  .@ .    yOz # X\  P6G;P#Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either  yOB occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits #Xj\  P6G; 9XP#(H    ( .@ .   3.5 MHz 7 MHz 14 MHz  X028 MHz# P\  P6G;'P#(     ( . .   mJ #'S\  PC'P#Transmitter power (watts) con. unc. con. unc. con. unc. con. unc. ?  .@ .  50 @ 0.1 @ 0.3 @ 0.3 @ 0.6 @ 0.5 @ 1.2 @ 1.1 @ 2.4? ?  .@@ .  1001 @ 0.21 @ 0.41 @ 0.41 @ 0.81 @ 0.71 @ 1.71 @ 1.51 @ 3.3? ?   .@@ .  250p @ 0.3p @ 0.7p @ 0.6p @ 1.3p @ 1.2p @ 2.6p @ 2.4p @ 5.3? o  1  .@p .  500 p 0.4 p 0.9 p 0.8 p 1.9 p 1.7 p 3.7 p 3.3 p 7.5o  p p  yOM #'X\  P6G;P#  X0 #Xj\  P6G; 9XP#TABLE 15. VHF/UHF Discone antenna (estimated gain 2 dBi) main beam exposure, assumes surface (ground) reflection# Xj\  P6G; 9XP# ddx"XXXXXXXX ddx"XXXXXXXX o  p  . .    yO # X\  P6G;P#Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits  yO #]\  PCP#(`    ( .` .  W` 50 MHzW` 144 MHzW` 220 MHzW`  yO 440 MHz#P\  P6G;'P#(`     ( .` .   mJ #'S\  PC'P#Transmitter power (watts) con. unc. con. unc. con. unc. con. unc. ? W .@ .  50C@ 1.3C@ 2.8C@ 1.3C@ 2.8C@ 1.3C@ 2.8C@ 1C@ 2.3? ?  .@@ .  100@ 1.8@ 4@ 1.8@ 4@ 1.8@ 4@ 1.5@ 3.3? ? C .@@ .  250@ 2.8@ 6.4@ 2.8@ 6.4@ 2.8@ 6.4@ 2.3@ 5.2? o   .@p .  5000p 40p 90p 40p 90p 40p 90p 3.30p 7.3o   p"0",**"  X0#'Xj\  P6G; 9XP# # Xj\  P6G; 9XP#TABLE 16. Quarterwave halfsloper antenna (estimated average gain 6.7 dBi); main beam exposure,  X0assumes surface (ground) reflection# X\  P6G;P#ѐ#Xj\  P6G; 9XP# ddx"XXXXXXXX ddx#XXXXXXXX o  H .@ .    yOc # X\  P6G;P#Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits (H    ( .@ .  c 7 MHzc 14 MHzc 21 MHzc  yO 28 MHz#P\  P6G;'P#(     ( . .   mJw #'S\  PC'P#Transmitter power (watts)  con.  unc.  con.  unc.  con.  unc.  con.  unc. ?  .@ .  100 @ 0.7 @ 1.6 @ 1.4 @ 3.2 @ 2.2 @ 4.8 @ 2.9 @ 6.4? ?   .@@ .  500 @ 1.6 @ 3.6 @ 3.2 @ 7.2 @ 4.9 @ 10.7 @ 6.4 @ 14.3? ?   .@@ .  1000Y @ 2.3Y @ 5Y @ 4.5Y @ 10.2Y @ 6.9Y @ 15.2Y @ 9.1Y @ 20.2? o    .@p .  1500p 2.8p 6.2p 5.6p 12.5p 8.4p 18.6p 11.1p 24.8o  Y p  X0#'Xj\  P6G; 9XP# # Xj\  P6G; 9XP#TABLE 17. (Submitted by Kai Siwiak, P.E., KE4PT) One meter  X0diameter HF Loop, 150 W, assumes surface (ground) reflection# X\  P6G;P#ѐ#]\  PCP# r ddx#XXXXXXXX ddx# r o  Y    Frequency (MHz)p  yOg #X\  P6G;P#Distance (meters) from loop center for compliance with either occupational/controlled or general  yO population/uncontrolled exposure#]\  PCP# limits  ?  @  @  mJG #P\  P6G;'P#con.#'X\  P6G;P#@  mJG #P\  P6G;'P#unc.#'X\  P6G;P#? P  @P   yO 7#P\  P6G;'P#NP 2.0NP 2.8P ?  P@  10@ 2.1@ 2.8? ? N @@  14@ 2.1@ 3.2? ?  @@  18 @ 2.3 @ 3.5? ?  @@  21J@ 2.3J@ 3.7? ?   @@  24@ 2.4@ 3.9? o  J @p  28p 2.4p 4.2o  p  yO" #'X\  P6G;P# ",%#,**$"  X0#Xj\  P6G; 9XP# Tables Based on Computer Modeling  X0 BBdThe following tables were developed by the American Radio Relay League (ARRL). The information in these tables was created by use of the Numeric Electromagnetic Code  X0(NEC4), a computer program developed by the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. yO # X\  P6G;P#э Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, tel (510) 4221100, http://www.llnl.gov/. The various heights listed for exposure represent different configurations in a typical residential building. For example, the 1.8meter height was used to estimate groundlevel or firstfloor exposure. The 3.7 meter height represents the ceiling of a typical first floor or the lower part of a second floor. The 6.1 meter height represents the ceiling of a second floor, or the lower level of a third floor. The 9.1 or 4.6 meter heights represent typical exposure if someone were standing at the same height as the antenna in its main beam. This is a typical worstcase exposure for each antenna type. In addition, an 18.2 meter height was included to show how significantly the exposure would drop if antennas were placed at this height or above. BBdIn modeling these antennas, a dielectric constant of 13.0 and a conductivity of 0.005 Seimens were assumed for all antennas. This is generally recognized as average ground. In general, the compliance distances would be a bit greater for better ground, such as might be found in rich farmland, or less for poorer ground such as rocky, dry soil. The NEC4 program automatically calculated the specific gain of the antenna dimensions modeled. BBdThese tables should provide a more accurate estimate of actual exposure than tables 417 which are based on the farfield equation. However, in order to achieve this accuracy, it was necessary to model specific antennas. The following tables are based on computer modeling of antennas at various heights above average ground. They will likely provide a more accurate estimate of antenna fields at the specific compliance heights used in the tables. However, a disadvantage to using tables 1831, is that the antenna in question, and its height, must match the table to be applicable. These tables are examples of a larger number of tables developed by the ARRL using the same methods.  Xe0BBdIf the antenna is located higher than the heights in these tables, in general, the exposure should be less than the predicted values. If these tables are not a good match for your particular installation, it may be necessary to use the previous tables or other evaluation methods described in Bulletin 65.  V0  X0"$ ,** "  X0 TABLE 18. Ten (10)meter band, horizontal, halfwave dipole wire antenna, f = 29.7 MHz, HAG = 9.1 m. r ddx# !ddx% r $o    0$ .  .   yOz # ]\  PCP#Power (watts). ( Distance (meters) from any part of antenna for compliance with either  occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits Y "0" .  \0.  ^ `Height above ground where exposure occurs (meters)X *`    * .` \0.  v 1.8z` 3.7z` 6.1z` 9.1(`    P ( .`P \0.   con. P unc. P con. P unc. P con. P unc. P con. P unc.P P z .PP \0.  50 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.8 P 1.7P P   100j P 0j P 0j P 0j P 0j P 0j P 0j P 1.1j P 2.4P P   150 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.9 P 1.2 P 2.9P P j  250 P 0 P 0 P 0'  P 0 P 0 P 2.7 P 1.7 P 3.8P P   500ZP 0ZP 0ZP 0ZP 0ZP 0ZP 4.9ZP 2.4ZP 5.5P P   750P 0P 3.8P 0P 6.9P 0.9P 6.3P 2.9P 6.7P P Z 1000P 0P 5.8P 0P 9.8P 2.1P 7.3P 3.4P 7.3P P   .P \0.  1500z 0z 8.2z 0z 12.8z 3.4z 9.5z 4.3z 8.8P     XJ0#o\  PC 9XP# b < `:^ 8"#\%&- qThe following example illustrates use of Table 18. Assume an antenna is mounted approximately 9 meters above ground and operates at 250 watts. Then at 1.8 m and 3.7 m above ground a person could safely occupy the area directly below the antenna. In other words, at a distance of 3.7 m above ground, a person would be approximately 5.4 m below the antenna and still be in compliance with both the occupational/controlled and general population/ uncontrolled exposure guidelines. However if a person were located 6.1 m above ground level, a distance of 2.7 m from the antenna would be required in order to comply with the general population/uncontrolled guidelines. As a "worst case," if a person were located 9.1 m above ground, in other words at the same height as the antenna, that person would have to be separated by at least 3.8 m from the antenna to be in compliance with the general population/ uncontrolled exposure guidelines or a distance of 1.7 m away to be in compliance with the occupational/controlled exposure limits. qContinuing to use Table 18, if a person lived in a neighborhood of single story residences, and an antenna was approximately 9.1 m above the ground, then the first column of the table (1.8 m) corresponds to the ground level exposure of a typical person. The data in the table indicates that a power of up to 1000 watts could be used and the antenna would still not cause a compliance problem at ground level. If, for example, a neighbor was working on his roof at a level higher than 1.8 m., say 3.7 m., the power would have to be scaled accordingly by the amateur so the appropriate distance would be met between the neighbor and the antenna. If the power were raised to 1500 watts, for example, a distance of 12.8 m. would have to be maintained from this antenna in order to ensure compliance with the uncontrolled limit at the 3.7 m. height. "9)%,***"  X0 TABLE 19. Ten (10)meter band, three (3)element Yagi antenna, f = 29.7 MHz, HAG = 9.1 m. # X\  P6G;P# !ddx% Addx&d  P  X  .` \0.  Power (watts)M`  Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either  occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits7< "XP" .`P {@.   t Height above ground where exposure occurs (meters)*P`   ** .P` {@.   1.8` 3.7` 6.1` 9.1(`   P z( .`P {@.  E con.*P unc.*P con.*P unc.*P con.*P unc.*P con.*P unc.P P  .PP k@.  50z P 0z P 0z P 0z P 0z P 0z P 0z P 2.6z P 4.0P P * 100 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 3.0 P 5.5P P z  150 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 4.7 P 3.4 P 6.6P P   250j P 0j P 0j P 0S j P 0j P 0j P 7.5j P 4.0j P 8.2P P   500P 0P 0P 0P 14.3P 0P 15.0P 5.5P 11.0P P j  750 P 0 P 10.7 P 0 P 18.0 P 4.6 P 21.6 P 6.5 P 13.7P P  1000ZP 0ZP 14.0ZP 0ZP 20.7ZP 6.4ZP 25.3ZP 7.3ZP 18.3P P    .P k@.  1500 0 17.4 0 24.1 8.5 30.5 8.8 31.4P   Z  X0#o\  PC 9XP#  X0 TABLE 20. Ten (10)meter band, three (3)element Yagi antenna, f = 29.7 MHz, HAG = 18.3 m. # X\  P6G;P# Addx&d addxe&d  P  XZ  .` k@.  Power (watts)`  Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either  occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits7< "XPe" .`P {@.  8 t Height above ground where exposure occurs (meters)*P`   * .P` {@.   1.8m` 3.7m` 6.1m` 18.3(`   P  ( .`P {@.   con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc.P P m .PP k@.  50 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 2.6 P 4.0P P  100]P 0]P 0]P 0]P 0]P 0]P 0]P 3.0]P 5.5P P   150P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 3.4P 6.7P P ] 250 P 0 P 0 P 0S  P 0 P 0 P 0 P 4.0 P 8.5P P  500M"P 0M"P 0M"P 0M"P 0M"P 0M"P 0M"P 5.5M"P 12.8P P   750#P 0#P 0#P 0#P 0#P 0#P 0#P 6.7#P 15.8P P M" 1000$P 0$P 0$P 0$P 0$P 0$P 0$P 7.6$P 17.6P P  # .P k@.  1500m& 0m& 0m& 0m& 21.0m& 0m& 0m& 9.4m& 20.1P   $  X=&0#o\  PC 9XP# "&'&,**'P%"  X0 TABLE 21. Fifteen (15)meter band horizontal, halfwave dipole wire antenna, f = 21.45 MHz, HAG = 9.1 m. addxe&d ddx'd  P  $  . k@.   yOz # X\  P6G;P#Power (watts)#Xj\  P6G; 9XP#.  yOz # X\  P6G;P# Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits= "`" .` \0.    yO t #X\  P6G;P#Height above ground where exposure occurs (meters)*``   f* .`` \0.  " 1.8&` 3.7&` 6.1&` 9.1(`   P ( .`P \0.   con.vP unc.vP con.vP unc.vP con.vP unc.vP con.vP unc.P P & 50 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.6 P 1.2P P v 100 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.8 P 1.8P P   150f P 0f P 0f P 0f P 0f P 0f P 0f P 0.9f P 2.3P P   250 P 0 P 0 P 0S  P 0 P 0 P 0.8 P 1.2 P 2.9P P f  500P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 3.0P 1.8P 4.1P P   750VP 0VP 0VP 0VP 1.7VP 0VP 4.3VP 2.3VP 5.0P P  1000P 0P 0P 0P 4.6P 0P 5.2P 2.6P 5.8P P  V .P \0.  1500& 0& 3.0& 0& 7.5& 1.5& 8.1& 3.2& 7.2P     X0#o\  PC 9XP#  X0TABLE 22. Fifteen (15)meter band, threeelement Yagi, f = 21.45 MHz, HAG = 9.1 m. ddx'd ddx'd  P    . \0.   yOY # X\  P6G;P#Power (watts)   yOY #X\  P6G;P# Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either  occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits'= "h" .p \0.  p t Height above ground where exposure occurs (meters)9Ѓ*h`   E* .p` \0.    1.8 ` 3.7 ` 6.1 ` 9.1(`   P ( .`P \0.  i con.]P unc.]P con.]P unc.]P con.]P unc.]P con.]P unc.P P   50P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 3.2P 3.8P P ] 100P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 3.4P 4.4P P  150M P 0M P 0M P 0M P 0M P 0M P 0M P 3.5M P 5.2P P  250!P 0!P 0!P 0S !P 0!P 0!P 3.0!P 3.8!P 6.4P P M  500"P 0"P 0"P 0"P 0"P 0"P 7.8"P 4.4"P 9.0P P ! 750=$P 0=$P 0=$P 0=$P 8.2=$P 0=$P 12.5=$P 5.2=$P 11.4P P " 1000%P 0%P 0%P 0%P 11.6%P 1.5%P 15.4%P 5.8%P 14.2P P  =$ .P \0.  1500 ' 0 ' 11.1 ' 0 ' 14.8 ' 4.3 ' 19.4 ' 7.0 ' 20.7P   %  X&0#o\  PC 9XP# "'',**P(%"  X0TABLE 23. Twenty (20)meter band horizontal, halfwave dipole wire antenna, f = 14.35 MHz, HAG = 9.1 m. ddx'd ddx(d  P  0%  .  \0.   yOz # ]\  PCP#Power (watts).  Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either  occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits I "0h" . p \0.  ^p t Height above ground where exposure occurs (meters)*h`   * .p` \0.   1.8` 3.7` 6.1` 9.1(`   P j( .`P \0.  & con. P unc. P con. P unc. P con. P unc. P con. P unc.P P  50j P 0j P 0j P 0j P 0j P 0j P 0j P 0.3j P 0.8P P   100 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.5 P 1.1P P j  150 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.6 P 1.4P P   250ZP 0ZP 0ZP 0S ZP 0ZP 0ZP 0ZP 0.8ZP 1.8P P   500P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 1.1P 2.6P P Z 750P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 1.4P 3.2P P  1000JP 0JP 0JP 0JP 0JP 0JP 1.2JP 1.5JP 3.8P P   .P \0.  1500 0 0 0 0 0 2.7 2.0 4.7P   J  X0#o\  PC 9XP#  X0TABLE 24. Twenty (20)meter band , threeelement Yagi, f = 14.35 MHz, HAG = 9.1 m. ddx(d ddxU(d  P   J  . \0.   yO # ]\  PCP#Power (watts)  Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either  occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits H " ( U" .  \0.    Height above ground (meters)*( P    e* . P \0.   1.8P 3.7P 6.1P 9.1(P    P ( .PP \0.  9 con.-P unc.-P con.-P unc.-P con.-P unc.-P con.-P unc.P P  50}P 0}P 0}P 0}P 0}P 0}P 0}P 4.4}P 4.9P P - 100 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 4.6 P 5.2P P } 150"P 0"P 0"P 0"P 0"P 0"P 0"P 4.7"P 5.3P P   250m#P 0m#P 0m#P 0S m#P 0m#P 0m#P 0m#P 4.9m#P 5.8P P " 500$P 0$P 0$P 0$P 0$P 0$P 4.0$P 5.2$P 6.7P P m# 750 &P 0 &P 0 &P 0 &P 0 &P 0 &P 5.5 &P 5.3 &P 7.8P P $ 1000]'P 0]'P 0]'P 0]'P 0]'P 0]'P 6.7]'P 5.6]'P 8.8P P   & .P \0.  1500( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( 8.7( 6.0( 10.8P   ]'  X(0#o\  PC 9XP# "((,**)'"  X0TABLE 25. Twenty (20)meter band, threeelement Yagi, f = 14.35 MHz, HAG = 18.3 m. ddxU(d ddx)d  P   ]'  . \0.   yOz # ]\  PCP#Power (watts).  Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either  occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits H " ( " .  \0.  >  Height above ground (meters)*( P    * . P \0.  f 1.8ZP 3.7ZP 6.1ZP 18.3(P    P  ( .PP \0.   con. P unc. P con. P unc. P con. P unc. P con. P unc.P P Z 50 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 4.4 P 4.9P P   100J P 0J P 0J P 0J P 0J P 0J P 0J P 4.6J P 5.2P P   150 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 4.7 P 5.5P P J  250P 0P 0P 0S P 0P 0P 0P 4.9P 5.8P P   500:P 0:P 0:P 0:P 0:P 0:P 0:P 5.2:P 6.9P P  750P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 5.5P 7.8P P : 1000P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 5.6P 8.7P P   .P \0.  1500Z 0Z 0Z 0Z 0Z 0Z 0Z 6.1Z 10.3P     X*0#o\  PC 9XP#  X0  X0 TABLE 26. Forty (40)meter band, horizontal, halfwave dipole wire antenna, f = 7.3 MHz, HAG = 4.6 m. ddx)d !ddx)d  P  8   .0 \0.   yOv # ]\  PCP#Power (watts)* [ Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either F occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits "8 P " .0P \0.  b FDHeight above ground (meters)*P P    * .PP \0.   1.8P 3.7P 4.6P 6.1(P    P V( .PP \0.   con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc."P P  " 50FP 0FP 0FP 0FP 0FP 0.2FP 0.5FP 0FP 0&P  P  & 100 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.3 P 0.6 P 0 P 0&P  P  F& 150!P 0!P 0!P 0!P 0.2!P 0.4!P 0.8!P 0!P 0&P  P   & 2506#P 06#P 06#P 06#P 0.86#P 0.56#P 1.16#P 06#P 0&P  P  !& 500$P 0$P 0$P 0$P 1.4$P 0.6$P 1.5$P 0$P 0.2&P  P  6#& 750%P 0%P 0%P 0.2%P 1.8%P 0.8%P 2.0%P 0%P 1.1&P  P  $& 1000&'P 0&'P 0.9&'P 0.6&'P 2.1&'P 0.9&'P 2.1&'P 0&'P 1.5&P  P   %& .P \0.  1500( 0( 2.0( 0.9( 2.7( 1.2( 2.7( 0( 2.1P    &'  Xv(0#o\  PC 9XP#"v(),**(`'"  X0 TABLE 27. Forty (40)meter band, horizontal, halfwave dipole wire antenna, f = 7.3 MHz, HAG = 9.1 m. !ddx)d Addx*d $P    &'$ . \0.   yOz # ]\  PCP#Power (watts).  Distance (meters) from any part of antenna for compliance with  occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limitsH "  " . \0.  .  Height above ground (meters)* P    * .P \0.  F 1.8:P 3.7:P 6.1:P 9.1(P    P ( .PP \0.   con. P unc. P con. P unc. P con. P unc. P con. P unc.P P : 50 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.2 P 0.3P P   100* P 0* P 0* P 0* P 0* P 0* P 0* P 0.2* P 0.6P P   150z P 0z P 0z P 0z P 0z P 0z P 0z P 0.3z P 0.7P P *  250P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0.3P 0.9P P z  500P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0.6P 1.2P P  750jP 0jP 0jP 0jP 0jP 0jP 0jP 0.7jP 1.7P P  1000P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0.8P 1.8P P  j .P \0.  1500: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0.9: 2.3P     X 0#o\  PC 9XP#  X0TABLE 28. Eighty (80)meter band, horizontal, halfwave dipole wire antenna, f = 4 MHz, HAG = 4.6 m. Addx*d addx*d  P     . \0.   yOm # ]\  PCP#Power (watts)!  Distance (meters) from any part of antenna for compliance with  occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limitsH " P " .P \0.  !  Height above ground (meters)*P P    * .PP \0.  q 1.8eP 3.7eP 4.6eP 6.1(P    P ( .PP \0.   con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc.P P e 50P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0.1P 0.3P 0P 0P P  100U P 0U P 0U P 0U P 0U P 0.2U P 0.3U P 0U P 0P P  150!P 0!P 0!P 0!P 0!P 0.2!P 0.5!P 0!P 0P P U  250"P 0"P 0"P 0"P 0"P 0.3"P 0.6"P 0"P 0P P ! 500E$P 0E$P 0E$P 0E$P 0.5E$P 0.3E$P 0.9E$P 0E$P 0P P " 750%P 0%P 0%P 0%P 0.8%P 0.5%P 1.1%P 0%P 0P P E$ 1000&P 0&P 0&P 0&P 1.1&P 0.6&P 1.2&P 0&P 0P P  % .P \0.  1500e( 0e( 0e( 0e( 1.5e( 0.6e( 1.5e( 0e( 0.2P   &  X5(0#o\  PC 9XP#"5(*,**('"  X0 TABLE 29. Eighty (80)meter band, horizontal halfwave dipole wire antenna, f = 4 MHz, HAG = 9.1 m. addx*d ddx+d  P   &  . \0.   yOz # ]\  PCP#Power (watts).  Distance (meters) from any part of antenna for compliance with b occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limitsTD " P " .P \0.  . FDHeight above ground (meters)*P P    * .PP \0.  ~ 1.8rP 3.7rP 6.1rP 9.1(P    P "( .PP \0.   con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc.P P r 50 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.1 P 0.2P P  100b P 0b P 0b P 0b P 0b P 0b P 0b P 0.2b P 0.3P P   150 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.2 P 0.5P P b  250P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0.2P 0.6P P   500RP 0RP 0RP 0RP 0RP 0RP 0RP 0.3RP 0.9P P  750P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0.5P 1.1P P R 1000P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0.5P 1.2P P   .P \0.  1500r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0.6r 1.5P     XB0#o\  PC 9XP#  X0 TABLE 30. 160meter band, horizontal, halfwave dipole wire antenna, f = 2 MHz, HAG = 4.6 m. ddx+d ddx+d  P     . \0.   yO # ]\  PCP#Power (watts)B  Distance (meters) from any part of antenna for compliance with  occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limitsH " P " .P \0.  B  Height above ground (meters)*P P    * .PP \0.   1.8P 3.7P 4.6P 6.1(P    P 6( .PP \0.   con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc.P P  50&P 0&P 0&P 0&P 0&P 0.1&P 0.2&P 0&P 0P P  100v P 0v P 0v P 0v P 0v P 0.1v P 0.2v P 0v P 0P P & 150!P 0!P 0!P 0!P 0!P 0.2!P 0.2!P 0!P 0P P v  250#P 0#P 0#P 0#P 0#P 0.2#P 0.3#P 0#P 0P P ! 500f$P 0f$P 0f$P 0f$P 0f$P 0.3f$P 0.5f$P 0f$P 0P P # 750%P 0%P 0%P 0%P 0%P 0.3%P 0.5%P 0%P 0P P f$ 1000'P 0'P 0'P 0'P 0'P 0.5'P 0.6'P 0'P 0P P  % .P \0.  1500( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0.5( 0.8( 0( 0P   '  XV(0#o\  PC 9XP#"V(+,**(@'"  X0 TABLE 31. 160meter band, horizontal, halfwave dipole wire antenna, f = 2 MHz, HAG = 9.1 m. ddx+d ddx,d  P   '  . \0.   yOz # ]\  PCP#Power (watts).  Distance (meters) from any part of the antenna for compliance with either  occupational/controlled or general population/uncontrolled exposure limits H " P " .P \0.  .  Height above ground (meters)*P P    * .PP \0.  ~ 1.8rP 3.7rP 6.1rP 9.1(P    P "( .PP \0.   con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc.P con.P unc.P P r 50 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.1 P 0.2P P  100b P 0b P 0b P 0b P 0b P 0b P 0b P 0.2b P 0.2P P   150 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0 P 0.2 P 0.2P P b  250P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0.2P 0.3P P   500RP 0RP 0RP 0RP 0RP 0RP 0RP 0.3RP 0.5P P  750P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0.3P 0.6P P R 1000P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0.5P 0.6P P   .P \0.  1500r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0.6r 0.91  P     XB0#o\  PC 9XP#"B,,**p"  X0 Examples Using Models The following two examples illustrate how tables such as Tables 24 and 26 can be used. y` &(&`81%Eamateur.hos $-` y $(#(#^^^$ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^  X40^  X0^^(#(#FIGURE 2. Illustration of use of Table 24. qIn Figure 2, an amateur station located at a residence is transmitting using a threeelement Yagi antenna (20 meter/14.35 MHz) that is located approximately 9 m above ground  X@level. Maximum  average  operating power is 1,000 watts. From Table 24 it is apparent that a person standing at ground level (taken as the 1.8 meters level based on a person's height) would always be exposed below the guidelines, regardless of whether they are considered under the occupational/controlled or the general population/uncontrolled tiers of exposure limits. If only single story residences were located near this amateur station then the station would be assumed to be in compliance with FCC exposure guidelines. However, in the case shown in Figure 2 a threestory apartment building is located adjacent to the amateur station. People living in this building would have to be considered under the general population/uncontrolled exposure guidelines. Since the antenna is the same height (9 meters) as the third story of this building, the amateur would have to ensure that the transmitting antenna is at least 8.8 meters from the apartment building. Since the actual distance in this case is 12 meters, the amateur station can be assumed to be in compliance. However, if the distance were not at least 8.8 meters, the amateur station may not comply but there would still be several options for actions that could ensure compliance. These include (but are not necessarily limited to) raising the center of radiation of the antenna to an appropriate height above the apartment building, moving the antenna to the other side of his property, or possibly incorporating duty cycle considerations into determining exposure levels. X;&-,**p'3^`O-&( $X y@ 881%Y2stry2.ama0 %.@ y $(#(#ww(#(#w$ w w w w w w w w w w w w w Figure 1  Figure 1  w w w  Xb0ww(#(#b(#(# FIGURE 3. Illustration of use of Table 26. qIn Figure 3, an amateur station is using a 40 meter/ 7.3 MHz horizontal halfwave dipole antenna that extends from outside a second floor window to a nearby tree. The antenna is approximately 4.6 meters off the ground, and average transmitter power is 1,500 watts. From Table 26 the station would be in compliance with FCC RF guidelines if the amateur or members of his/her immediate household (occupational/controlled exposure) remained directly below the antenna (see 1.8 m column in the table). However, in this example, a household member on the second floor of the house would have to maintain a minimum distance of 2.7 m from the antenna (see 3.7 m and 4.6 m columns for occupational/controlled exposure) in order to ensure compliance. Note also that from Table 26 compliance distances required for a height of 1.8 m are 2 m (general population/uncontrolled). Neighbors of the amateur or persons who do not fit the category of occupational/controlled must stay at least 2 m from the antenna, while at ground level, in order to ensure compliance for continuous exposure. Since the antenna is approximately 4.6 m. off the ground, a person of around 1.8 m. tall would be 2.8 meters from the antenna while they were standing at ground level. Therefore, this station would be in compliance with uncontrolled limits using the parameters listed above qAlso, for the case shown in Figure 3, the amateur station is using a tenmeter, threeelement Yagi antenna mounted on the roof of the house that is operated with 100 watts of average power. This power level was chosen because the second floor of the house is located between 3.76.1 meters above ground (see Table 19). Since the antenna is mounted approximately 9 meters above ground level, the amateur has decided to operate without any X(.,**0*38w.0 %X duty factor or timeaveraging restrictions that might be necessary if higher power levels were used. As shown in Table 19, the station would be in compliance with the RF guidelines for both occupational/controlled and general population/uncontrolled categories for groundlevel and 2nd floor (3.7 and 6.1 m. heights) exposure. If the amateur in this case were to choose to transmit using both antennas simultaneously it would be necessary to consider the total contributions of both antennas to field strength or power density levels at possible exposure locations. This topic is discussed in detail in Bulletin 65, Section 2 (multiple transmitter environments).  X 0 u& pdddd|dd@ &"" /u a0ud# 4  pG; #Section 5# Xj\  P6G; 9XP#ѐ ` @2 2 ' # |9 xOG;ؼ# Controlling Exposure to RF Fields#Xj\  P6G; 9XP#у$(#(# ^ ^ ^ z$ ^ z ^ z ^ z  X0^ z -  m x(0- 8"$&@) ^ ^ y(#(#The FCC's guidelines for exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields incorporate two tiers of limits, one for "general population/uncontrolled" exposure and another for "occupational/controlled" exposure. Amateurs and members of their immediate household are considered by the FCC under the "occupational/controlled" exposure limits. Neighbors, guests, people walking by on the street, delivery people, maintenance people coming to work on the property where an amateur station is located, etc., are normally considered to fall under the "general population/uncontrolled" exposure category. However, under some conditions persons transient through the station property may be considered under the occupation/controlled criteria as discussed in Bulletin 65.  m x(0- 8"$&@)(% hIn order for an amateur to perform an evaluation of his or her station for RF  X|0compliance, the following questions should first be asked:  WN@pp (1) Which category of exposure applies at the location(s) in question? pp(2) What type(s) of transmitting antenna is/are being used? pp(3) What transmitting power levels will be used?  W @pp(4) How far is the area being evaluated from the antenna(s) in question?   X0 ppThe tables in this supplement can then be used to help determine compliance with exposure guidelines. If this supplement does not contain a table that is relevant to the particular station parameters, Bulletin 65 should be consulted for alternative methods of determining compliance (e.g., calculations, measurements, etc.) X)/,**`+3^ pz/& p &XԌppAfter an evaluation is performed, if a determination is made that a potential  X0problem exists, Section 4 of Bulletin 65 should be consulted for a discussion of recommended methods for reducing or controlling exposure. (% m - hSuch methods could include one or more of the following:  W@X 1. Restricting access to high RFfield areas(# 2. Operating at reduced power when people are present in high RFfield areas 3. Transmitting at times when people are not present in high RFfield areas 3. Considering duty factor of transmissions 4. Timeaveraging exposure 5. Relocating antennas or raising antenna height 6. Incorporating shielding techniques 7. Using monitoring or protective devices  W @8. Erecting warning/notification signage   X 0 Limiting access may be the easiest method to reduce exposure. If an antenna is in an area where access is generally restricted (such as a fencedin yard) it may be sufficient to simply control access to the yard when transmissions are in progress (assuming exposure levels exceed the guidelines in the yard). An antenna could also be placed high enough on a tower or mast so that access to high RF levels is generally impossible. Reducing transmitting power can also significantly reduce exposure levels. The power  X0output of a transmitter has a linear relationship with the power density exposure level that could be experienced by a person near the transmitting antenna. For example, if power output is reduced by 20% then power density at a given location will also be reduced by 20%. An often overlooked method of reducing exposure is by utilizing the inherent duty  X0factor of the transmissions from an amateur station. The worstcase duty factor, 100%, occurs during continuous or "key down" transmissions. However, most amateur service twoway transmissions are more likely to be of the "key on, key off" type, resulting in more typical duty factors of, say, 50%.  X70 Consider the following example. An amateur station transmits onoff keyed telegraphy emission type A1A on 28.05 MHz (10 Meter band). The station antenna is a halfwave dipole mounted outside a nearby window (about 9 meters above ground). The station transmits with 1,500 watts PEP. The amateur needs to know how far he or she should be from the antenna to comply with the RF safety guidelines. Table 7 indicates that there must be a distance of about 6.5 meters from the antenna during transmissions. However, the antenna is located closer than 6.5 m to the control point. Assume that with an emission type A1A transmission, the antenna would be energized about 50% of the time. In this case, first consider exposure of the station operator. In such a case limits for the occupational/controlled criteria apply, and the averaging time for occupational/controlled exposure is 6 minutes (see last column in Table 1, Appendix A). This means that the station operator can be exposed at or below 100% of the limit indefinitely. However, exposure in excess of 100% of the limits  X (@is permissible if the timeaveraged  exposure (over 6 minutes) is 100% or less of the MPE limit. For example, should the operator only send telegraph approximately 3 minutes out of every 6 minutes, compliance could be based on a 50% duty factor (50% reduction in power")0,**+" level used in determining exposure potential). This means that the distance values in tables such as Table 7 can be reduced by the multiplication factors shown in Table 32. In this example, the distance requirement for compliance for continuous exposure can be calculated to be:  X0 (0.71)(6.5 meters) =  #V 4.6 #V  meters  X_0  X10?'Table 32 . Duty Factor Conversion# o\  PC 9XP#у m ddx,d  ddx 1 m P z  \0  *Duty factor  X 0D-percentage  dMultiplication factorz q   \0  ^D75%  0.87q q   \0  ^D66%v 0.82q q   \0  ^D50% 0.71q q v \0  ^D33%X 0.58q q  \0  ^D25% L0.5q  X \0  ^D10%j 0.32  "1,**p" 2 Vdddd ddm '"" 22 `@MtV # y*f9 xr G;"X#Conclusion ă$(#(#   $         v(#(#As of January 1, 1998, amateur licensees and grantees will be expected to routinely evaluate their stations for potential human exposure to RF fields that may exceed the FCCadopted limits for maximum permissible exposure (MPE). If such an evaluation shows that potential exposure will exceed the MPE limits, the amateur licensee must take appropriate corrective action to bring the station into compliance before transmission occurs (see 47 CFR  97.13(c), as amended. The Commission has always relied on the skills and demonstrated abilities of amateurs to comply with its technical rules, and it will continue to do so. The Commission believes that amateur licensees and applicants should be sufficiently qualified to conduct their own evaluations and act accordingly. In OET Bulletin 65 and in this supplement we attempt to provide the amateur community with as much information as possible to accomplish these tasks. In addition, Commission staff will continue to be available to answer questions and provide further information if requested. The Commission will also continue to work with amateur organizations such as the ARRL to improve the usefulness, accuracy and inclusiveness of this supplement. Future editions of this supplement (as well as of Bulletin 65) may be issued as needed to update the data and information provided here or to make any major corrections that may be necessary. In that regard, the Commission invites amateurs to provide input to FCC staff relating to evaluating RF exposure and the contents of the Bulletin 65 and its supplements. We also encourage the amateur community to continue its activities in developing its own methods and information for performing RF environmental evaluations. We believe that these efforts will result in an improved and safe amateur service that will benefit both amateur  XN0licensees and those persons residing or working near amateur facilities.# |\  P6G;5P# Xi!2,**`"p3 VO2 V ' X  a20 fu& dddd|dd3h ("" 3u a0# 4  pG; #Appendix A a @2 2 : # |9 xOG;ؼ# Exposure Criteria Adopted by the FCCf$(#(#2^ ^ ^ z$ ^ z  aF@^ z ^ z ^ z#|\  P6G;5P# ^ ^ d (#(#XTable 1 lists the exposure criteria adopted by the FCC for various transmitting frequencies and for the categories of "controlled/occupational" and "general population/uncontrolled" exposures. The limits are defined in terms of electric field strength, magnetic field strength and power density. Intervals for time averaging of exposures are also given. For further information and more detail consult OET Bulletin 65.   X0#Xj\  P6G; 9XP#X3,** p3^ z 3& h (!X  `@Ԇ Table 1. # |\  P6G;5P##y*f9 xr G;"X#FCC Limits for Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) #Xj\  P6G; 9XP#ѐ\  X0 (A) Limits for Occupational/Controlled Exposure _____________________________________________________________________________m -  O _  X0 O p kFrequencyp p Electric FieldNMagnetic FieldPower Density kk0Averaging Time  X0p km k Rangem m Strength (E)NStrength (H)(S)kk0|E|2, |H|2 or S  X0(MHz)m m (V/m)N(A/m)(mW/cm2)kk0(minutes) ______________________________________________________________________________  XR00.33.0m m 614N1.63(100)*kk0 6   X; 03.030m m 1842/fN4.89/f(900/f2)*kk0 6   X$ 030300m m 61.4N0.1631.0kk0 6  X 03001500m m Nf/300kk0 6   X 01500100,000m m N5kk0 6  ______________________________________________________________________________  X0 (B) Limits for General Population/Uncontrolled Exposure _____________________________________________________________________________m k  O _  Xl0 O p kFrequencyp p Electric FieldNMagnetic FieldPower Density kk0Averaging Time  XU0p km k Rangem m Strength (E)NStrength (H)(S)kk0|E|2, |H|2 or S  X>0(MHz)m m (V/m)N(A/m)(mW/cm2)kk0(minutes) ______________________________________________________________________________ m k     X0  m - 0.31.34m m 614N1.63(100)*--R30  X01.3430m m 824/fN2.19/f(180/f2)*--R30  X030300m m 27.5N0.0730.2--R30  X03001500m m Nf/1500--R30  X01500100,000m m N1.0--R30 ______________________________________________________________________________  Xo0f = frequency in MHzN*Planewave equivalent power density  XA@NOTE 1: # XN9 x; X#Occupational/controlled # Xj\  P<G; 9XP#limits apply in situations in which persons are exposed as a consequence of their employment provided those persons are fully aware of the potential for exposure and can exercise control over their exposure. Limits for occupational/controlled exposure also apply in situations when an individual is transient through a location where occupational/controlled limits apply provided he or she is made aware of the potential for exposure. These limits apply to amateur station licensees and members of their immediate household as discussed in the text.  X$@NOTE 2: # XN9 x= X# General population/uncontrolled# Xj\  P>G; 9XP# exposures apply in situations in which the general public may be exposed, or in which persons that are exposed as a consequence of their employment may not be fully aware of the potential for exposure or can not exercise control over their exposure. As discussed in the text, these limits apply to neighbors living near amateur radio stations."/(4,**P*p"  a@# |\  P6G;5P#  aF@ mu& dddd|dd )"" 5u a0# 4  pG; #Appendix B a @2 2 # |9 xOG;ؼ# Optional Worksheet and Record of Compliancem$(#(#F^ ^ ^ z$ ^ z ^ z ^ z ^ z ^ ^ x (#(# m - - #|\  P6G;5P#XThis optional worksheet can be used to determine whether routine evaluation of an amateur station is required by the FCC's rules. It also can be used as an aid in determining compliance. However, use of this worksheet is not required by the FCC.   X0#Xj\  P6G; 9XP# X5,**p3^ z5& )"X  b0     XX @Worksheet Instructions Page @ 1 + u  X0 Optional Worksheet and Record of Compliance with FCC Guidelines  for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields .0for Amateur Radio Stations  X0`Instructions ă   yxdddx<yڢ Optional Worksheet and Record of Compliance # with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure  b"0^ to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields   X300. for Amateur Radio Stations   X0` Instructions  y#xFddd8*6y     X0 P (#҇ \Introduction. This optional worksheet is  Pp intended to be helpful when determining  P whether any particular combination of  Ptransmitting apparatus at an amateur radio  Pstation ("a setup") is in compliance with the  P FCC rules (47C.F.R.1.1310) concerning  P0 human exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields.  P The purpose of the first section of this  P worksheet is to help determine, for any  Ppgiven setup of the amateur station, whether  Pthe routine RF evaluation prescribed by FCC  P rules (47C.F.R.1.1307(b)) must be  PPperformed before the setup can be used for  PPtransmitting. In the event that a routine RF  P evaluation must be performed, that  Pprequirement may be satisfied by completing  PP the second section of the worksheet, by  Pusing methods outlined in OET Bulletin65  P or by employing another technically valid method.  P The person responsible for making the  P determination is the person named on the  Pdata base license grant as the primary station  Plicensee or as the club, military recreation or  PRACES station license trustee, and any alien  PPwhose amateur radio station is transmitting  Pfrom a place where the service is regulated  Pby the FCC under the authority derived from  Pa reciprocal arrangement. When completed,  Pthis worksheet may be retained in the station  P records so that if and when the setup is  Pchanged, it may more easily be re-evaluated.  X^$0 P   Do not send the completed worksheets to  X6%0the FCC.  P If the amateur station is to be operated on  P` more than one wavelength band, or with  Pseveral different antennas or combinations of  PPapparatus, each is considered to be a separate  P setup. It might be helpful, therefore, to  P complete a separate worksheet for each  P setup. For an amateur radio station whereX+6./-/-XX@0p3F'#U#6F8*#X  @ two or more transmitters are used with the  @same antenna on the same wavelength band,  @0it is only necessary to consider the setup that uses the highest power to the antenna input.  X 0 @@Top of each page. At the top of each page  @ are blanks to fill in the amateur station call  @ sign (item1), the wavelength band under  @ consideration (item2), and a number or  @ identifier that will identify the each setup  @ (item3). The purpose for repeating these  @ items on each page is so that the various  @pages of a particular completed worksheet  @could be reassembled if they were to become  @separated. Additionally, at the top of Page1  @ of the worksheet, there are blanks for the  @0location of the station (item4), the name of  @P the person completing the worksheet (item5), and the date (item 6).  X0  ) à  X0  Section I ă  X0 @Items7and8. Fill in the manufacturer and  @model of the transmitter or transceiver and  @ any RF power amplifier, or a brief description of these if they are home built.  X0 @ Item9. Fill in the Peak Envelope Power  @(PEP) output of the transmitter (use the PEP  @ of the external amplifier, if one is to be  @ used), in Watts(A). Many commercially  @ manufactured transmitters and RF power  @ amplifiers have a builtin power meter that  @ can provide a measurement of PEP with  @reasonable accuracy for this purpose. Also,  @P commercially manufactured external PEP  @ reading power meters are available for  @@stations that use common coaxial cables as  @p feed lines. If there isn't any capability to  @measure the PEP output, the maximum PEP  @capability specified by the manufacturer may  @pbe used, or a reasonable estimate, based on  @factors such as measured power input, the  @0 maximum capability of the final amplifier devices or the power supply, may be used.~+6./-/-XXP/p$,6@)6P(/-/-XX3F'#U#6F8*#~ " X0 P "Check the PEP output against Table1.  P Because the PEP input to the antenna(H)  P can't be more than the PEP output(A), it's  Pworthwhile at this point to take a quick look  P@ at Table1 on page3 of SupplementB to  P OET Bulletin65. If the PEP output(A)  P does not exceed the value listed for the  PPwavelength band under consideration, neither  P will the PEP input to the antenna(H). If  P that is the case, a routine RF evaluation is  P not required for this setup, and it isn't  P@ necessary to complete the rest of the worksheet. Otherwise, continue as follows.  X 0 P Item10. Fill in the PEP output used in  P item9, converted to dBW. The power unit  PP dBW expresses the ratio of the power in  P question to 1Watt, in deciBels. The  P following chart can be used to convert  Pcommon PEP levels in Watts to dBW. For  Ppower levels that fall in between the levels given, use the next higher power.  X0Watts`UdBWy$5ddd+7yڃ 1p\k0 2p\k3 3p\k5 5p\k7 10pe10 15pe12 20pe13 25pe14 30pe15 40pe16 50pe17 80pe19 100pe20 150pe22 200pe23 500pe27 1000pe30 1200pe31 1500pe32X:&7.''`'p35D$75+$XԌ @ ԙAlternatively, the following mathematical formula can be used to do the conversion: " X0 @ " ddddG .dd+,7C2power SUB dBW ~=~ 10 ~'~ log ~(power SUB Watts)Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPvpower6dBWvpower 6WattsjvZv':v10*vlogv( v)C$(#(#(#(#!P#$Items11 and 12. Fill in the feed line  @typeand loss (attenuation) specification (C).  @ The attenuation or loss of a feed line is  @higher for higher frequencies. Therefore, the  @wavelength band of operation must be taken  @into account when determining what the feed  @Pline loss specification is. Manufacturers of  @ coaxial cables develop tables showing the  @p attenuation of various types of cables at  @Pvarious frequencies. There are also graphs  @ and charts showing feed line attenuation  @versus frequency in readily available amateur  @@ radio handbooks and publications. The  @conservative approximate loss specifications  @ for commonly used feed line type, given in  @the table on the next page, can also be used.  @ In terms of feed line loss, a "conservative"  @@ estimate means that the feed line is very  @` unlikely to have a lower loss than the  @ estimate, although it may easily have a higher loss than estimated.  X|0 @p Item13. Fill in the length of the feed line in feet (D).  X70 @ Item 14. Fill in the calculated feed line  @P loss(E) in dB. Calculate the feed line  @P loss(E) by multiplying the feed line loss  @specification(C) by the feed line length(D).  @Inherent feed line loss often increases as the  @@ feed line ages. Also, feed line loss is  @considerably larger if the antenna impedance  @ is not matched to the feed line impedance  @p (causing a high SWR). However, for the  @purposes of this work sheet, do not consider  @ or rely upon any additional feed line loss attributable to feed line aging or mismatch.:&7.''@'p$#'7PR70R*''e5D$75+$P #T 7 ,% U Table 1 3UU Table 1 ҈x'] dd p-UU 8x', l  X0t)+ Feed Line Loss Specification for Commonly Used Feed Lines (dB/100 feet) ă# X\  P6G;P# h ddx 1  !00H$kJ h   ,  * \0* "& EBand, "f* XHRG58, "J URG8X, " RG8A,  RG213, "iRG8 eFoam, "T"9913" U$& eqv, " yOx v" 502 "hardline", ""Ladder line", D  * @\0* "'160 mp@"_0.5p@"0.4p@"W 0.3p@""0.2p@"[t0.2p@"\0p@"0D   , *@\0* " 80 m & S75 m|"f* _0.7|"J 0.5|"  W 0.4|")" "0.3|"b [t0.2|" 0.1|" 0  D p *@\0* "S40 m@"_1.1@"0.7@"W 0.5@""0.4@"[t0.3@"0.2@"0D D | *@@\0* "S30 m@"_1.4@"0.9@"W 0.6@""0.5@"[t0.4@"0.2@"0D D  *@@\0* "S20 mH @"_1.7H @"1.1H @"W 0.8H @""0.6H @"[t0.5H @"0.3H @"0D D  *@@\0* "S17 m @"_2.0 @"1.2 @"W 0.9 @""0.7 @"[t0.6 @"0.3 @"g0.1D D H  *@@\0* "S15 m @"_2.2 @"1.3 @"W 1.0 @""0.7 @"[t0.6 @"0.3 @"g0.1D D   *@@\0* "S12 m @"_2.4 @"1.4 @"W 1.1 @""0.8 @"[t0.6 @"0.3 @"g0.2D D   *@@\0* "S10 mX@"_2.5X@"1.5X@"W 1.3X@""0.9X@"[t0.7X@"0.4X@"g0.2D D   *@@\0* "6 m@"_3.5@"2.1@"W 1.7@""1.2@"[t0.9@"0.5@"g0.3D D X *@@\0* "2 m@"_6.5@"3.6@"W 3.0@""2.0@"[t1.6@"1.0@"g0.7D D  *@@\0* "@1 m$@"_8.4$@"4.6$@"W 4.0$@""2.6$@"[t2.0$@"1.3$@"D D  *@@\0* "'70 cmh@"a12h@"6.5h@"W 5.8h@""3.6h@"[t2.8h@"1.9h@"D D $ *@@\0* "'33 cm@"a19@"9.6@"W 9.0@""5.4@"[t4.0@"3.0@"D D h *@@\0* "'23 cm@"a23@"12@" 11@""6.4@"[t4.6@"3.7@"D t   *@p\0* "'13 cmdp"f*dp"15dp" 15dp""8.8dp"[t6.4dp"5.2dp"t  p  X,0 "#Xj\  P6G; 9XP#This table provides conservative approximations for common types of feed lines. It is not  "`meant to represent the actual attenuation performance of any particular product made by  "any particular manufacturer. The actual attenuation of any particular sample of a feed line  "type may vary somewhat from other samples of the same type because of differences in  "materials or manufacturing. If the feed line manufacturer's specification is available, use  " that instead of the values listed in this table. The term "hardline", as used above means  "commercial grade coaxial cable with a solid center conductor, foam dielectric, and solid  X0 " or corrugated jacket. The term "ladder line", as used above, means 4502 insulated window line with parallel conductors.$(#(#(#(# '#$ԇX8.'' (p3'#/8p-&XԒ$(#(#(#(# '#$~8.'' (p$88''3'#/8p-&~Ԓ X0 P Items15 and 16. There may be other loss  Pcausing components in the feed line between  P the transmitter or external amplifier output  P and the antenna input. For example, there  P may be antenna switches or relays,  P directional couplers, duplexers, cavities or  PPother filters. Usually the losses introduced  Pby these components are so small as to be  Pnegligible. However, for setups operating in  P the VHF and higher frequency bands, the  PPlosses introduced by feed line components  P@can be substantial. If this is the case, fill in  Pa brief description of what these components  P are in item15, and a conservative estimate  P of the total loss in dB in item 16, feed line  PP components loss (F). Otherwise, write 0  P (zero) in item 16. In terms of feed line  P@component loss, a "conservative" estimate  Pmeans that the feed line components are very  P` unlikely to have a lower loss than the  P estimate, although they may easily have a  Phigher loss than estimated. If the feed line  Ppcomponent loss is not known, write0 (zero) in item16.  X0 P Item17. Fill in the PEP input to the  P antenna, in dBW(G). Calculate this by  PPsubtracting the calculated feed line loss(E)  P0and the feed line components loss(F) from  P`the PEP output in dBW(B). Expressed as a mathematical equation, this is: 0 G = B E F  Pp If G is less than 17dBW, a routine RF  Pevaluation is not required for this setup, and  Ppit isn't necessary to complete the rest of the worksheet. Otherwise, continue as follows.  X#0 P Item18. Fill in the PEP input to the  Pantenna used in item 17, converted to Watts.  P@The following table can be used to convert  PpPEP levels in dBW to Watts. The entries in":&9.''`'p"  @`this table correspond to the power levels in  @ Table1 in OETBulletin65, SupplementB.  @@ For power levels that fall in between the levels given, use the next higher power.  X0dBW`X!(#Wattsy' ddd.9yڃ 17.0p`"(#50 18.5p`"(#70 18.8p`"(#75 20.0p!(#100 21.0p!(#125 21.8p!(#150 23.0p!(#200 23.5p!(#225 24.0p!(#250 26.3p!(#425 27.0p!(#500  @ dddd#dd+dbwwat@/9'7 power SUB Watts~=~10 ^ { power SUB dBW OVER 10 } Xj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPXj\  P6G;XPvpower6WattsOpowerddodBWvgv1010?L'ߤAlternatively, the following mathematical formula can be used to do the conversion: " X40 @`"$(#(#4(#(#!P#$Item 19. If the setup under consideration is  @Pan amateur radio repeater station, skip over  @ this item and go directly to item20.  @Otherwise, proceed as follows: Compare the  @PEP input to the antenna in Watts(H) to the  @ power level listed in Table1 in  @ OETBulletin65, SupplementB, for the wavelength band to be used.  @If the PEP input to the antenna in Watts(H)  X0 @is less than or equal to the power level listed  @ in Table1 of OETBulletin65,  @SupplementB, for the wavelength band to  @ be used, put a check mark in the first box.  @This means that the FCC rules do not require  @0that a routine RF evaluation of the amateur  @ radio setup be performed before it can beQ%9.''P&p$#'9@P90O(''e '# '9 .'P #E9@/(  Poperated. It is not necessary to complete the rest of the worksheet.  P On the other hand, if the PEP input to the  X0 PP antenna in Watts(H) exceeds the power  P` level listed in Table1 in OETBulletin65,  PSupplementB, for the wavelength band to  Pbe used, put a check mark in the second box.  P This means that a routine RF evaluation of  P0this setup must be performed before it may  P be used to transmit. This requirement may  P@be satisfied by completing the second section  Pof the worksheet, by using methods outlined  P in OET Bulletin65 or by employing any other technically valid method.  X0 P Note: Items20 through 26 are only for amateur radio repeater setups.  XK0 P0Item20. Fill in the manufacturer and model  P0of the transmitting antenna for the amateur  P repeater setup, or a brief description of the antenna type (e.g. vertical collinear array).  X0 P Item 21. Check the appropriate box to  Pindicate whether or not the repeater antenna is mounted on a building.  X|0 P0 Item22. Fill in the height above ground  P level of the lowest radiating part of the  P repeater antenna, in meters(I). One meter equals 3.28feet.  X 0 P Item23. Fill in the maximum gain of the  P repeater antenna, in dBd(J). The term  P maximum gain means the highest antenna  P gain the antenna exhibits in any direction,  Pp not just in the direction of nearby places  Pp where people could be exposed to RF  P electromagnetic fields. The unit "dBd"  P means that the gain is expressed as a ratio  Ppbetween the power flux density ("pfd") that  P0the antenna in question produces and the pfd":&:.''`'p"  @P that a lossless halfwave dipole antenna  @` would produce in free space (when both  @` antennas have the same input power.  @Antenna gain of commercially manufactured  @ antennas mounted in various typical  @0arrangements is generally measured by the  @manufacturer on an antenna test range. The  @manufacturer may specify maximum antenna  @P gain in dBd or dBi or both. If the gain is  @specified in dBi, for the purpose of this item  @ simply subtract 2.15dB from the dBi  @ specification to obtain the dBd. Take into  @account, if possible, any increase in the gain  @ resulting from the mounting arrangement  @P (e.g. if the antenna is sidemounted on a  @ tower). If the it is a home built antenna,  @ estimate the maximum gain likely to be  @ realized for an antenna of that type.  @ Although antenna gain includes antenna  @efficiency, assume the efficiency is 100% for the purpose of this item.  X0 @@ Item24. Fill in the maximum effective  @` radiated power (ERP), in dBW (K).  @Calculate this by adding the PEP input to the  @ antenna in dBW(G) and the estimated  @ maximum repeater antenna gain(J).  @ Expressed as a mathematical equation, this is: 1 K = G + J  X70 @` Item25. Fill in the maximum ERP used in  @ item 24, converted to Watts(L), using the  @ same methods as in the instruction for item18.  X 0 @ Item26. If L is less than or equal to  @ 500Watts (or K is less than 27dBW), a  @routine RF evaluation is not required for this  @@amateur radio repeater setup. Furthermore,  @ even if L exceeds 500 Watts (i.e. K equals  XQ%0 @ or exceeds 27dBW), provided that the  X:&0 @ antenna is not located on a building and isH:&:.''`'p$#':Py:PyQ''H  P installed such that the lowest point of the  Ppantenna is at least 10meters (33feet) above  Ppthe ground level, a routine RF evaluation of  P this amateur radio repeater setup is not  Prequired. In either case, put a check mark in  P the first box. This indicates that a routine  PPRF evaluation of the amateur radio repeater  P0 setup is not required before it can be operated.  P In all other cases, put a check mark in the  P second box. This means that a routine RF  P` evaluation of this amateur radio repeater  P setup must be performed before it can be  Poperated. This requirement may be satisfied  P` by completing the second section of the  P worksheet, by using methods outlined in  P0OET Bulletin65 or by employing any other technically valid method.  X40 Section II ă  X0 P Item27. Fill in a brief description of the  P antenna. If it is a commercially made antenna, indicate the manufacturer and type.  X0 P0 Item28. Fill in the height above ground  P level of the lowest radiating part of the  P antenna, in meters(M). One meter equals 3.28feet.  XN0 PItem29. Fill in the antenna gain in dBi(N).  P`The term "antenna gain" generally refers to  P@ the field intensity at a given distance  P`radiated by the antenna with a given power  PPinput, relative to an ideal lossless reference  P` antenna type such as a halfwave dipole  P(dBd) or an isotropic radiator (dBi), fed with  P the same power and measured at the same  Pp distance. Antenna gain is a result of the  P0directivity (i.e. that more energy is radiated  P in some directions than in others) and the  Pefficiency (that some portion of the energy is  Pnot radiated as electromagnetic fields, but is":&;.''`'p"  @ instead converted to heat as a result of  @electrical resistance in the antenna materials  @ and its surroundings). For this item,  @consider only the directivity of the antenna.  @P The efficiency factor is considered in items3536.  X_0 @@ Check Table4. At this point, refer to  @PTable4 in SupplementB to OET Bulletin65  @`(the W5YI table). For the wavelength band  @`indicated in item2, and using the PEP input  @to the antenna(H) and the antenna gain(N)  @p from the worksheet, find the minimum  @Pnecessary separation distances in meters from  @the antenna for uncontrolled and controlled  @P environments. Pencil these distances in  @ item38 as(T) and (U) respectively. For  @ power levels and antenna gains between  @P those provided in the table, use the next  @higher values. This table is for a worst case  @analysis. Proceed now to the instruction for  @item39, understanding that, if the worst case  @pdistances derived using Table4 are not met  @ in reality, they can be erased from item38  @ and the evaluation can then proceed into further detail with the next instruction.  X0 @@Item30. Fill in the emission type used (e.g. SSB, CW, FM, FSK, AFSK, etc.).  XN0 @ Item31. Fill in an emission type factor(O). The following table may be used. CW Morse telegraphyp,"(#0.4 SSB voicep,"(#0.2 SSB voice, heavy speech processingp,"(#0.5 SSB AFSKp,"(#1.0 SSB SSTVp,"(#1.0 FM voice or datap,"(#1.0 FSKp,"(#1.0 AM voice, 50% modulationp,"(#0.5 AM voice, 100% modulationp,"(#0.3 ATV, video portion, imagep,"(#0.6 ATV, video portion, black screenp,"(#0.8H:&;.''`'p$#';`;`{''H  PThis emission type factor accounts for the  Pfact that, for some modulated emission types  Pthat have a non-constant envelope, the PEP  Pcan be considerably larger than the average  Ppower. See also Table2 in SupplementB of  POET Bulletin65 which provides examples of  Pduty factors for modes commonly used by amateur radio operators.  X10 P` Items32 and 33. Fill in the transmit duty  Pcycle and duty cycle factor. The duty cycle  P is the percentage of time in a given time  P interval (6 or 30minutes) that the amateur  Pradio station is in a transmitting condition,  Pincluding instants where a transmission is in  Pprogress, but there is momentarily no power  P input to the antenna (e.g. the spaces between  Ppthe "dits" and "dahs" of Morse telegraphy,  PP the pauses between words of SSB  Pptelephony). The duty cycle factor is simply  Pthis percentage expressed in decimal form. For example, 20% becomes 0.2.  P` This transmit duty cycle is one of the  Ppparameters that is most easily controlled by  P the amateur radio station operator. As an  P0example, with directed net or list operation,  P consideration should be given to whether the  Pp station is a net control station (relatively  PP more transmit time) or a checkin (lots of  P@listening time, relatively less transmission).  P When transmissions are carried through a  P repeater, the repeater timer may serve as a  P reminder to limit the length of continuous  P0 transmissions. With casual two way  Pconversations, the transmit duty cycle could  P be approximated as 50%. A more detailed  P discussion, with examples, is contained in  P@SupplementB to OET Bulletin65 under the heading of "Time and Spacial Averaging".  XQ%0 P Item34. Fill in the average power input to  Pthe antenna(Q), in Watts. This is calculated":&<.''`'p"  @by multiplying the PEP input to the antenna,  @in Watts(H), by the emission type factor(O)  @Pand the duty cycle factor(P). Expressed as a mathematical equation, this is:  X0 Q = H ' O ' P  X_0 @@ Check Tables417 and/or 1831. At this  @ point, refer to Tables 4 through 17  @ and/or Tables 18 through 31 in  @ SupplementB to OET Bulletin 65. For  @ the wavelength band indicated in item 2,  @ and using the average power input to the  @ antenna(Q) and selecting the appropriate  @` table for the type of antenna, find the  @`minimum necessary separation distances in  @meters from the antenna for uncontrolled and  @controlled environments. Note the limitations  @ on appropriate use of these tables set forth in  @ the bulletin. Write the distances found in  @ item38 as(T) and (U) respectively. For  @ power levels and antenna gains between  @P those provided in the table, use the next higher values.  X0 @Items35 and 36. This item can be used for  @ calculating the power flux density in  @ accordance with the methods outlined in  @OET Bulletin65, where antenna efficiency is  @ a significant factor. Fill in the antenna  @efficiency and antenna efficiency factor(R).  @`The antenna efficiency is the percentage of  @P the input power that is radiated as  @ electromagnetic energy. The antenna  @ efficiency factor is simply this percentage  @0 expressed in decimal form. For example,  @ 20% becomes 0.2. For most antennas, the  @ efficiency is high enough to be negligible.  @ For some antennas, however, particularly  @shortened vertical ground plane antennas,  @Pmobile whips, resistor broadbanded antennas,  @0and small loops, the radiation resistance of  @the antenna may be so low that a significantH:&<.''`'p$#'<p<p''H  P portion of the energy is lost as heat in the  P antenna and it's ground system. Consult  P available amateur radio publications  P` literature for more details. Otherwise,  PPassume that the antenna efficiency is 100% and the antenna efficiency factor(R) is 1.0.  X_0 P Item37. Fill in the average power  P@ radiated(S). This is calculated by  P multiplying the average power input to the  P antenna(Q) by the antenna efficiency  P factor(R). Expressed as a mathematical equation, this is:  X 0z S = Q ' R  X0 P Item38. This item is for filling in the  P distances, in meters, obtained from the  P various tables in SupplementB to OET  P Bulletin65. It is also a good idea to jot the  PPtable number down next to this item so that  P the source of the distances indicated is known.  X0 P Item39. Fill in the actual estimated,  P calculated or measured shortest physical  P distances, in meters, between the radiating  P part of the station antenna and the nearest  P`place where the public or a person unaware  Pp of RF fields could be present, and the  P nearest place where a person who is aware  P of the RF fields could be present, (V) and (U)respectively.  X0 P Item40. This item is a table where the  PPevaluator may fill in calculated or measured  P power flux densities at locations where  Ppersons may be present. Power flux density  P may be calculated by methods outlined in  PP Section3 of SupplementB to OET  PpBulletin65. If valid measurements are made  Pat a reduced power level (that would comply  Pwith exposure guidelines), it can be assumed":&=.''`'p"  @ that these measurements may be adjusted  @@ proportionally to predict field levels at a higher power.  X0  Conclusions Section ă  @At the end of the work sheet is a page where  @pthe evaluator can indicate his or her finding  @Pthat the evaluated amateur radio setup is in  @ compliance with FCC rules. A setup that  @ does not comply must not be used for  @ transmission until it is brought into compliance.  @ The evaluator should check the boxes []  @Pnext to any and all statements that apply to  @ the evaluated amateur radio setup. The  @blank lines can also be used to elaborate on circumstances that support the conclusion.  @0 The first four check boxes are for the  @psituation where, for any of various reasons,  @`it is very unlikely or simply not possible for  @ any person to be in a location where he or  @ she would be exposed to radiofrequency  @electromagnetic fields that are strong enough  @ to exceed the levels prescribed in the FCC  @P Guidelines for Human Exposure. The  @second four boxes are for the situation where  @@a person could be in a location where he or  @` she could be briefly exposed to  @radiofrequency electromagnetic fields that  @ are strong enough to exceed the levels  @ prescribed, but that other considerations  @ ensure that a person will not remain in that  @location long enough to receive exposure in  @@ excess of that allowed by the FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure. H:&=.''`'p$#'== ''H  a0  Ј@Worksheet Instructions Page Worksheet Page @   XXXX u  X0 Optional Worksheet and Record of Compliance with FCC Guidelines  X0 for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ă 1.Call sign: ___________ 2.Wavelength band: __________ 3.Setup #:_____________  <@yx<dddy # |\  P6G;5P#Optional Worksheet and Record of Compliance with FCC Guidelines  a @for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields  a0 bfor Amateur Radio Stations ă  X0#Xj\  P6G; 9XP#  X01.ؠCall sign: ___________ 2.ؠWavelength band: ___________ 3.ؠSetup #: __________  X04.ؠStation location: _________________________________________________________  X05.ؠEvaluated by: ____________________________________ 6.ؠDate: _____________  <} @y)x< ddd*>y - X'` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:./-/-XX+P3 '# )> *)@@@X  X020.ؠRepeater antenna description: _________________________________________________  X021.ؠRepeater antenna location: Jm [ ]mounted on a building [ ]not on a building  X0lJ#k22.ؠMinimum repeater antenna height above ground level:(I) _______ meters  Xv0lJ 23.ؠEstimated maximum repeater antenna gain:(J)________ dBd  XH0lJo}24.ؠMaximum Effective Radiated Power (ERP), in dBW:(K)_______ dBW  X 0lJ 25.ؠMaximum ERP, converted to Watts:(L)_______ Watts  X 0 26.ؠINITIAL DETERMINATION FOR AMATEUR REPEATER STATIONS:     X 0 p[ ] lBased on the effective radiated power (L) calculated above and the antenna height (I) and  X 0 plocation of the antenna, a routine evaluation is NOT required by FCC rules for operation  pas described of this amateur radio repeater station in the stated wavelength band. It is not necessary to complete the rest of this worksheet.(#  XK0 p[ ] lBased on the effective radiated power (L) calculated above and the antenna height (I) and  X40 plocation of the antenna, a routine evaluation is required by FCC rules for operation as  pdescribed of this amateur radio repeater station in the stated wavelength band. The  plicensee may satisfy the requirement for a routine evaluation by completing the rest of this worksheet.(# Reminders:  X0 P` ,^A routine evaluation is not required for vehicular mobile or handheld amateur radio setups.  PPHowever, amateur radio operators should be aware of the potential for exposure to  P@radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from these setups, and take measures (such as reducing  P0transmitting power to the minimum necessary, positioning the radiating antenna as far from  P`humans as practical, and limiting continuous transmitting time) accordingly to protect themselves and the occupants of their vehicles.(#  X0 P0,^The operation of each amateur radio setup must not exceed the FCC's guidelines for human  Ppexposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, regardless of whether or not a routine evaluation is required.(#  X"0 P,^Although a particular amateur radio setup may by itself be in compliance with the FCC's  Pguidelines for human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, the cumulative effect  Pof all simultaneously operating amateur radio setups (and any other operating transmitters in other services) at the same location or in the immediate vicinity must also be considered.(#"Q%?.''p&P"  X0 II.,^Routine Evaluation of amateur radio station setup. !  X027.ؠAntenna description: _____________________________________________________  X0^lJ 28.ؠAntenna height above ground level:(M)_______ meters  Xv0^lJ 29.ؠLossless antenna gain (directivity only):(N)________ dBi  XH030.ؠEmission type: ________J31.ؠEmission type factor:(O)_______  X 032.ؠTransmit duty cycle: _____%J, 33.ؠDuty cycle factor:(P)_______  X 0^lJ !34.ؠAverage power input to the antenna:(Q)_______ Watts  X 0"35.ؠAntenna efficiency: _____%J3#36.ؠAntenna efficiency factor:(R)_______  X0^lJ$37.ؠAverage power radiated:(S) _______ Watts  Xb0%38.ؠMinimum necessary distance from radiating part of antenna to place where:  X40^lJ9  public may be present (uncontrolled):(T)_______ meters  X0^lJ amateur radio operator may be present (controlled):(U)_______ meters  X0&39.ؠActual distance from radiating part of antenna to nearest place where:  X0^lJ9  public may be present (uncontrolled):(V)_______ meters  X|0^lJ amateur radio operator may be present (controlled):(W)_______ meters  XN0'40.ؠCalculated power flux density: J ddx 1 !ddx @G1 J    \0  Location Power Flux Density q   \0  "  q q  ! q q "  \0  # q  ! \0  $  # "%@.''& $"  X0 CONCLUSIONS  ` Based on this routine evaluation, operation of this amateur radio station setup in accordance with  the technical parameters entered above complies with the FCC's guidelines for human exposure  to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields. The following statements provide the basis for this conclusion. A   X_0 p[ ] lIt is physically impossible or extremely unlikely under normal circumstances for any  pperson to be in any location where their exposure to RF electromagnetic fields would exceed the FCC guidelines, because:(#  X 0 ^l[ ]the antenna is installed high enough on a tower or tree or other antenna support  structure, such that it is not possible under normal circumstances for persons to get  close enough to the antenna to be where the strength of the RF electromagnetic fields exceed the levels in the applicable FCC guidelines.(#  X0 ^l[ ]fences, locked gates and/or doors prevent persons who are unaware of the possibility  of RF exposure from normally gaining access to locations where the strength of the RF electromagnetic fields exceed the levels in the applicable FCC guidelines.(#  X40^l[ ]__________________________________________________________________(# ^l__________________________________________________________________ ^l__________________________________________________________________  X0 p[ ] lAlthough persons could normally be in location(s) where the RF fields from the evaluated  p`setup exceed the guideline levels, the following factors ensure that FCC human exposure guidelines will not be exceeded:(#  XN0 @^l[ ]Signs have been installed that alert persons to the presence of RF electromagnetic fields and warn them not to remain for an extended period.(#  X 0  ^l[ ]The locations where RF electromagnetic fields may exceed the guideline levels are roadways or other areas where human presence is transient.(#  X 0^l[ ]__________________________________________________________________(# ^l__________________________________________________________________ ^l__________________________________________________________________