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)^ `> XifQ ` Advanced Legal WordPerfect II Learning Guide   x )^ `> XifQ Advanced Legal WordPerfect II Learning Guide   j-n )^ `> XifQ    Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988`6 >Page  jBX )^ `> XifQ    Page ` Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988 Style 3oDutch Roman 11.5 with Margins/Tabs )a [ PfQO  ddn  # c0*b, oT9 !Style 4 PSwiss 8 Point with MarginsDq Co> PfQ  dddd  #  Style 1.5Dutch Roman 11.5 Font4h )a [ PfQO  dddn 2k#|!!+""Style 2Dutch Italic 11.5$ )^ `> XifQ Style 5Dutch Bold 18 Point$RH$L T~> pfQ_  )a [ PfQO Style 7Swiss 11.5$$V )ao> PfQ ]  )a [ PfQO Style 6Dutch Roman 14 Point$$N w [ PfQ   )a [ PfQO 2-#Z(IStyle 10oInitial Codes for Advanced U )a [ PfQK  dddn  ##  [[ b, oT9 !b, oT9 !n )^ `> XifQ ` Advanced Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   f )^ `> XifQ Advanced Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   Q" )^ `> XifQ    Copyright  Portola Sys^y.X80,X\  P6G;P_8wC;,Xw PE37XP`7jC:,9Xj\  P6G;XPa7nC:,|Xn4  pG;Xc2a=5,&a\  P6G;&Pb2e=5,&e4  pG;&y.\80,T\4  pG;\{,W80,.W*f9 xr G;X2a=5,0&a\  P6G;&P 2e=5,D&e4  pG;&y.\80, {\4  pG;P:% ,1J:\  P6G;JP\0_=5,. &_*f9 xr G;&X24\4-^0D b^y.X80,X\  P6G;P_8wC;,Xw PE37XP`7jC:,9Xj\  P6G;XPa7nC:,|Xn4  pG;Xc2a=5,&a\  P6G;&P b2e=5,&e4  pG;&dy.\80,T\4  pG;eP:% ,J:\  P6G;JPfH5!,i,5\  P6G;,P\0_=5,.&_*f9 xr G;&X^y.X80,X\  P6G;P _8wC;,Xw PE37XP`7jC:,9Xj\  P6G;XPa7nC:,|Xn4  pG;Xc2a=5,&a\  P6G;&P b2e=5,&e4  pG;&dy.\80,T\4  pG;eP:% ,J:\  P6G;JPfH5!,i,5\  P6G;,P\g0_=5,.&_*f9 xr G;&X\{,W80,.0W*f9 xr G;X P6G;P_8wC;,Xw PE37XP`7jC:,9Xj\2 5 X- X   }O Y- #Xj\  P6G;9XP# #&a\  P6G;&P#Federal Communications Commission`}(#<DA 97 2188 #Xj\  P6G;9XP#у  yxdddy }#Xj\  P6G;9XP#vK #X\  P6G;P#Before the Federal Communications Commission  yO}"Washington, D.C. 20554 ă  Sy-#&a\  P6G;&P# In rej) j)  S-Jay Lubliner and Deborah Galvin,j)ppCSR 4915O Potomac, Marylandj) j) Petition for Declaratory Ruling j) under 47 C.F.R.  1.4000j) l  S -  MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER lU  S -X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:-  wԍId. at 6. According to the specifications provided by Petitioners, the antenna, which is attached to a tripod and  {O-  a rotor, measures five and onehalf feet by six feet and is composed of 20 elements. Id. at 4. The total height of  {O-the antenna above Petitioners' roof, including the mast, is approximately 10 feet. Id. Petitioners state that along with the violation notice, Potomac Ridge sent them a letter   providing its interpretation of Section 1.4000, stating, "[t]he position of the AERC [Architectural Review]   committee and Board of Directors regarding TV antennas is that an acceptable quality signal may be   received by placement of the antenna in the attic. This is the only acceptable placement for an offtheair  S -TV antenna."7 r {O-ԍId. at 7.7  S0-  B8.` ` Petitioners contend that they responded to the letter by stating that they believed that   Section 1.4000 applied to their situation because "what is acceptable signal quality according to you, does   knot satisfy my [our] needs. The attic is not suitable for me [us] to rotate appropriate antennas in the   .desired directions for my [our] interests. It would be too costly to design an attic for rotatable antennas  S-and the aluminum siding would deter good signal reception."76 r {Of-ԍId. at 9.7  S@-  9.` ` Petitioners further state that by a letter dated September 30, 1996, Potomac Ridge again   directed Petitioners to remove their antenna, and stated that it could "readily supply overwhelming proof   that an acceptablequality TV broadcast signal can be received with no delay and at [a] reasonable cost  S-using only interior antennas."8 r {O0$-ԍId. at 12.8"Z ,-(-(ZZ"Ԍ S- 8IV.The Response  S-   10.` ` Potomac Ridge argues that its covenant does not violate the Rule because it does not   unreasonably delay the installation, maintenance, or use of, or unreasonably increase the cost of   /8installation, maintenance, or use of a television broadcast reception antenna, and it does not preclude  S8-  reception of an acceptable quality signal.R8r {O-ԍPotomac Ridge Response ("Response").R Potomac Ridge contends that there is no delay because it does  S-  not interfere or attempt to regulate the internal installation of a television broadcast reception antenna.9Zr {O -ԍId. at 34.9   Potomac Ridge further contends that the costs of installing an internally mounted television broadcast   reception antenna are comparable to those incurred in installing an externally mounted television broadcast  S-  reception antenna and that any difference between costs would not be unreasonable.7r {O$ -ԍId. at 4.7 Potomac Ridge   =states that when determining what is reasonable, consideration must be given to the visual impact and to  SH -  Lthe existence of requirements that other outofdoor devices comply with its covenant.fH ~r {Of-ԍId. at 45; see Report and Order at 19288  19.f Potomac Ridge   points out that it requires screening or enclosures for such things as machinery, equipment, boats, campers,  S -  -and wood piles. r {O-  hԍResponse at 5; see id. Exhibit 1 (Amended and Restated Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions  {Or-for Potomac Ridge). With respect to the testing of signal quality, Potomac Ridge submits television broadcast   signal strength studies, which it claims are from within and without properties located close to Petitioners' " S -  ="and that are of similar physical makeup. l r {O-ԍResponse Exhibits 78; see infra Attachment A (Potomac Ridge Field Strength Studies). X1Í.XAÍ. Potomac Ridge states that the studies "show adequate signal  S -  zreception of all local broadcast signals."<  {O-ԍResponse at 6.< Furthermore, Potomac Ridge asserts, "[t]he signal strength   studies demonstrate that the Association's Covenant does not force homeowners to place antennas where  S0-reception becomes either impossible or substantially degraded."10  {O`-ԍId.1 l  S-   S-V.Comments  S-   11.` ` Various comments were filed supporting Petitioners' filing. " yOR"-  ԍBellSouth Corporation Comments; Frank Bloom Comments; Todd Brooks Comments; Consumer Electronics   Manufacturers Association Comments; Paul Gargiullo Comments; Ernst Gehrels Comments; Golden Orange   Broadcasting Co., Inc. Comments; Richard Hayman Comments; Peggy Kelly Comments; National Association of Broadcasters Comments; Network Affiliated Stations Alliance Comments. One commenter argued that   many viewers who reside in restrictive settings do not have the financial resources to subscribe to cable   or digital satellite services, and that "[a]mplified or 'active' indoor antennas frequently offer no remedy   because they boost competing signals, creating new reception problems due to poor signal rejection and" ,-(-(ZZ"  S-  \selectivity."F yOh-ԍPaul Gargiullo Comments.F Golden Orange Broadcasting Co., Inc., licensee of television station KDOC, Anaheim,   <California ("KDOC"), states that "[t]hroughout the United States, untold number of television viewers who   .live within the coverage area of local stations do not receive offair signals of local stationsfor a variety  S-  of reasons, i.e., terrain, antenna orientation or, as in the case of the Petitioners herein, aluminum siding."CX yO-ԍKDOC Comments at 45.C   The National Association of Broadcasters ("NAB") points out that Petitioners live in an area where   television broadcast stations provide predicted Grade B contour intensity signals from various transmitter  S-  .sites and that to receive these signals Petitioners need to employ a rotatable antenna.B yO -ԍNAB Comments at 56.B The NAB states   =that substantial signal attenuation would occur if Petitioners placed an antenna within their attic because  S-  the attic is surrounded by aluminum siding.7x {O -ԍId. at 6.7 The NAB further states that the cost to install an internally   =mounted antenna similar to Petitioners' externally mounted antenna would be "substantially higher," and  Sp-that it "may not be able to deliver acceptable signal quality."1p  {O-ԍId.1  S" -   12.` ` Two parties filed comments in support of Potomac Ridge's position.f "  yO^-ԍCommunity Associations Institute and Robert and Mary Stoddard.f Community   /Associations Institute ("CAI") contends that no delay is involved in installing an internally mounted  S -  television broadcast reception antenna because Potomac Ridge does not involve itself in that process.:! ,  yO-ԍCAI Comments at 4.:   Community Associations Institute also asserts that cost is not an issue because internally mounted   television broadcast reception antennas do not need to be camouflaged, and that "indoor antennas cost  SZ-  approximately the same as outdoor antennas. . . ."9"Z  {O-ԍId. at 45.9 Referring to the Commission's statement in the  S2-  -Report and Order that a "substantially degraded" signal would not comport with our interpretation of what  S -  is an acceptable quality signal,P# N  {O-ԍReport and Order at 19288  20.P CAI states that although the data provided by Potomac Ridge reveals that   "[i]n some cases, there is a minimal discrepancy in signal strength" between signals received by outdoor   /and indoor television broadcast reception antennas, that "difference does not amount to a substantial  S-  Ldegradation in signal quality."@$ yO#-ԍCAI Comments at 6.@ Comments were also filed by Petitioners' neighbors. They contend that   they live in a twostory aluminumsided house that was constructed in the same year and by the same   builder that constructed Petitioners' house, and that their "attic antenna provides excellent reception of all  S-local television stations."J%p yO,'-ԍRobert and Mary Stoddard Comments.J "%,-(-(ZZ"Ԍ S-ԙVI.Replies  S-  $ 13.` ` In reply, Petitioners submit a videotape that allegedly contains a representation of the   Lquality of television broadcast signals that they receive within their house through the use of a television   set mounted antenna. With respect to acceptable quality signals, Petitioners state that Potomac Ridge's   Lstudies do not reflect "what you see on the screen" and are insufficient, by themselves, to meet Potomac  S-  .Ridge's burden of defending its covenant.H& {Ox-ԍPetitioners' Reply at 12.H Petitioners also state that a rooftop installation would avoid   the interference created by aluminum siding and multipaths, among other things, and would enable them   to "receive adequate signal quality for any regional station not just the ones sited [sic] by the Associations'  S-  testing firm."L'Z {O -ԍPetitioners' Reply at 2.L Petitioners further state that the reengineering costs to modify their attic trusses to allow  Sp-  Lfree rotation of an indoor antenna would be prohibitive.1(p {O -ԍId.1 Moreover, they state that they would have to   replace the aluminum siding on their house and their neighbors' houses to eliminate "signal attenuation  S -and poor picture quality."1) ~ {O>-ԍId.1  S -   14.` ` The NAB and Network Affiliated Stations Alliance ("NASA") address Potomac Ridge's  S -  Response. According to the NAB, the unit of measurement used in Potomac Ridge's television broadcast   signal strength studies, decibels ("dB"), cannot be correct; it should be decibels relative to one milliwatt   ("dBm"), decibels relative to one microvolt ("dBuV"), or decibels relative to one microvolt per meter  S0-  ("dBuV/m").7*0 yO-ԍNAB Reply at 5.7 The NAB states that although that error does not affect the comparative value of the data   (indoor versus outdoor), it does call into question the validity of Potomac Ridge's testing procedure and  S-  .precludes comparison of the data with data collected in other studies.1+ {O -ԍId.1 The NAB further contends that   data were not collected from outdoors and indoors on each property, thereby making performance  S-comparisons among the properties difficult.1,2  {Ob-ԍId.1 V  S@-  `15.` ` Network Affiliated Stations Alliance argues that the proper cost comparison should be  S-  among similar models of indoor and outdoor antennas.8-  yO|"-ԍNASA Reply at 6.8 It contends that the study is deficient because   Potomac Ridge is located within the predicted Grade B contour of several Baltimore stations that were  S-  not tested.1.T  {O%-ԍId.1 Apart from the deficiencies in the testing procedure, NASA notes that the requirement to".,-(-(ZZ3"  S-  install antennas indoors prevents reception of "one or more signals at five of the six tested sites."1/ {Oh-ԍId.1  S-   16.` ` Community Associations Institute and H.A. Lapa, Jr. ("Lapa") filed reply comments in  S-  isupport of Potomac Ridge's Response.z0Z yO-ԍMichelle Casciato also filed reply comments that favored Potomac Ridge's position.z Community Associations Institute asserts that there was no delay  S`-  and that the studies showed signal strength in surrounding houses.71` yO-ԍCAI Reply at 3.7 It states that there are "questions  S8-  concerning the reception of channels 26, 32, and 50 in some, but not all, of the homes."728z {OR -ԍId. at 4.7 Community   xAssociations Institute further contends that the burden of proof has shifted to Petitioners because they have   failed to produce evidence that compliance with Potomac Ridge's restrictions would preclude reception  S-of acceptable quality signals.3  {Ol-  hԍId. at 5. If necessary, CAI suggests that we remand the matter for further fact finding and in the process, direct  {O6-Petitioners to submit their own signal strength studies. Id. at 5 n.9.  Sp-  17.` ` Lapa states that he has lived in Potomac Ridge since 1989 in a house constructed by the  SH -  same builder who built Petitioners' house, and which is located in the same geographic area.B4H h  yOP-ԍH.A. Lapa, Jr. Reply at 1.B He states   that his indoor television set mounted antenna provides him with more than acceptable reception of all  S -local stations (4, 5, 7, 9, 20, 26, and 50), and that his overtheair reception is better than his cable.15  {O-ԍId.1  S -  S -VII.Discussion  SX-` ` A. Acceptable Quality Signal  S-  ~18.` ` As noted above, the Rule prohibits restrictions that impair installation, maintenance, or  S-  use of a protected antenna by, among other things, precluding reception of an acceptable quality signal  S-  and by unreasonably increasing the cost of antenna installation.6"  yO-  ԍPetitioners also challenge the covenant on the ground that it causes unreasonable delay. We find that there is   wno delay issue here, such as a prior approval process or licensing scheme, but rather, an outright ban. For an analysis  {Or!-  Yof prior approval, see In re Star Lambert and SBCA, CSR4913O, Memorandum Opinion and Order, slip op. at 1214  2830 (July 22, 1997). The threshold issue before us is whether   Petitioners are able to receive acceptable quality local television broadcast signals from within their house   |using an internally mounted television broadcast reception antenna. In a proceeding before the   Commission under Section 1.4000, the burden of demonstrating that the restrictions at issue do not impair   the installation, maintenance, or use of an overtheair reception device is placed upon the enforcing"t6,-(-(ZZq"  S-entity.A7 yOh-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(e).A We find that, based on the Record before us, Potomac Ridge has failed to meet its burden.  S-19.` ` In the Report and Order, the Commission discussed the acceptable quality signal criteria.      #X` ` Third, a regulation will be deemed to impair a viewer's ability to receive video  programming signals if it precludes reception of an acceptable quality signal. We affirm  the consensus opinion of commenters who discuss this issue that the signals here are  signals intended for reception in the viewing area. Under this criterion, for example, our  rule would invalidate a requirement that an antenna be placed in a position where  Areception would be impossible or would be substantially degraded. However, a regulation  requiring that antennas be placed to the extent feasible in locations that are not visible  from the street would be permitted under our rule, if this placement would not impair  `reception of an acceptable quality signal. Requirements that antennas be set back from  2the street could be deemed to impair reception if compliance would mean that the antenna  S -could not receive an acceptable quality signal.c8 X {O-ԍReport and Order at 19288  20 (footnote omitted).c      S -  P 3'3'Standard3'3'Standard PrintHL4MPCAD.PRSX\ hڰX  20.` ` We find that the evidence presented by Potomac Ridge fails to support its contention that   Petitioners can receive acceptable quality signals. For example, it is not clear that Potomac Ridge used   the correct unit of measurement. Potomac Ridge used dB, in contrast to dBm or decibels relative to one  S -  milliwatt, which commenters advance as the proper unit of measurement. Moreover, we note that several   lreadings are not labeled with a unit of measurement. Further, it is unclear whether Potomac Ridge   correctly oriented or positioned the equipment used to gather the data or whether it was positioned in a   manner to receive the strongest signal possible (i.e., positioned to achieve maximum gain for each tested   =signal). Additionally, Potomac Ridge failed to even take measurements from inside of Petitioners' attic SB-  the very location from which it claims that Petitioners can receive acceptable quality signals. Thus, we   find that we cannot rely upon the data presented to support Potomac Ridge's contention that Petitioner   can receive acceptable quality signals of adequate signal strength and that its restrictions do not impair the installation, maintenance, and use of overtheair reception antennas.  Sz- ` ` B. Cost of Installation V  S*-  21.` ` Potomac Ridge contends that internally mounted television broadcast reception antennas,  S-  on average, cost less than their externally mounted counterparts.J9lZ {O -ԍResponse Exhibits 24.J Given the insufficiency of the evidence   presented by Potomac Ridge, as noted above, we cannot determine what type of antenna, if any, is able   >to receive acceptable quality local television broadcast signals from within Petitioners' house and are,  S-therefore, unable to make a cost comparison. "b|9,-(-(ZZ"Ԍ S-VIII. Ordering Clauses  S-  S-  22.` ` For the foregoing reasons, IT IS ORDERED , pursuant to Section 1.4000(d) of the Over  theAir Reception Devices Rule, 47 C.F.R.  1.4000(d), and Section 1.2 of the Commission's rules, 47   yC.F.R.  1.2, that Potomac Ridge Homeowners Association, Inc.'s covenants, conditions, and restrictions   .are hereby prohibited and enforceable to the extent that they impair the installation, maintenance, or use of overtheair reception antennas protected by 47 C.F.R.  1.4000 and as discussed herein.   S-  23.` ` This action is taken by the Chief, Cable Services Bureau, pursuant to authority delegated by Section 0.321 of the Commission's rules. 47 C.F.R.  0.321. ` `  hh,FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION  J# ~  ` `  hh,Meredith J. Jones ` `  hh,Chief, Cable Services Bureau" 9,-(-(ZZ" IAttachment A J ddx !ddx x J      S-  Potomac Ridge Field Strength Studies ă h !ddx x Addx 06 h    . .  Channel l 4  5 *67  S0-8fq9 ă "~20 |26 2!32 !w!]50 8  .I .  Attic (1)hh  +16hh A +22hh *"+16 2dBhh i+18 j2dB@I ~+15 1dB@I  +12 @1dB@I 2 +2@I V +13 Y 3dB8 `  .Ih .  Roof (1)h  +20h A +19h */+21h fj+21h ~+18h I+15h 2 +6h  w!Y+20` 8 @ .hI .  Attic (2) h  +19 h A +16 h %+16 flux /3dB I fj+15 I ~+14 5dB I 9+2 3dB I 2"5 I W ԩ10 Y 4dB8 `  .Ih .  Roof (2)8 h  +198 h A +178 h */+208 h fj+208 h ~+178 h I+148 h 2 +48 h  w!Y+21` `   .hh .  Attic (3) h 9 +5 h o +8 h *2+7 h fm+8 h G~+2 2dB h 8 h 210 h !w!]0*` 8 8  .hI .  Attic (4) h  +15 h A +15 h */+14 h fj+18 h ~+16 h I+14 h 2 +4 h  !w!\5 3dB w!Zflux8 h    .Iv .  2nd flr (6) 8v  +158v A +178v *2+88v fj+108v P~22 flux8v ԩ20 10 32 dB8v 2"48v ]!no Rd readingh   v h Addx 06 addx8 x h h 7  * not readable Sites: (1) 11804 Riding Loop Terrace; (2) 6 Saddleview Court; (3) 13800 Mustang Hill Lane; (4) 13925 Saddleview Drive; (6) 13830 Mustang Hill Lane. Potomac Ridge withdrew the data from Site 5 because that property did not share similar physical characteristics with Petitioners' house. Potomac Ridge Supplemental Response.87 XH-#Xj\  P6G;9XP#