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)^ `> XifQ ` Advanced Legal WordPerfect II Learning Guide   x )^ `> XifQ Advanced Legal WordPerfect II Learning Guide   j-n )^ `> XifQ    Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988`6 >Page  jBX )^ `> XifQ    Page ` Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988 2l8|`Style 3oDutch Roman 11.5 with Margins/Tabs )a [ PfQO  ddn  # c0*b, oT9 !Style 4 PSwiss 8 Point with MarginsDq Co> PfQ  dddd  #  Style 1.5Dutch Roman 11.5 Font4h )a [ PfQO  dddn Style 2Dutch Italic 11.5$ )^ `> XifQ 2NStyle 5Dutch Bold 18 Point$RH$L T~> pfQ_  )a [ PfQO Style 7Swiss 11.5$$V )ao> PfQ ]  )a [ PfQO Style 6Dutch Roman 14 Point$$N w [ PfQ   )a [ PfQO Style 10oInitial Codes for Advanced U )a [ PfQK  dddn  ##  [[ b, oT9 !b, oT9 !n )^ `> XifQ ` Advanced Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   f )^ `> XifQ Advanced Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   Q" )^ `> XifQ    Copyright  Portola Sys2S <'KcKKTimes New RomanTimes New Roman BoldTimes New Roman Italic"i~'^5>M\\>>>\}0>03\\\\\\\\\\>>}}}\rryrr>Qygyrr\grrggF3FM\>\\Q\Q3\\33Q3\\\\FF3\QyQQFI3Ic>0cM>>>0>>>>>>\>\3r\r\r\r\r\yyQrQrQrQrQ>3>3>3>3y\\\\\\\\\gQr\\\\gQ\r\r\r\r\yQyQycyQnrQrQrQrQ\\\c\c\>3>\>>>\\ccyQg3gBg>g;g3y\jy\y\\\yrFrFrF\F\F\FccgBg3gM\\\\\\ygcgFgFgF\g>y\\Fg>g\n0\\=(=WddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddNBnnB_\F\\\\\\3;\7;\7>>gg\??n\\pBnnBb\\>g\7"yyyy\njc\}nn\"i~'^ %,77\V%%%7>%7777777777>>>0eOIIOD>OO%*ODaOO>OI>DOOgOOD%%37%07070%777V7777%*77O77055;%;3%%%%%%%%%%%7O0O0O0O0O0aHI0D0D0D0D0%%%%O7O7O7O7O7O7O7O7O7O7O0O7O6O7O7O7>7O0O0O0I0I0I;I0OED0D0D0D0O7O7O7O;O7O;O7%%7%%%7M>;;O7DD,D%D%DO7AO7O7O7O7aOI%I%I%>*>*>*>;D.DD3O7O7O7O7O7O7gOO;D0D0D0O7D%O7>*D%O7E77%%WMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxN(BB(37%07777j7#TT7!#TT7T!%%007n&&Bn77lCTn(nBB(A\\>>n%07\n!"IIIITTenn7TnB@;7>lBBn7"i~'^09]SS999S]+9+/SSSSSSSSSS99]]]Sxnxxng?Snxgx]nxxxxn9/9aS9S]I]I9S]/9]/]S]]I?9]SxSSIC%CW9+Wa999+999999S9]/xSxSxSxSxSxxInInInInI>/>/>/>/x]SSSSx]x]x]x]xSxSx]SSxSxSf]xSxSxSxIxIxWxIx{nInInInISSSWS]a?/?]?9?]]WW]n/nKn9nCn/x]xx]x]SSxxIxIxI]?]?]?]WnUn9nax]x]x]x]x]x]xxWnInInIx]n9x]]?n9xSz+SS8-8WuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxN8HH"&H>XHH8HB8>HH^HH>"".2",2,2,"222N2222"&22H22,006"6."""""""""""2H,H,H,H,H,XAB,>,>,>,>,""""H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H,H2H1H2H2H282H,H,H,B,B,B6B,H?>,>,>,>,H2H2H2H6H2H6H2""2"""2F866H2>>(>">">H2;H2H2H2H2XHB"B"B"8&8&8&86>*>>.H2H2H2H2H2H2^HH6>,>,>,H2>"H28&>"H2?22!!WFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxN$<<$.2",2222`2 LL2 LL2L"",,2d""or (3) precludes reception of an acceptable quality signal.A x} yO-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(a).A There are exceptions to the Rule for valid  xsafety or historic preservation restrictions, which must be as narrowly tailored as possible, impose as little  S -burden as possible, and apply in a nondiscriminatory manner throughout the regulated area.C } yO(-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(b). C  S0- ` x4.` ` The Rule provides that parties who are affected by antenna restrictions may petition the  S- x.Commission to determine if the restrictions are permissible or prohibited by the Rule.A} yO@-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(d).A The Rule places  xthe burden of demonstrating that a challenged restriction complies with the Rule on the party seeking to  S-impose the restriction.A ( } yO-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(e).A  Sh- ` x5.` ` Petitioner claims that he owns the townhouse in which he lives and that he installed a 92  S@- xcentimeter (less than one meter) DBS antenna on his balcony railing.< @ } {O!-ԍPetition at 1.< Petitioner acknowledges that New  x/Century, the homeowner's association, maintains the balcony (e.g., inspection and maintenance), but  xasserts that he has exclusive use of the balcony (i.e., no other resident may use the balcony). Petitioner  xasserts that, if necessary, he will move the antenna as dictated by maintenance concerns and will "place  S- xit at any location shown by [the] Association [New Century]."1 J } {O&-ԍId.1 Petitioner states that New Century objects" ,`(`(88"  S-to his external "antenna installation [because it] is diminishing property values."1 } {Oh-ԍId.1  S-x6.` ` According to Petitioner, the restrictions at issue provide, in pertinent part:7 Z} {O-ԍId. at 5.7  Q`-Xx` ` Antennas   S-  XxX` `  No antennas of any kind may be attached to any part of the building exterior.x`  Q-x` ` Patios & Balconies Xx   SH -  XxX` ` 1. Homeowners are responsible to keep patios and balconies clean  ` sand free of clutter. No unsecured item shall be placed outside of balcony rails, nor positioned or hung over said rails.x`  S -XxX` ` 2. Patios and balconies may not be enclosed or altered in any way.x`  SX- XxX` ` 3. Patios and balconies may not be used for storage, other than for  ` storage of barbecue grills and other items usually associated with patios and balconies.x`  S- ` ox7.` ` In its Response, New Century did not address the arguments raised in the Petition, but  x[noted that the "issues raised in this petition are already subject to an action for declaratory relief filed by  xNew Century Town Townhouse Association against Victor Frankfurt . . . in the Circuit Court of Lake  S@- xCounty, Illinois."=@} yO-ԍNew Century Response.= New Century further noted that the declaratory ruling provision of the Rule provides  x0that a petitioner may file his or her action before either the Commission or a "court of competent  S-jurisdiction," and that "a state court now has jurisdiction over this matter."1|} {O -ԍId.1 x  S- ` x8.` ` New Century set forth its factual and legal positions in its Complaint for Declaratory  xJudgment ("Complaint") filed in the Circuit Court of Lake County, Illinois ("Circuit Court"). In the  xyComplaint, New Century alleges that Petitioner installed his antenna on or about May 15, 1995, without  S(- xfirst obtaining prior approval from New Century.D(} yO"-ԍComplaint at 4  9.D New Century claims that in response to its formal  S- xjcomplaint, Petitioner removed the antenna, but subsequently reinstalled it on or about March 22, 1996.9} {O>%-ԍId  10.9  xjNew Century further states that in April 1996, New Century conducted a complaint hearing at which its  xBoard of Directors denied Petitioner's request to continue using his antenna and the Board of Directors"0 ,`(`(88<"  S- xagain requested Petitioner to remove the antenna and Petitioner refused.@} {Oh-ԍId  1112.@ New Century states that it held  xa third complaint hearing on May 22, 1996, at which it assessed a penalty against Petitioner; however,  xNew Century offered to waive the penalty if Petitioner removed the antenna from his balcony and  S- xPetitioner complied with the request.:Z} {O-ԍId.  13.: New Century states that, on or about December 16, 1996,  S`- x[Petitioner again reinstalled his antenna.:`} {O-ԍId.  14.: New Century states that it held a fourth complaint hearing and  xagain assessed a penalty against Petitioner that it offered to waive if the antenna was removed and that  S-Petitioner complied with the request.1~} {O. -ԍId.1  S- ` x9.` ` According to New Century, Petitioner has indicated that he does not accept New Century's  xdecision regarding the antenna and has threatened to reinstall the antenna, thereby compelling New  Sp- xCentury to file its Complaint in the Circuit Court.Fp} {O -ԍId. at 5  1516.F In its Complaint, New Century appears to rely, in  xpart, upon easements that permit it to enter a unit to inspect and make repairs to exterior areas such as  S -balconies, and upon its prohibition of television antennas that it has not authorized. } {Ob- xԍDeclaration of Covenants, Conditions, Easements and Restrictions for New Century Town Townhouse  {O,-Association No. 2 at 78, 15.  S -Xx  10.` ` Specifically, in the Complaint, New Century argues that:   ` VXxX` ` [p]ursuant to the terms of the Declaration of Covenants, Conditions,  ` Easements & Restrictions for New Century, the balcony in question is not  ` 9within the exclusive use or control of the defendants [Petitioner].  ` Therefore, Section 207 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 is not  ` applicable. Moreover, the Section indicates that it only applies to a  ` Uhomeowners' association (not a townhome owners' association), thereby  S-rendering it inapplicable to New Century.E } yO.-ԍComplaint at 6  19.Ex`  S@- ` ox 11.` ` The Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association ("SBCA") filed comments  xin this proceeding. It argues that New Century's restrictions violate the Rule because they either prohibit  S- xantennas or require that potential antenna users first obtain approval from the Board of Directors.G } yO$-ԍSBCA Response Comments at 57. G  xFurthermore, SBCA points to the parallel state court action and argues that the Commission should assert  x<its primary jurisdiction in this matter. In its reply comments, SBCA stresses that this matter is not outside",`(`(88"  S- xLof the Commission's jurisdiction.C} yOh-ԍSBCA Reply Comments at 13.C It notes that "the filing of a petition in court, particularly here where  S- x[it was filed after the filing of a petition at the Commission, does not usurp the Commission's jurisdiction  S-over the matter."7X} {O-ԍId. at 2.7  Sb- ` ~x 12.` ` In reply to SBCA's comments and reply comments, New Century argues that SBCA is  S:- xnot a party to this action and, therefore, lacks standing to present arguments to the Commission.C:} yO -ԍNew Century Reply Comments.C  x.Moreover, New Century adds that by filing a Notice of Appearance before the Circuit Court, Petitioner  S-has agreed to subject himself to that court's jurisdiction.1z} {O -ԍId.1  S-  S- ` x 13.` ` On August 1, 1997, the Commission's Office of General Counsel notified the Circuit  x>Court that the Commission was aware of the proceeding brought by New Century before the Circuit  SJ - xCourt.XJ } yO- xԍLetter from Daniel M. Armstrong, Associate General Counsel, Office of General Counsel, Federal  xiCommunications Commission, to the Honorable Charles F. Scott, Circuit Court of Lake County, Illinois (Aug. 1, 1997). The Commission requested that the "Court either refer the Complaint to the Commission for  x[consolidation with the pending Petition or hold the Association's [New Century] Complaint in abeyance  x pending a ruling by the Cable Services Bureau on the Petition." The Circuit Court has not made any  x>dispositive ruling on the Complaint. The Complaint is on the active docket, however, and a motions hearing is set for November 6, 1997.  SZ- III.xDiscussion  S2-  S - ` x 14.` ` As noted above, Petitioner filed this Petition with the Commission on April 1, 1997.  x!Seven days later, on April 8, 1997, New Century filed its Complaint in Circuit Court challenging  xPetitioner's right to situate and use his antenna on his balcony. To date the Circuit Court has not rendered  xa judgment in that matter. Under the Rule, a petition for declaratory ruling may be filed either with the  xmCommission or a court of competent jurisdiction. Petitioner chose to file his Petition with the  xCommission, and therefore the matter is properly before us. We will address the following two issues:  x(1) whether New Century's restrictions are encompassed by Section 207 and the Rule and, if so, (2) whether those restrictions are prohibited by the Rule.  S- ` nx15.` ` As to whether the restrictions are encompassed by the Rule, we note that in its Complaint  xin Circuit Court, New Century argues that the Rule "only applies to a homeowners' association (not a  SR- xMtownhome owners' association), thereby rendering it inapplicable to New Century." R, } yO%- xԍNew Century's arguments that SBCA lacks standing to file comments in this proceeding and that Petitioner's  xiNotice of Appearance before the Circuit Court prevents him from proceeding with his Petition are unpersuasive.  x;The Commission recognizes that associations may represent their members by filing comments. Petitioner has not indicated to us that he wishes to abandon his Petition. We find that a"R,`(`(88"  x"townhome owners' association" is merely a form of homeowners' association or an entity that  xpromulgates restrictions on "property within the exclusive use or control of the antenna user where the  S- xantenna user has a direct or indirect ownership interest in the property. . . .''G } yO-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(a).G The Commission has stated  x[that it "has authority to prohibit enforcement of restrictive covenants and other similar nongovernmental  xrestrictions that are inconsistent with the federal directive written by Congress in Section 207 of the 1996  S8- xAct."e!8X} {O0-ԍReport and Order at 1930203  41.e For our purposes, we find no distinction between a homeowners' association and a "townhome  xowners' association" as long as each promulgates and enforces restrictive covenants that impair a viewer's ability to receive overtheair programming through antennas protected by the Rule.  S- ` x16.` ` Second, Petitioner acknowledges that he does not have exclusive control over the balcony  x.because New Century has easement rights to enter his unit in order to maintain the balcony, which is its  SH - xresponsibility, but states that he "directly own[s] the balcony. . . ."<"H } {O-ԍPetition at 1.< Under the Rule, in addition to having  x=either a direct or indirect ownership interest in the subject property, an antenna user must have the right  x-to exercise exclusive use or control over the property. New Century does not refute Petitioner's ownership  x.and does not contend that anyone other than Petitioner is entitled to use the balcony. We therefore find  xthat Petitioner not only owns the balcony, but that he is entitled to exercise exclusive use over that property and that the restrictions at issue are encompassed by the Rule.  S0- ` Bx17.` ` Under the Rule, as the restricting entity, New Century has the burden to show that its  xrestrictions do not impair the installation, maintenance, or use of overtheair reception antennas or that  xthe restrictions qualify for either the safety or historic preservation exceptions to the Rule. New Century's  xrestrictions create an outright prohibition of these antennas. By definition, restrictions such as this impair  S- xthe installation, maintenance, or use of these antennas.A#|} yO-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(a).A Moreover, there is nothing in the record to show  xMthat the prohibition is necessary for safety or historic preservation reasons. Thus, we find that New  xCentury's prohibition of Petitioner's DBS antenna on his balcony is prohibited by the Rule. We note,  x.however, that New Century may require Petitioner to maintain his DBS antenna in a manner that would  xsatisfy its safety concerns (e.g., securely mounting the DBS antenna to the balcony) and that should a  xNsafety issue arise, New Century, as the restricting entity, may enforce a safety restriction while a  S-determination is made as to the validity of the restriction at issue.P$ } {OL -ԍReport and Order at 19309  53.P  SP-IV.xOrdering Clauses  S- ` 3x18.` ` Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED , pursuant to Section 1.4000(d) of the OvertheAir  xReception Devices Rule, 47 C.F.R.  1.4000(d), and Section 1.2 of the Commission's rules, 47 C.F.R. "$,`(`(88L"  xL1.2, that the covenants, conditions, and restrictions of New Century Town Townhouse Association No.  xL2 are hereby prohibited and unenforceable to the extent that they impair the installation, maintenance, or use of overtheair reception antennas protected by 47 C.F.R.  1.4000 and as discussed herein.  S`- ` x19. ` ` This action is taken by the Chief, Cable Services Bureau, pursuant to authority delegated by Section 0.321 of the Commission's rules. 47 C.F.R.  0.321.  x` `  hhFEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION  SH - ` `  hhMeredith J. Jones  S -x` `  hhChief, Cable Services Bureau#Xj\  P6G;+XP#ѐ