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For purposes of this calculation, both overtheair and cable television"b,**88"  S-viewing are included.$= yOh-  ԍ Because of the topography involved, certain counties are divided into more than one sampling unit. Also, in   certain circumstances, a station may have its home county assigned to an ADI even though it receives less than a  {O-  preponderance of the audience in that county. For a more complete description of how counties are allocated, see  {O-Arbitron's Description of Methodology.  S-  ~3.` ` Under the Act, however, the Commission is also directed to consider changes in market areas. Section 614(h)(1)(C) provides that the Commission may:  ~Xwith respect to a particular television broadcast station, include additional communities  within its television market or exclude communities from such station's television market to better effectuate the purposes of this section.  In considering such requests, the Act provides that:  BXthe Commission shall afford particular attention to the value of localism by taking into account such factors as   X(I) whether the station, or other stations located in the same area, have been historically carried on the cable system or systems within such community;   X(II) whether the television station provides coverage or other local service to such community;   `X(III) whether any other television station that is eligible to be carried by a cable system  Cin such community in fulfillment of the requirements of this section provides news  coverage of issues of concern to such community or provides carriage or coverage of sporting and other events of interest to the community; and   pX(IV) evidence of viewing patterns in cable and noncable households within the areas served by the cable system or systems in such community.   S-4.` ` The legislative history of this provision indicates that:  Xwhere the presumption in favor of ADI carriage would result in cable subscribers losing  Baccess to local stations because they are outside the ADI in which a local cable system  operates, the FCC may make an adjustment to include or exclude particular communities  pfrom a television station's market consistent with Congress' objective to ensure that  #television stations be carried in the areas which they serve and which form their economic market.  * * * * *  nX[This subsection] establishes certain criteria which the Commission shall consider in acting  $on requests to modify the geographic area in which stations have signal carriage rights.  These factors are not intended to be exclusive, but may be used to demonstrate that a"!,`(`(887#"  S-community is part of a particular station's market.\= yOh-ԍ H.R. Rep. 102628, 102d Cong., 2d Sess. 97 (1992).\   S-  5.` ` The Commission provided guidance in its Report and Order in MM Docket No. 92259,  S-supra, to aid decision making in these matters, as follows:  ~XFor example, the historical carriage of the station could be illustrated by the submission  S- Qof documents listing the cable system's channel lineup (e.g., rate cards) for a period of  years. To show that the station provides coverage or other local service to the cable  community (factor 2), parties may demonstrate that the station places at least a Grade B  coverage contour over the cable community or is located close to the community in terms  of mileage. Coverage of news or other programming of interest to the community could  obe demonstrated by program logs or other descriptions of local program offerings. The  S& - pfinal factor concerns viewing patterns in the cable community in cable and noncable  homes. Audience data clearly provide appropriate evidence about this factor. In this  nregard, we note that surveys such as those used to demonstrate significantly viewed status  Dcould be useful. However, since this factor requires us to evaluate viewing on a  }community basis for cable and noncable homes, and significantly viewed surveys typically  nmeasure viewing only in noncable households, such surveys may need to be supplemented  S8-with additional data concerning viewing in cable homes.S8X= yO0-ԍ 8 FCC Rcd at 2977 (emphasis in original).S   S-  6.` ` As for deletions of communities from a station's market, the legislative history of this provision indicates that:  XThe provisions of [this subsection] reflect a recognition that the Commission may  Pconclude that a community within a station's ADI may be so far removed from the station  that it cannot be deemed part of the station's market. It is not the Committee's intention  that these provisions be used by cable systems to manipulate their carriage obligations to  avoid compliance with the objectives of this section. Further, this section is not intended  to permit a cable system to discriminate among several stations licensed to the same  Scommunity. Unless a cable system can point to particularized evidence that its  3community is not part of one station's market, it should not be permitted to single out  individual stations serving the same area and request that the cable system's community  S-be deleted from the station's television market._= yO -ԍ H.R. Rep. 102628, 102d Cong., 2d Sess. 9798 (1992)._   S-  7.` ` In adopting rules to implement this provision, the Commission indicated that requested   changes should be considered on a communitybycommunity basis rather than on a countybycounty   .basis, and that they should be treated as specific to particular stations rather than applicable in common  S@-  .to all stations in the market.B@x= yOX&-ԍ 8 FCC Rcd at 2977 n.139.B The rules further provide, in accordance with the requirements of the Act,"@,`(`(88 "  S-that a station not be deleted from carriage during the pendency of an ADI change request.> = yOh-ԍ 47 C.F.R. 76.59.>  S-  MARKET FACTS AND ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES ă  S`-  8.` ` In support of its petition, Time Warner argues that KZKI should be excluded from carriage   on Time Warner's system because the station fails to meet any of the market factors set forth in the  S-  jCommunications Act and the Commission's rules. ^X= {O -  ԍ Time Warner cites TKR Cable Company, 12 FCC Rcd 3525 (1997); Comcast Cablevision of Danbury, Inc.,  {O -  DA 97234 (released February 12, 1997); and TKR Cable Company, 11 FCC Rcd 17121 (1996), recon. denied sub  {O -nom. Cablevision Systems Corporation, et al. (New York ADI Market), FCC 97285 (released August 13, 1997). First, Time Warner states that KZKI has no history   .of carriage on the cable system, even though KZKI has been operational since early 1994. Time Warner   further states that it never carried KZKI's predecessor licensee. According to Time Warner, the   communities it serves are located substantially beyond the scope of KZKI's natural market, both in terms of signal coverage and programming of particular interest or appeal to Time Warner's subscribers.  S -  9.` ` Second, Time Warner states that KZKI fails to provide local service to the Santa Clarita   Valley. Time Warner notes that San Bernardino, KZKI's city of license, is approximately 75 miles distant   from Santa Clarita, and that numerous separate and discrete communities separate San Bernardino from   the Santa Clarita Valley. Time Warner further notes that the Santa Clarita Valley is surrounded by   mountainous terrain: the San Gabriel Mountains to the southeast (in the direction of San Bernardino), the   Sierra Pelona and Tehachapi Mountains to the north, and the Sierra Madre and Santa Susanna Mountains   to the west. Time Warner states that this mountainous terrain precludes offair reception of KZKI in the   \Santa Clarita Valley, and notes that KZKI has installed a microwave feed to deliver its signal to Time   Warner's system. Time Warner argues, however, that delivery by microwave does not establish that KZKI  S-  is a local signal.b \~= {O-  ԍ Time Warner cites TCI of Indiana, Inc., DA 962144 at 21 (released December 20, 1996); KBL Cablesystems  {O-  of the Southwest, Inc. dba Paragon Cable, 11 FCC Rcd 14524, 14532 (1996); and TCI Cablevision of Colorado, Inc., 11 FCC Rcd 6109, 6114 (1996).b To the contrary, Time Warner argues that the distance between KZKI and the Santa  S-  =Clarita Valley indicates that the communities are not part of the station's market. = {O-  Jԍ Time Warner cites, inter alia, Armstrong Utilities, Inc., 12 FCC Rcd 2498, 2504 (1997); TCI of Northern New  {O-  Jersey, Inc., 12 FCC Rcd 891, 896 (1997); TKR Cable Company, 11 FCC Rcd 17121, 1712517126 (1996); Time  {Of-  Warner EntertainmentAdvance/Newhouse Partnership, 11 FCC Rcd 6541, 6555 (1996); and Cablevision Systems  {O0-  Corporation, 11 FCC Rcd 6453, 6477 (1996). But see Cablevision Systems Corporation, et al. (New York ADI  {O-Market), supra. Time Warner further   maintains that KZKI's programming has no local nexus to the Santa Clarita Valley, but is dominated by   =programlength commercials of national businesses and organizations. Time Warner states that although   it has no evidence of KZKI's specific programming, programlength commercials are the standard program   schedule of licensees of Paxson Communications, Inc. ["Paxson"], which is KZKI's parent organization.   Time Warner further states that the Commission has previously found such a program schedule not   [sufficient to demonstrate specific ties to particular cable communities that are as distant from the station"\ ,`(`(88"  S-  in question as are Time Warner's communities. &= {Oh-  ԍ Time Warner cites Time Warner EntertainmentAdvance/Newhouse Partnership dba American Cablevision  {O2-  Yof St. Louis, 12 FCC Rcd 3558 (1997); TCI of Northern New Jersey, Inc., supra; TCI of Indiana, Inc., supra; Charter  {O-  Communications Entertainment I, L.P., DA 961945 (released November 25, 1996); and Time Warner Cable, 11 FCC Rcd 13149 (1996). In addition, Time Warner notes that the Los Angeles  S-  Ledition of TV Guide (noncable) does not include KZKI scheduling information, nor does the Los Angeles  S-  =Times Sunday TV weekly magazine, or the Daily News. Time Warner states that this is also true of The  S-  MSun in San Bernardino and The Signal in Santa Clarita. Time Warner acknowledges that Santa Clarita   kand Canyon Country are located at the fringe of KZKI's Grade B contour, but argues that this should  S>-carry little weight in view of all the factual circumstances of this case.>= {O -ԍ Time Warner cites Cablevision Systems Corporation, 11 FCC Rcd 2485, 2491 (1997).  S-  10.` ` Third, Time Warner states that it carries eleven television broadcast stations licensed to  S-  Los Angeles,H= yO-  ԍ These are Stations KCBSTV (CBS, Channel 2), KNBC TV (NBC, Channel 4), KTLA (Ind., Channel 5),   KABCTV (ABC, Channel 7), KCALTV (Ind., Channel 9), KTTV (Ind., Channel 11), KCOP (Ind., Channel 13),   YKWHYTV (Ind., Channel 22), KCET (PBS, Channel 28), KMEXTV (Ind., Channel 34), and KLCS (PBS, Channel   ,58), all Los Angeles, California. Time Warner states that it also carries Television Broadcast Stations KRCA (Ind.,   Channel 62), Riverside, California; KVEA (Ind., Channel 18), San Bernardino, California [formerly KSCI]; KTBNTV (Ind., Channel 40), Santa Ana, California; and WTBS (Ind., Channel 17), Atlanta, Georgia. and that these stations cover news, sporting events, and public affairs designed to meet the   .specific needs and interests of subscribers in Santa Clarita and Canyon Country. Finally, with regard to   Lthe fourth criterion, Time Warner argues that Nielsen reports no offair viewing of KZKI in Los Angeles County, in which Time Warner's communities are located.  S -  11.` ` In opposition to Time Warner, KZKI argues that Time Warner has failed to demonstrate   /that deletion of its communities from KZKI's ADI would promote local broadcast service and foster   diversity and competition in the Los Angeles ADI, which were Congress' goals in enacting the mustcarry   statutory scheme. KZKI further argues that this was recognized by the Supreme Court in its recent  S^-  decision upholding the constitutionality of the rules in Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC.A^ = yO-ԍ 117 S. Ct. 1174 (1997).A KZKI   notes that it is not only part of the Los Angeles ADI, in which Time Warner's communities are located,   but also that the Commission has determined that San Bernardino KZKI's city of license is an   Mintegral part of the hyphenated television market that includes Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Corona,  S-  .Riverside, and Anaheim, California.!P = {O -  Kԍ KZKI cites Amendment of Section 76.51 of the Commission's Rules to Include Anaheim, California in the  {Oz!-Los AngelesSan BernardinoCoronaFontanaRiverside, California Television Market, 10 FCC Rcd 9298 (1995).! KZKI argues that this determination should weigh heavily against  S-  grant of Time Warner's market modification request.i= {O#-ԍ KZKI cites Time Warner Cable, 11 FCC Rcd 492, 494 (1996).i KZKI maintains that Congress rejected mileage">,`(`(88"ԫ S-  based and geographic approaches for determining stations' carriage rights,mX= yOh-  Zԍ KZKI cites S. 12, 102d Cong., 1st Sess. 4(g), 15 (1991); H. R. 1303, 102d Cong., 1st Sess. 5(a) (1991);   <138 Cong. Rec. S609 (daily ed. Jan. 29, 1992) (amendment by Sen. Inouye); H.R. 4850, 102d Cong., 2d Sess. 6 (1992); and H. R. Rep. 102628, 102d Cong., 2d Sess. 97 (1992).m and contends that these criteria   should not be the basis for modifying a station's ADI, on which its carriage rights are based. KZKI   argues that carriage throughout its ADI is necessary to foster a local station's viability, and provides   equitable treatment to similarly situated broadcast stations. KZKI notes that Time Warner, while seeking   to deny KZKI carriage, is carrying KVEA from San Bernardino. KZKI contends that it provides coverage   and programming that is of local interest to residents throughout the Los Angeles ADI, including the Santa   Clarita Valley. KZKI claims that its programming fulfills Congress' intent that stations particularly   Lindependent stations such as KZKI be carried through their ADI. KZKI argues that in contrast, Time   Warner is seeking to discriminate among San Bernardino licensees by carrying KVEA while attempting   [to delete KZKI. According to KZKI, Time Warner is not seeking to fine tune KZKI's ADI but rather to   yeviscerate it, despite the fact that the Commission has already recognized that San Bernardino forms part of an integrated economic market with Los Angeles.  S -  12.` ` Turning to the statutory factors for market modification, KZKI contends that because Time   Warner is seeking to delete communities from the station's ADI, KZKI's inability to establish a history  S -  jof carriage should not be given great weight,( = {O0-  ԍ KZKI cites Time Warner Cable, 10 FCC Rcd 8045, 8048 (1995); Time Warner Cable, 10 FCC Rcd 6663,  {O-  -6667 (1995); North Central Cable Communications, Inc. dba Meredith Cable, 10 FCC Rcd 4381, 4383 (1995);  {O-  Kansas City Cable Partners d/b/a American Cablevision of Kansas City, 10 FCC Rcd 3807, 3809 (1995); and Time  {O-Warner Cable, 10 FCC Rcd 936, 938 (1995). especially as KZKI had been dark for a substantial amount   of time prior to 1994. KZKI argues that it provides valuable local service as an outlet for local   .advertisers, businesses, and community organizations, and as a conduit of information to Time Warner's   .subscribers, particularly since Paxson acquired the station in May 1995. For example, KZKI notes that   =the Perot/Choate '96 campaign purchased a daily thirtyminute slot on KZKI for two months during the   {1996 presidential campaign. KZKI states that it airs presentations by businesses and community   organizations during the day, and religious programming through the night (nineteen hours weekly).   KZKI states that each week it also airs two and onehalf hours of locally originated news and public   affairs programming Monday through Friday, two hours of children's program in the mornings, and an  S@-  hour of Vietnamese language news programming. @= yO-  -ԍ KZKI notes that it has also aired Chinese language programming covering local and Hong Kong news, and   Ystates that it is negotiating with other foreign language programmers, including Spanish language news programmers.   KZKI states that the Asian population of the Los Angeles PSMA is 10.5%, citing data from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. KZKI further states that its news and programlength   =presentations are designed to address the needs and interests not only of Time Warner's subscribers, but   also those of residents throughout the Los Angeles ADI. KZKI notes that this programming includes   traffic and weather reports, and segments on national issues and their impact on Los Angeles County.   KZKI further notes that its public affairs program, "Southern Exposures," focuses on local community   issues and groups that are active in the San Bernardino area. KZKI states that it has presented   kprogramming by local businesses and doctors, and also a local talk show, "Talk of the Town." KZKI   pledges that it is committed to continuing to serve the Los Angeles ADI, including the Santa Clarita"( ,`(`(88l"  S-  Valley, with local programming efforts, and that this should be given credence.= {Oh-  Zԍ KZKI cites, inter alia, Stockholders of CBS Inc., et al., 11 FCC Rcd 3733 (1995), and Time Warner Cable, 10 FCC Rcd 962, 964 (1995). KZKI contends that   focusing exclusively on past programming is unreliable in KZKI's case, as the station was dark for a   significant period of time prior to its purchase by its current licensee. In addition, KZKI maintains that   iCongress designed the mustcarry provisions of the Communications Act to "help new stations and stations   that target special audiences to obtain carriage, thus increasing diversity of local programming available  S8-  to viewers."^8"= yO-ԍ S. Rep. No. 10292, 102d Cong., 1st Sess. 46 (1991).^ KZKI argues that San Bernardino is an integral part of the Los Angeles ADI, and notes  S-  [that Santa Clarita and Canyon Country are encompassed by the station's Grade B contour.= yOb -  ԍ In fact, the contour map KZKI submits shows that Santa Clarita and Canyon Country are within the station's Grade A contour as well. KZKI also   notes that it has spent over $28,000 to ensure delivery of a good quality signal to Time Warner by means of a microwave feed.  Sp-  #13.` ` With regard to station coverage, KZKI argues that the fact that Time Warner carries other   Los Angeles ADI stations on its system is not relevant as a basis for deleting Santa Clarita and Canyon   Country from KZKI's ADI. Finally, in addressing the factor of audience share in the communities, KZKI   argues that Congress did not set a minimum viewership standard for carriage rights, which would weigh   particularly heavily against any struggling independent station, particularly one such as KZKI which was  S -only recently acquired by its licensee.^ = {OR-  ,ԍ KZKI cites Nationwide Communications, Inc. d/b/a EagleVision, 10 FCC Rcd 13050, 13053 (1995); Greater  {O-  Worcester Cablevision, Inc., et al., 10 FCC Rcd 12569, 12572 (1995); DeSoto Broadcasting, Inc., 10 FCC Rcd 4491,  {O-4494 (1995); and Report and Order in MM Docket No. 938, 8 FCC Rcd 5321, 5322, 5327 (1993).  SX-  14.` ` In reply, Time Warner argues that KZKI's reliance on the Commission's hyphenation of   San Bernardino with the Los Angeles market misconstrues the relevant factors of an ADI modification   proceeding, which focuses not on the local market's competitive structure as a whole, but on whether a   particular community is beyond a particular station's actual service area. Time Warner maintains that the   [distance and topographical factors between KZKI and the Santa Clarita Valley demonstrate that, despite   the presence of Grade B contour coverage, the communities are not part of the station's ADI. Time   Warner argues that KZKI's own evidence reveals that the station's programming is merely general in   content, with no particular connection or relevance to the Santa Clarita Valley. Time Warner notes that   KZKI describes its public affairs show "Southern Exposures" specifically as focusing on San Bernardino,   the station's city of license, and not on the Santa Clarita Valley. Time Warner also argues that KZKI's   ystated plans to continue its local programming efforts do not rebut Time Warner's demonstration that the   station does not carry programming of local interest to its subscribers. Time Warner questions, therefore,   whether KZKI's commitment is meaningful in this context, and argues that in any event it is actual  SP-performance that must be measured and evaluated.P0 = {O %-  -ԍ Time Warner cites Time Warner EntertainmentAdvance/Newhouse Partnership, 12 FCC Rcd 3538, 3566 (1997). "( ,`(`(88"Ԍ S-  15.` ` Time Warner contends that it is not singling out KZKI for disparate treatment. Time   Warner notes that, unlike KZKI, the predominantly foreignlanguage programming of KVEA is listed in  S-  zthe Los Angeles edition of TV Guide, the Los Angeles Times Sunday TV schedule, Santa Clarita's The  S-  ySignal, and San Bernardino's The Sun. Time Warner's petition merely seeks to reflect the market realities already in evidence.  S-W ANALYSIS AND DECISION ă  S-  n16.` ` We have previously had occasion to address the question of the appropriate bounds of the  S-  ADI of KZKI. In ML Media Partners, L.P. ["ML Media"],A= yO -ԍ 10 FCC Rcd 9456 (1995).A the Bureau denied the cable operator's   request to delete Hermosa Beach, Manhattan Beach, Anaheim, Villa Park, and unincorporated portions  SN -  of Orange County, California from KZKI's ADI. In Paragon Cable,AN X= yOF -ԍ 10 FCC Rcd 9462 (1995).A the Bureau denied the cable   /operator's request to delete the Los Angeles County communities of Torrance, El Segundo, Gardena,  S -  Hawthorne, and Lawndale from KZKI's ADI. In The Chronicle Publishing Company d/b/a Ventura  S -  County Cablevision ["The Chronicle"],A = yOb-ԍ 10 FCC Rcd 9474 (1995).A the Bureau denied the cable operator's request to delete Thousand   Oaks, Fillmore, Moorpark, Newbury Park, Westlake Village, Agoura Hills, Oak Park, and Calabasas from   KZKI's ADI. At the same time, the Bureau granted the cable operator's deletion request with respect to  Sd-  the communities of Santa Paula, Camarillo, Ojai, and Somis. In Avenue TV Cable Service, Inc. ["Avenue  S>-  Cable"],A>x= yOV-ԍ 11 FCC Rcd 4803 (1996).A the Bureau granted the cable operator's request to delete the community of Ventura, California,  S-  and unincorporated portions of western Ventura County from KZKI's ADI. Most recently, in West Valley  S-  kCablevision Industries, Inc. ["West Valley"],P= yO-ԍ DA 971754 (released August 19, 1997).P the Bureau denied the cable operator's request to delete   Canoga Park, Chatsworth, Encino, Granada Hills, Northridge, Reseda, Sepulveda, Sherman Oaks, Tarzana,   Van Nuys, West Hills, and Woodland Hills from KZKI's ADI. It is against this background that we address Time Warner's request today.  S,-  217.` ` As did the petitioning cable operators in the cases referenced above, Time Warner focuses   <on the four factors specifically referenced in the statute, and presses the argument that KZKI is not entitled   =to carriage for several reasons. First, KZKI has no record of historical carriage. Second, KZKI provides   "no programming specifically for the communities, and is blocked from offair reception in the   communities by intervening mountainous terrain. Third, Time Warner's communities receive service   from, and the systems carry the signals of, other stations that do provide coverage of issues of concern   /to the communities. Fourth, KZKI has no audience in the communities. Because to some extent the   kexclusionary evidence relied upon by Time Warner applies throughout the entire Los Angles ADI, its   application in the manner suggested generally does not help to identify the shape of KZKI's particular   market. These factors are of relevance as a means to distinguish among communities within a market   to define the boundaries of the market not to excuse specific cable systems from compliance with the rules."t,`(`(88"Ԍ S-  ԙ18.` ` Based on the general geography and structure of the market, it appears at the outset that   =the Santa Clarita Valley communities are logically part of KZKI's ADI. Focusing on the specific factors   referenced in the statute, we are unable to conclude that any of Time Warner's arguments distinguish these   kcable communities from the rest of the market. While the evidence submitted relating to these factors   provides some guidance as to the scope of KZKI's market, the evidence does not sweep as broadly as   Time Warner argues. With respect to the question of historical carriage patterns, Time Warner states that   >it has not historically carried the signal of KZKI. However, we do not believe that historical carriage   \should be given great weight in the context of a deletion request such as this. To do so would tend to   defeat the underlying purposes of the carriage requirements, unless carriage patterns for KZKI serve to   delineate the shape of its market. KZKI's carriage patterns do not indicate the shape of the market   jbecause it ceased operations for two years prior to 1994, and as a result, was not providing service to, or   being carried by operators in, communities clearly within its Grade A and Grade B contours. In any   event, we do not agree that the historical carriage factor should, by itself, be given significant weight in   these circumstances because such an interpretation of the 1992 Cable Act would, in effect, prevent weaker or newer stations that cable systems had previously declined to carry, from ever being carried.  S -  19.` ` Moreover, we find that the station's signal contour coverage of the communities satisfies   Nthe local service factor. Although Time Warner refers to the communities as being at the fringe of   KZKI's Grade B contour, KZKI has submitted station contour maps that show that Santa Clarita and   Canyon Country are within the station's Grade A contour. Grade B contour coverage guides us in the   Nmarket modification analysis because it is a reliable indicator of the economic reach of a particular  S-  television station's signal.N Z= {O -  ԍ See Amendment of Section 76.51 (OrlandoDaytona Beach, Melbourne, and Cocoa, Florida), 102 FCC 2d   1062, 1070 (1984) ("We believe that television stations actually do or logically can rely on the area within their Grade B contours for economic support.").N The Commission recognized this approach in its Report and Order in MM  S-  Docket No. 92259, supra,<!= yO-ԍ 8 FCC Rcd at 2977.< and has frequently noted the importance of signal contour coverage as an  Sl-  indicator that a community is served by a particular station."lz= {O-  ,ԍ E.g., West Valley, supra; Avenue Cable, supra; Cablevision Systems Corporation, 11 FCC Rcd at 6478, 6479,  {OP-6481; The Chronicle, supra; Paragon Cable, supra; ML Media, supra. We recognize that Time Warner has   ksubmitted some evidence that suggests that KZKI may not be programming specifically for the Santa   Clarita Valley. Nevertheless, the Commission has expressed considerable reluctance to delete communities  S-  within an ADI that are within the broadcast service contours of the stations involved.#= {Oj-  ԍ See, e.g., Cablevision Systems Corporation, et. al. (N.Y. ADI Market), FCC 97285 (released August 13, 1997). In addition, KZKI   is not as geographically distant as Time Warner argues. The Santa Clarita Valley is closer to San  S-  Bernardino, KZKI's city of license than are the communities that were at issue in The Chronicle, supra,  S~-  most of which were retained within KZKI's ADI.$~0 = {ON$-  ԍ Those communities deleted from KZKI's ADI in The Chronicle lay beyond the station's Grade B contour,  {O%-as did the communities at issue in Avenue Cable, which also were deleted from KZKI's ADI. We note as well that Time Warner states that it is   carrying two other stations Riverside's KRCA and San Bernardino's KVEA that transmit from the"V $,`(`(88"  S-  same transmitter site atop Sunset Ridge as does KZKI.W%= yOh-  -ԍ Mount Wilson and Sunset Ridge are the two antenna farms in the Los Angeles ADI where the majority of   ;the broadcasters have their transmitters. All of the VHF stations in the market as well as a number of UHF stations   are on Mount Wilson, which lies roughly in the same direction from the Santa Clarita Valley as does Sunset Ridge.  {O-  KThe Sunset Ridge antenna site is approximately 22 miles east of Mt. Wilson. See Television & Cable Factbook, Stations Vol. 65 (1997).W In addition, in contrast to the situation in The  S-  yChronicle, in which the Santa Monica mountains were a delineating geographic factor dividing the eastern   and western portions of Ventura County for must carry purposes, an analysis of the terrain in this case   does not persuade us that there is a basis for distinguishing the communities in the Santa Clarita Valley from the rest of the Los Angeles market.  S-  20.` ` Another factor to consider in deletion cases is the availability of other broadcasters in the   0market. Where a cable operator is seeking to delete a station's mandatory carriage rights in certain   communities within its ADI, and it is clear that the station is not providing local service to those   =communities, the issue of local coverage by other stations becomes a factor to which we will give greater   weight than in cases where a party is seeking to add communities. A cable operator's deletion request will   =not be automatically granted whenever it can show that it carries other local stations. Rather, carriage of   other local stations may be used as an enhancement factor to support a cable operator's deletion request   when there is other evidence in the record that the communities at issue are outside of the station's market.   We find that the presence of other stations does not weigh in favor of granting the deletion request   =because it is clear that KZKI covers the Santa Clarita Valley cable communities with a Grade A contour.   Moreover, we note that Time Warner acknowledges that it is carrying KVEA, which is another San   Bernardino licensee and which, like KZKI, transmits from Sunset Ridge. In addition, Time Warner states   that it carries KRCA from Riverside, which also broadcasts from KZKI's transmitter site at Sunset Ridge.   Time Warner has not sufficiently demonstrated why it is necessary to remove itself from its own ADI,   visavis KZKI, yet remain in the same market with regard to the station's competitors. The carriage of   these similarly situated small independent UHF stations, but not KZKI, is contrary to Congress' stated   .policy that cable operators should not be permitted to use the market modification process to single out   individual stations serving the same area and request that the cable system's community be deleted from   the station's television market. This is particularly notable in this instance where Time Warner is carrying   numerous other television stations from the Los Angeles market, including other stations broadcasting  S-from the same, or almost the same, transmitter site.& z= yO-  ԍ Congress has indicated that, "[u]nless a cable system can point to particularized evidence that its community   is not part of one station's market, it should not be permitted to single out individual stations serving the same area   ;and request that the cable system's community be deleted from the station's television market." H.R. Rep. 102628, 102d Cong., 2d Sess. 9798 (1992).  S-  21.` ` With regard to the fourth statutory factor, we also find Time Warner's arguments   Lregarding KZKI's lack of ratings to be unpersuasive. We recognize that stations such as home shopping   stations, or religious or foreign language stations ("specialty stations"), are capable of "offer[ing] desirable  S,-  diversity of programming . . . ," yet typically attract limited audiences.',b = {O.%-ԍ First Report and Order in Docket 20553, 58 FCC 2d 442, 452 (1976), recon. denied, 60 FCC 2d 661 (1976). We continue to believe, as the   Commission did in its specialty station rules, that the fact that such stations attract a smaller audience   .share must be taken into account in determining the equities concerning a station's right to cable carriage. " ',`(`(88."  S-  >In addition, as we have noted above,H(= {Oh-ԍ See 18, supra.H KZKI ceased operations for two years prior to 1994, and as a   result, was not providing service to, or being carried by operators in, communities clearly within its Grade   /A and Grade B contours, which also likely affected its ability to attract audience shares. Further, no   evidence is before us in this proceeding that would permit us to distinguish these communities from the rest of the communities in the ADI through the use of ratings data.  S-  22.` ` We also note that the Commission has long considered Los Angeles and San Bernardino  S-  (together with other area communities) to form a hyphenated market.)Z= {O -ԍ See, e.g., Cable Television Report and Order, 36 FCC 2d 143, 171172, 220 (1972). While the hyphenation of a   \television market is not identical in purpose with an ADI market modification proceeding undertaken   pursuant to 614(h) of the Act, the two determinations nevertheless involve a considerable overlap of   objectives and decisional criteria. The Commission's decision to join markets takes into consideration the   /economic ties between the communities to be hyphenated and the subject station. Each explores the   jcompetitive relationships between television stations in an area and seeks to define the shape of the local   market in which stations compete for programming, advertisers, and viewers. The market hyphenation   >process and the ADI market modification provision are similar in that each may be used to lower the   Lbarriers to cable carriage. The hyphenation process, the Commission has stated, was adopted "to assure   that stations will have access to cable subscribers in the market and that cable subscribers will have access  SX-  !to all stations in the market.";*X= {O-ԍ Id. at 176.; The hyphenation of Los Angeles and San Bernardino reflects the   !Commission's judgment that stations in the two communities are competitive, at least in the core   communities of the combined market area. The hyphenation decision is thus suggestive evidence of the   Commission's belief, notwithstanding the distances between Los Angeles and San Bernardino, that stations  S-  from both communities are local to significant overlapping portions of the same market area.`+~= {O-ԍ See, e.g., Time Warner Cable, 11 FCC Rcd at 494.` "[W]hile   the grant of a market hyphenation weighs heavily in favor of denying a request to exclude communities   ]under the market modification process, the hyphenation in and of itself is not controlling in every  S@-  circumstance of the type exemplified in this case."A,@= {O-ԍ Id. at 494 n. 15.A Nevertheless, "[r]edesignation of the market reflects   in the rules the general competitive situation that in fact exists in the local area, allowing the application   of the more specific rules, including those relating to 'area of dominant influence' changes, to be  S-addressed from the perspective of a properly defined market area."w-= {O !-ԍ Report and Order in MM Docket No. 93304, 10 FCC Rcd 9298, 9299 (1995).w  Sx-  A23.` ` In view of the foregoing, we find that grant of Time Warner's market modification petition is not in the public interest. "( 4 -,`(`(88"  S-1' ORDERING CLAUSES ă  S-  O24.` ` Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED, pursuant to 614(h) of the Communications Act of 1934,   as amended, 47 U.S.C. 534, and 76.59 of the Commission's Rules, 47 C.F.R. 76.59, that the petition   for special relief (CSR5002A) filed May 1, 1997 by Time Warner EntertainmentAdvance/Newhouse  S8-Partnership IS DENIED.  S-  _25.` ` This action is taken pursuant to authority delegated by 0.321 of the Commission's Rules. 47 C.F.R. 0.321. ` `  hh,FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION ` `  hh,William H. Johnson  S -` `  hh,Deputy Chief, Cable Services Bureau#Xj\  P6G;9XP#